production technology of rabi crops , wheat , barley

about rabi crops

1. AGR 220: Crop production
technology – II (Rabi crops)
Lec -1
WHEAT

2. Wheat
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Botanical name : Triticum spp.
Family: Poaceae/Gramineae
Annual monocot plant
Cultivation of wheat is as old as civilization
Wheat is the world’s most important cereal/grain crop.
Wheat ranks first position in the world among the cereals both
in respect of area and production.
It constitutes the staple food in at least 43 countries.
Most imp. use of wheat is to manufacture flour to prepare
chapatis, bread, cakes, biscuits etc.
It is also used for the production of semolina for the macaroni
industry and for preparing breakfast foods.
Wheat straw makes an important fodder.

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In terms of production and acreage, India ranks 2nd place among
the wheat growing nations of the world.
The most important wheat growing countries are the USSR, USA,
China, India, Canada, Argentina, Australia and a number of
European countries.
In India, it is the second important food crop being next to rice
and contributes to the total food grain production of the country
to the extent of about 25%.
The introduction of Mexican dwarf wheat varieties in the mid
1960’s revolutionized the wheat productivity as well as its total
production in India.

4. Wheat production statistics
India Punjab
Area 30 mha 3.51 mha
Production 99.7 mtonnes 16.61 mtonnes
Productivity 3371 kg/ha 4732 kg/ha

5. Research institutes
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ICARDA- International Centre for Agricultural Research in the
Dry Areas, Beirut, Lebanon
CIMMYT - Centro Internacional de Mejoramiento de Maizy Trigo,
Mexico (International maize and wheat improvement centre)
ICRISAT – International Crop Research Institute in Semi-arid
Tropics, Hyderabad
ICAR- IIWBR Indian Institute of Wheat and Barley Research,
Karnal
ICAR-AICRP on Wheat and Barley Improvement, Karnal

6. Classification of wheat

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Genus Triticum can be classified into 3 groups:
Diploids = 7 pairs of chromosomes
Tetraploids = 14 pairs
Hexaploids = 21 pairs

Commonly cultivated wheat spp.
There are 7 in the world, only 3 is important in India, they
are:

Triticum aestivum (hexaploid) 2n = 42
Triticum durum (Tetraploid) 4n = 28
Triticum dicoccum (Tetraploid) 4n = 28

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The tetraploid and hexaploid species of wheat originated from
the wild diploid species by mutations and hybridization resulting
in a wide range of adaptability in the modern wheat.

Centre of origin: The origin is supposed to be South west Asian
countries from where it spread to European countries.

The Aryans are supposed to have brought it to India.

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‘Norin’ is the dwarfing gene isolated from norin series
wheat variety
First dwarf variety – Norin-10

The introduction of the Reduced height (Rht)-B1b and Rht-
D1b semi-dwarfing genes led to impressive increases in
wheat (Triticum aestivum) yields during the Green
Revolution.

Introduction of mexican dwarf wheat in India by Dr. N. E.
Borlaug was the major contributor in country’s green
revolution.

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Common wheat ( T. vulgare / aestivum)
Bread wheat
Most suited for chapati and bakery
Cultivated throughout India

Durum wheat (T. durum)
Macaroni wheat
Best suited for noodles, vermicelli
Spring habit
Cultivated in Central & Southern India

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Emmer wheat (T. dicoccum)
Winter / spring wheat
Wheat suitable for TN
Preferred for granular preparation
Gujarat, Maharastra, AP & TN

Club wheat (T. sphaerococcum)
Indian dwarf wheat
Practically gone out of cultivation due to low
productivity and high susceptibilty to diseases.
Small extent in N. India and Pakistan for local
consumption

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The inflorescence of wheat is called Spike/ear.
Spike is composed of spikelets which consist of tiny florets.
The fruit of wheat is called as Caryopsis.

