PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY OF ROSES.pdf

PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY OF ROSES

1. PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY FOR ROSES
Submitted by
Athira Rajan
CB.AG.U4AGR20015
Submitted to
Dr.S.Kumeresan
Assistant Professor
AMRITA SCHOOL OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES​
(Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham)​
Arsampalayam(PO),Coimbatore​

2. INTRODUCTION
•Theroseisoneoftheoldestflowersincultivation
andmostpopularofallgardenflowers.
•Theroseisanornamentalshrubwithuprightor
climbingstem.
•Rosescanbeoneofthemoreprofitableflower
cropstogrow,butalsooneofthemostdifficult

3. CLASSIFICATION OF ROSES
•Hybridtea:-(HybridperpetualxTearoses),Firstvariety:-LaFrance
createdin1867
•Floribunda:-(H.T.xPoliantha)
•HybridperpetualFirsthybrid:-PrincessHelene
•TeaRoses(Teascentedchinaroses)
•Grandifiora:-(H.T.xFloribunda),Firstvariety:-Buccaneerin1952
•Polyantha:-(R.multifloraxR.wichuriana)xR.indica,Firstcultivar:-
Lapaquerette(1875)
•Miniaturerose:-popularasbabyroseswithsmallflowers.
•Climbersandramblers:-clustersofsmall,singleordoubleflowers
Chinaroses:-(R.chinensis)
•DamaskRose:-(R.damascena)
•Bourbonrose:-(chinarosexdamaskrose)
•Cabbagerose:-(R.centifolia)
•Muskrose:-(R.moschata)
•R.rugosa:-coldresistant

4. IMPORTANCE AND USES
➢Cut flowers
➢Garden display
➢Pot plants
➢Perfume and allied products like
•Rose water
•Rose oil
•Gulkand
•Pankhuri
•Gulroghan

5. PROPOGATION
a) Cutting
Scented roses are mainly propagated
through cuttings. Hard wood Cuttings in
case of polyanthas, climbers, ramblers
and soft or semi hardwood cuttings for
miniatures are used. Cuttings are
collected from healthier plants with 15-20
cm length and 3-4 nodes. Cuttings are
treated with IAA, BA 100ppm. Cuttings
are planted in mist chamber for easy and
quicker rooting.

6. LAYERING
•Usuallypracticedinclimbingandramblingcultivars
•Practicedinearlymonsoonorearlyspring.
•Notgoodduetothefibrousroot.
GRAFTING
•Inarchingisanothermethodofpropagatingroses,buthas
manydisadvantages.
•Failureiscommon
•Floweringwoodissacrificed.
•Thecostofgraftedplantiscostlierthanbuddedplants.
•Notpopularduetoabovedrawbacks.

7. b) Budding
Whenaroseplantcomesintoflowersmallswellingsare
visiblebetweenthestemandstalkoftheleaf.Selectthe
eyeswhichareplumpandnotstartedtoelongateandgrow.
Cutofftheportionsofthebranchwiththeeyesselectedis
calledas'budwood'withabuddingkniferemoveashield
shapedpieceofthebarkandtheeye.TheRootstock
shouldbekeptreadybycuttingthebranchesandside
shootswhicharenotrequired.Makeasharphorizontalcut
atasuitableheightinthestockandthenmakeavertical'T
'shapedcutinthestemofthestock.The'eye'shouldpoint
towardsthetopandistiedwithfibre.

8. CLIMATE
•TEMPERATURE:Thetemperatureshouldbemaintainedbetween15-
18⁰Canddaytemperatureof20to25°C.
•LIGHT:Ingeneralroserequiresbrightsunshineforthewholeday.A
lightdurationlesserthan12hrsleadstolowernumberofflowersand
theflowersareofinferiorqualitytoo.
•HUMIDITY:maintainedbetween50-60%inpolyhouseduringhot
summermonths.Incaseofhigherhumidityintheatmosphere,water
dropsaccumulateontheroseleaveswhichifremainovertherefora
longerperiodleadstomanyfungaldiseases.Certaindiseaseslike
mildewsareassociatedwithrelativehumidity.
•SEASON:Itcanbegrownthroughouttheyear.Thebestplantingtime
isbetweenSeptemberandOctoberinplains&inthehillsitisduring
October-NovemberorFebruary-March.
•CO₂levelof1000ppmisidealforqualitybloomproductionofrose
•Inopenfieldconditionidealtemperatureis15-28⁰Candhumidity75%.