12. Proximate (chemical) composition of wheat grain

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Starch (Carbohydrate) :60 - 68 %
Protein : 11-12 % (wheat protein – gluten)
Fat : 1.5 -2 %
Cellulose :2-2.5 %
Minerals :1.5 -2%

13. Climate

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Wheat is mostly a winter crop. It requires cool temperature
during early period of growth. The tillering is favoured by cool
conditions.
Generally grow in Temp. 22 ºC -26.4 ºC
Optimum temperature for growth- 21.1 ºC
Wheat requires moderate amount of soil moisture and low
humidity which favour early ripening and reduces lodging as a
result of which the crop escapes from rust attack.
Base temperature for germination is 4.5 ºC
In India, wheat is grown in areas with annual rainfall varying
from 125-1125 mm.
Optimum annual rainfall required by crop is 750-1000 mm

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It can also be grow in high altitudes. It is grown in Kashmir
at an altitude of 2000-3000 m above MSL.
Wheat crop takes 180 days in hills of Northern India and
western region and 100 days in Peninsular India for
maturity.
It can tolerate severe cold and snow and resume growth
with the setting of warm weather.
Best wheats are produced with cool moist weather during
major portion of growing period (dry warm weather during
grain ripening period)

15. Soils and seed bed preparation
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In India, wheat is grown on different soils; but it does well on
well drained loams and clay loams.
Best growth is achieved in alluvial soils of Gangetic plains.
It requires well pulverised but compact seed bed for good and
uniform germination.
3-4 ploughings in summer, repeated harrowing in the rainy
season followed by 3 or 4 cultivator workings and plankings
immediately before sowing produce a good fine seed bed for the
dry crop on alluvial soils.
Timely cultivation and conservation of moisture are essential.
In black cotton soils blade harrow is used instead of plough.
For irrigated crop, the land is given a pre-sowing irrigation .

16. Coordinating Research Zones
Research zone Areas covered Contribution
North hill zone Foot-hills of Himalayas in Jammu and
Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand,
Sikkim and Arunachal Pradesh
4% of area and 3% of wheat
production in India
North eastern
plain zone
eastern Uttar Pradesh, Bihar and West
Bengal and contributes about
24% total production of wheat
from 27% area.
North western
plain zone
Punjab, Haryana, Delhi, Rajasthan and
Western Uttar Pradesh
covers nearly 37% of area and
contributes about 45% of wheat
production in the country
Central zone Parts of arid western India, Central
India and Vindhyas
17% area and contributes 13% to
production
Peninsular zoneDeccan plateau, Western ghats and
Karnataka plateau
6% area and contributes 2.5% to
total production
South hill zone hilly areas of Tamil Nadu and Kerala. Wheat has a minor importance
with respect to area and
production

17. Q. Base temperature for germination in wheat:
a. 5.5 ºC
b. 6.5 ºC
c. 4.5 ºC
d. 3.5 ºC

18. Important varieties
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HI 1633 – biofortified (rich in protein, Fe and Zn)
HD 3298 rich in protein and iron
DBW 303 and DDW 48 rich in protein
Hi 8759 (Pusa Tejas) – high rust resistance
HD 4728 (Pusa Malawi) – durum wheat
HW 5207 (COW3)
HS 562
HD 3171
HD 1605 (Pusa Ujala)

19. Q. Triticum sphaerococcum is not cultivated anymore
because of:
a. low productivity
b. higher susceptibility to diseases
c. both a & b
d. none of the above

20. Seed and sowing
Particulars
Time of sowing Optimum time: 1
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fortnight of Nov.
Early sowing: last week of Oct.
Late sowing: last week of Nov.
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Seed rate 100-125 kg/ha
late sowing: increase seed rate by 25 %
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Spacing 22.5 cm row to row in drilling
30 cm x 10-15 cm with 2-3 seeds per hill with dibbling.
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Depth of sowing 5-6 cm for dwarf var., 6-7 cm in rainfed areas•
Methods of sowing Broadcasting
Drilling
Dibbling
Sowing behind plough
FIRB system
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21. FIRB system
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The furrow-irrigated raised bed (FIRB) system has been
developed and is being promoted by the Rice-Wheat
Consortium of the CGIAR Institutes.
In this method, wheat is sown on raised beds accommodating
2-3 rows of wheat.
Between the beds are furrows that are used for irrigation.
This system permits adequate saving in irrigation water.
The yields obtained are similar to or more than conventional
seedling.

22. FIRB system

23. Seed treatment
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Fungicides: Captan or Thiram @ 3 g/kg of seeds for
controlling soil borne diseases like root rot and seedling rot.

In areas having light and sandy soils where termite is a
serious problem, the seeds should be treated with Chlorpyriphos
(450 ml for 100 kg seeds) in 5 l of water.

24. Manures & fertilizers
•Well decomposed FYM @ 25 kg/ha should be applied and
incorporated in the soil at the time of field preparation.



N kg/ha P
2
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5
kg/ha K
2
O kg/ha Stage of
application
60 60 40 Basal
60 0 0 20-25 DAS
120 60 40 Total

25. Weed management
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One or two hand weedings (HW) @ 25-30 DAS and 60 DAS.
Pendimethalin @ 0.5 to 1.0 kg/ha in 600 l of water as pre-
emergence.
If it is not possible to apply weedicide at the time of
sowing, 2-4-D sodium salt @ 960 g/ha.
Other herbicides: Metsulfuron methyl, Clodinafop-propargyl,
Isoproturon

26. Q. Mimicry weed in wheat:
a. Avena fatua
b. Phalaris minor
c. Echinochloa spp.
d. Cyperus spp.

27. Water management
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A life saving irrigation is necessary for uniform
germination and good plant stand.
Total water requirement is 300-400 mm.
first irrigation should be given at CRI stage, second at
12-13 days of sowing and subsequent irrigations should be
given at 8 to 10 days interval.
Border strip method of irrigation is the best method
for effective water distribution.

28. Critical stages in wheat
Sr. No Critical stages DAS Reduction yield if
irrigation is not
given (%)
0 Pre-sowing - -
1 CRI 18-21 35
2 Tillering 35-40 20
3 Jointing 50-55 20
4 Booting 65 25
5 Milking 75-80 17
6 Dough stage 90-95 10

29. Irrigation scheduling under limited water
supply

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If one irrigation is possible, it should be given at CRI.
If two irrigations are possible, they should be given at
CRI + flowering stage.
If three irrigation are possible, they should be given at CRI +
Jointing + Flowering stages.
If four irrigation are possible, they should be given at CRI +
Tillering + Flowering + Milking stages.
If five irrigation are possible, they should be given at CRI +
Tillering + Jointing/booting + Flowering + Milking stages.

30. Major pest and diseases

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Pests: Termites, aphids, army worm
Diseases: Rust, loose smut, karnal bunt and powdery mildew

Leaf rust Loose smut
Powdery mildew

31. Harvesting
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The crop is harvested when grains become hard, straw become
golden yellow, dry and brittle.
The plants can be harvested manually with the help of sickle or
combine harvesters.
The grain is generally threshed by trampling under the bullock
feet on threshing floor or by wheat thresher.
Simple mechanical threshers eg: Ludhiana thresher & Sherpur
thresher are used by some farmers.
Winnowing is done generally with winnowing baskets.
Clean grains should be dried to reduce moisture content up to
10-12 per cent for safe storage.

32. Combine harvesters

33. Threshing Winnowing

34. Yield
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Average yield: 20-30 q/ha
40-50 q/ha under good management
Test weight – 40 g
Grain: straw – 1:1.5
Harvest index – 40-45 %

35. Q. If only one irrigation is available for wheat, it should be
applied at:
a. Tillering
b. Crown root initiation
c. Jointing
d. Heading

36. Crop rotation with wheat
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Rabi wheat is followed in kharif with crops such as maize, jowar,
bajra, cotton & arhar.
Sometimes green manure crops like blackgram, guar, clover are
sown immediately after the harvest of kharif crop to enrich
the soil.
With the availability of photo-insensitive varieties, the rotation
patterns have undergone some changes.
In Haryana, Western UP, rice becomes an important crop in
kharif. It is followed by wheat (Rice-wheat).
In Eastern India – mainly Rice-wheat

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In some states like West Bengal -Rice-Wheat-Jute rotation has
become more popular.
Sugarcane -Wheat rotation is also common in North India.
Where irrigation facilities are available, legume crop is grown
in between two cereal crops to enrich the soil as well as to get
the needed pulses.
Black soils of central India & Peninsular India, unirrigated
wheat is rotated with sorghum, bajra or cotton in the kharif in
the preceding year.