9. SOIL REQUIREMENT
•Althoughanysoilisgoodforrosecultivation.However,for
properdrainage,themediumloamysoilwithsufficientorganic
matterisessential.
•Anidealsoilshouldberichlooseandstructurallystablewitha
depthofaround50cmensuringoptimumdrainageandaeration
oftheroots
•Rosesdonottoleratewaterloggingandhighwatertable
thereforeanidealsoilmusthaveastablewatertableatthe
activerootzone.
•ItgrowswellinasoilwithapHof6.0to7.5
•Thesoilshouldhaveafinetilthuptoadepthof50cmand
shouldhaveagooddrainagefacility
•Thesoilshouldbefreefromgravel,stones,brickpiecesand
otherforeignmaterialandexposedtosunforatleastaweek.
•Ifthesoilisdeficitoforganicmatterthen10-12percentof
additionalorganicmattermaybeaddedtoit.

10. ➢PLANTING DISTANCE
Normally roses are planted at 60 x 60 cm spacing.
Protected cultivation: 60x30 cm, 30x20 cm, 30x30 cm
Outdoor cultivation: 75x75 cm for Hybrids, 60x60 cm for other varieties.
➢THERE ARE TWO TYPES OF PLANTING SYSTEMS
•Pit system: 45 cm3 (Length x Breadth x Depth)
•Trench system:
60 -75 cm wide
30-45 cm height
Any length depending upon availability.
60-90 cm pathway

11. PREPARATION OF BEDS AND PITS
•Thebedsorpitsforplantingarepreparedatleastamonth
beforethedateofplanting.Thepreparationofbedsmay
betakenupduringMayorJune.Thebedsarepreparedto
adepthof60-75cmandatrenchof45-60cmacrossis
dugto30cmdepth.Thetrenchisagaindugandforked.
Whileforkingabasketfulofwell-rottencowdung
manureandadoublehandfulofbonemealmaybemixed
inthesoil.Ifthesoilofthebedisheavyclaywithpoor
drainage,thebedsareraisedtoalevelof5-10cmabove
theground.Toimprovetheheavyclaysoil,hydratedlime
@1.5kg/sq.misforked30cmdeepintothesoilatthe
bottomofthebed.Gypsum@½kg/sq.mcanalsobe
applied.Ifthesoilislightorsandy,plentyofcompostor
FYMcanbeaddedtoimprovethewater-holdingcapacity.
Pitsofsize45cm3canbedugwhileplantinginpits.

12. BED
PREPARATION
•Width: 1m
•Length : 21m
•Height : 30 to 40 cm
•Pathway :60 cm

13. BASAL NUTRIENTS
•KNO3 -420g / bed (21m2)
•CaNO3 -420g / bed (21m2)
•DAP -270g / bed (21m2)
•MgSO4 -525 g/bed(21m2)
•SOP -210 g/ bed(21m2)

14. SELECTING PLANTS
•Plantsmaybeprunedlightlybyremovingthesuckersandthedead,unhealthyanddiseasedtwigs.Plants
selectedforplantingshouldhaveatleastthreestrongcanes.
PLANTING
•Beforeplanting,thetop30cmsoilfromthepitsshouldberemoved.Theplantalongwiththeearthballmaybe
gentlyloweredintothepit,keepingthemainsteminthecentreofthepit.Thebudunionpointwherethescion
joinsthestockiskeptjustabovethegroundlevel.Generally,intemperatecountriesthebudunionpointiskept
belowthegroundlevel.Whileplantingitisnecessarytospreadouttherootsevenly.Thesoilisreturnedtothe
pitandfirmedtowardsthecenter.Theplantmustbewateredcopiouslyimmediatelyafterplanting
AFTER CARE
•Thenewlyplantedrosesrequirefrequentwateringinthebeginning.Afterthattheymaybewateredoncein
fivedaysduringsummer,andonceintendaysduringwinter.Ifthesoilissandy,morefrequentwateringmay
benecessary.Ontheotherhandifthesoilisheavyandretentiveofmoisturethewateringintervalmayhaveto
beincreased.Careshouldbetakentoavoid‘wetfeet’,i.e.toavoidstagnationofwatertoolonginthebedsor
nearthebaseoftheplantsasitisharmfultotheroots.Suckersoriginatingfromtherootstockmustberemoved
frequentlytopreventthelossofvigouroftheplants.

15. MANURING
•Afterpruningbasinsformedaroundtheplantsandmanures
areapplied10-15cmdepth.
•6:6:12gNPK/plant-EdwardandRedrose
•8:8:16gNPK/plant-HT/Polyanthas/FB
•Applicationin3stages
1.15DAP
2.Afterfirstflushofbloom
3.Aftersecondflushofbloom
•Dose/plant-FYM10kg,Urea65g,Superphosphate25g,
MOP50g
•Foliarfeeding-micro-nutrients-20gMnSO4+15g
MgSO4+10gFeSO4+5gBoron@2g/lofwaterresultsin
brightcolouredflowers.
•Organicmanures-oilcakesandbonemealareexcellent
sourcesofNandPrespectivelyandmaybeappliedafter
pruning.