38. Mixed cropping with wheat
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All over India, the growing of wheat mixed with barley,
mustard, gram, lentil and safflower is quite common.
A row of mustard or safflower for every 8-12 rows of
wheat is taken.
In north western India and in the Tarai regions of UP,
wheat is grown as a companion crop with row crops eg:
sugarcane. About 3-4 tonnes of wheat is harvested as bonus
in such companion cropping, without affecting the quality
or yield of sugarcane.
Intercropped with barley, mustard, chickpea, lentil,
safflower and linseed.
Mustard is a very common crop usually intercropped with
wheat.
Intercropping with barley, mustard, chickpea, lentil,
safflower and linseed.

39. Q. Higher temperature during wheat growing period:
a. hastens grain ripening and maturity
b. delays grain ripening and maturity
c. has no effect on maturity
d. depends on crop cultivar

40. AGR 220: Crop production
technology –II (Rabi crops)
BARLEY

41. Introduction
•Barley is a Rabicereal crop. It is the major source of food for a
large number of people in cooler semi-arid parts of the world.
•It is important next to rice, wheat, maize in area and
production.
•It is more suitable than wheat in India
–Due to hardy nature
–Can withstand adverse agro-environments like
•Drought, Salinity, Alkalinity
•Varied topography like plain, hill
•Under rainfedand irrigated
–Preferred by farmers where wheat is not possible

42. •Barleycontainsprotein(11.5%),carbohydrates(74%),fat
(1.3%),crudefibre(3.9%)andash(1.5%).
•Flourisusedformaking‘Chapati’alongwithwheatflouror
gramflourandusedas“Missiroti”.Itisusedforpreparation
ofmalt,beer,whiskeyandindustrialalcohol,vinegaranditis
alsousedinmaltandbrewingindustriesandbiscuitmaking.
•Grainisbrokenandroughlygroundintopearlbarleytobe
usedinsoup.Excessgrainisusedascattlefeedandhorse
feed.

43. Barley grains

44. •Origin: Asia and Ethiopia
Abyssiniaasthecentreoforiginforhulled,awnedtype
andSouth-EastAsiaparticularly,China,TibetandNepal
ascentreoforiginforhulllesssixrowedvarieties.
•Classification:
•Cultivatedbarleyvarietiesareclassifiedbasedonnumber
ofrowsofgrainandtheirarrangement.Ofthese,six
rowedbarleyisthemostcommonlycultivatedtype.
1.Sixrowedbarley:Hordeumvulgare
2.Tworowedbarley:Hordeumdistichum
3.Irregularbarley:Hordeumirregulare

45. Area & distribution
•InIndiacultivationofbarleyisdoneinabout0.7million
hectareswithatotalproductionof1.5milliontonnes.
•ItiscultivatedonalargescaleinUttarPradesh,
Rajasthan,MadhyaPradesh,Bihar,HaryanaandPunjab.
•U.PisthelargestproducerofbarleyinIndia.

46. Climate
•Barleyrequirescoolweatherduringearlygrowthandwarm
anddryweatheratmaturity.
•Itrequiresaround12–15°Cduringgrowingperiodand
around30°Cduringmaturity.Itcannottoleratefrost.
•Frostandhailstormsatfloweringaredetrimental.
•Rainatripeningphasecausesdiscolourationofgrainandit
isnotgoodformaltingorseeding.Thecroppossesseshigh
degreeoftolerancetodroughtandsodiccondition.

47. Soil requirement
•Barleyistoleranttosalinityandalkalinity,but,
sensitivetoacidity.
•Barley,beingsalttolerant,bestsubstitutefor
sodicsoil.
•Drained,fertiledeeploamsoilwithpH7-8.
•BarleygrowninhighNsoils,oftenlodges.

48. Land preparation
•Barleybeingashallowrootedcrop,respondswelltolighttextured,
fineseedbed.
•Oneploughingwithsoilturningploughfollowedby2–3ploughing
withdesiploughor2–3harrowingbytractororbullockpoweris
done.
•Inareaswheretermiteisaproblem,mixingthesoilwithBHC
(Beta-hexachlorocyclohexane)10%at20–25kg/haorAldrin5%
dustat10–15kg/haisrecommended.
Seed treatment:
•TheseedsaretreatedwitheitherCaptan/Thiram/Bavistin@2g/kg
ofseeds.Inthecaseofsalineandrainfedareas,sowingofovernight
soakedseedsisrecommendedforquickgerminationandalso
ensuresbetterstand.

49. Seed & sowing
Season:
•Underrainfedconditions,sowbarleybeforeendofOctober.
•Inirrigatedcondition,firstorsecondfortnightofNovemberis
optimumtimeofsowing.
•InhillyzonesbarleyissownassummercropinApril-May.
Seedrate:
•Irrigatedcondition–100kg/ha;Rainfed–80-100kg/ha
Spacing:
•22.5cmrowspacingforirrigatedand22.5-25forrainfedsituation
isoptimumforbetteryields.
•Depthofsowingmustbe5cmunderirrigatedsituation,whereas,in
rainfedconditionitis6-8cm.

50. Q. Which of these is correct for barley crop:
a. Tilleringis more in 2-rowed barley than 4-rowed.
b. it is a long day plant.
c. it is more drought resistant than wheat
d. All the above

51. Nutrient management
•ApplicationofFYMat12.5t/haduringlastploughingis
recommended.
•Thefertilizerschedulefordifferentconditionsisgivenbelow:
✓Irrigated:80:50:50kgNPK
✓Rainfed:50:30:30kgNPK
•Applicationof50%Nand100%PandKasbasalandtheremaining
50%Nat30DAS(1
st
irrigation)isrecommended.
•Inrainfedandsalinesoils,entirefertilizershouldbedrilledbelow
8–10cmdepthasbasal.
•Inlighttexturedsoil,Nshouldbeappliedinthreesplitsviz.,50%as
basal,25%duringfirstirrigation,25%duringsecondirrigation.

52. Varieties
➢Twotypes:HusklessandHulledbarley.
•Husklessbarleyispreferred-Karan18&19arepopular
varietiesandhavemoredemandfromfarmers.
•Suitedforhills:Himani,Dolma,Kailash.
•Suitedforrainfedareas:Ratna,Vijay,Azad,Ameru(best
formalt).
•Suitedforirrigatedareas:Jyoti,Ranjit,Clipper(bestfor
malt&brewing),Karan18&19.
•Dualpurpose(fodderandgrain):Ratna,Karan2,Karan5,
Karan10

53. Hull-less
Barley
Hulled
Barley

54. Water management
•Itrequires200–250mmwater.2–3irrigationsare
adequate.Lightsoilrequires4irrigations.
•Thecriticalgrowthstagesare
1.seedlingorsproutingstage,
2.activetilleringstage(30–35DAS)
3.flagleaf
4.milkingstageorsoftdoughstage.
•Ofthese,activetilleringstagearound30–35DASand
grainfilling(60–65DAS)aremostcritical.

55. Weed management
•Weeds:Chenopodiumalbum,Cirsiumarvense,
Anagallisarvensis,Melilotusalba,Melilotusindica
•Upto30daysiscriticalweedfreeperiodforbarley
crop.
•Pendimethalin(pre-emergence)1.0kg/haorPost
[email protected]/ha+0.5
kg2,4DEEat3-5leafstage+onehandweedingproved
effectiveweedcontrol.

56. Cropping system
•Bestbarleybasedcroppingsystemsare:
✓Rice-barley
✓Sorghum–barley
✓Pearlmillet-barley
✓Cotton-barley
✓Blackgram-barley
•Mixedcropping:Barleyisraisedasmixedcropwith
Chickpea,pea,mustard,linseed,lentil

57. Harvesting
•Harvest:Similartowheat
•Prematureharvestingresultsinloweryieldandpoorquality
malt.
•Yield:3.0–3.5t/haunderidealirrigatedconditionwith
strawof4.0-5.0t/ha.
•InRainfedsituation,dependingontheweathercondition,
yieldlevelsvaryfrom1.5-3.0t/ha

58. Q. Protein in barley and wheat:
a. Hordein, Gluten
b. Hordein, Zein
c. Gluten, Zein
d. Lysine, Gluten