16. PLANT GROWTH
REGULATORS
➢GA 3 @ 250 ppm sprayed during the
flushing if found very effective to,
•Increase the length of the stem/shoot o
Increases the no. of shoots/plant o
Induces early flowering o Prolongs the
flowering period o Enhance the flower
yield
➢CCC @ 3% results in more no. of buds
and also,
•Increase the flowering and size o
Increase the yield.

17. IRRIGATION
•Adequatesoilmoistureisverymuch
essentialthroughoutthevegetativeand
floweringstagesofroses.
•Ingeneralwatertherosebedsonceina
weekor10daysinwinterandtwiceaweek
duringthesummerseason.
•Floodirrigationisgivenat10daysinterval
dependsuponthesoilandclimate.Avoid
irrigationimmediatelybeforeandafter
pruning.
•Dripirrigationisidealforroses.

18. WEEDING
•Manual weeding is effective.
•Hoeing and roguing is also effective.
•Chemical control is economical, convenient and
effective.
•Diuron @ 2 kg ai/hac or Oxyfluorofen @0.5 kg ai/hac
•Effective control of broad leaved weeds by spraying
with 2,4-D, at the rate of 2 kg/600 l of water/hectare
25–30 days before flowering followed by cultivation of
soil to a depth of 6-10 cm.

19. MULCHING
•It conserve soil moisture.
•Supply humus.
•Suppress weeds.
•It is done with paddy straw, dried leaves.
•Also promotes growth and flowering.
•It promotes physical properties of the soil.
•Mulching 2 to 4 inches of organic material like wood chips if
found to reduce annual weeds and make hand weeding easier

20. PRUNING
•Pruning refers to the removal of certain portion of the plant.
•To improve the floriferousness and quality of flowers along
with vigour of roses
➢STEPS
•Remove dead, diseased or damaged wood.
•Remove branches that grow towards the centre of the plant
•Remove the weakest crossed branch and sucker growth
(growth coming from below the bud union)
•Shape the plant
•Make a cut at 45 degree angle ¼ inch above an outward
facing bud.

21. TYPES OF PRUNING
➢There are three types of pruning
practiced in rose
•Light pruning: Cut either at the 2nd
or 3rd eye bud immediately below
the flower bearing stalk.
•Moderate pruning: Healthy shoots
are pruned back to 45-60cm from
the base
•Hard pruning: Pruning is done by
leaving 10-30cm from the bud joint.

22. SPECIAL CULTURAL
PRACTICES
Thinning:Removaloftheundesirablegrowthlikeinward
growth,weakstems,blindshoots,crowdedgrowth.
De-suckering:Theoperationofremovalofsuckersfromroot
stocki.e.theshootsproducedbelowthebudunionon
rootstocksiscalledde-suckering.
Pinching:Removalofapartofterminalgrowingportionof
stemiscalledpinching.
Disbudding:Removalofundesirablebudsisknownas
disbudding.
Removalofyoungvegetativeshoots:Thispracticeisalso
knownasde-shooting.
Removaloffadedflowers:Cuttingoffadedflowerswill
forcetoproducestronglateralshootswhichwillproducegood
qualityflowers.

23. HARVESTING
•Floweringstartsfrom1styearonwards.Economicyield2ndto10thyear.
•Flowersareharvestedwhentheflowerbudsareinhalfopenstage.
•Forcutflowers,theyareharvestedattightbudstagewithlongstalks.
•Thestageatwhichflowersshouldbecut,eitherfordecorationorforcutflower
dispatchisthetightbudstage.
•Whenthebudshowsfullcolorbutthepetalshavenotyetstarted
unfolding.Harvestingatthisstagewillhelptheflowertolastlongerinvasesor
duringtransportationforbetterretentionofcolourandfreshness.Theoptimum
stagemayvaryingslightlydependingoncultivarandonehastoexperienceto
judgetherightstageforcutting.
•Becauseaflowerbudofaredcultivarwhencutatalittleearlystagemayfailto
openlater.Mostpinkandredcultivarsshouldbeallowedtodevelopastage
whereoneofthetwoouterpetalsbeginstounfurlattheupperpoint
•Looseflowersusedforpreparingperfumesandvariousotherproductsalsofor
worshippingareharvestedonlywhentheyarefullyopened

24. YIELD
•Onanaveragetheoutdoorrose
cultivationproducesabout60-80
flowers/m2/year
•Looseflowers:7.5t/ha
•Greenhouseyieldrangesfrom100-
150stems,200-225and250-350
stemsperm2inlargehybridtea,
mediumtypesandsmallandsprays,
respectively.

25. POST HARVESTING
•Afterharvestingtheflowerstheyaredriedonfloor
undershadefor2-3days.Upondrying,theseedsare
separatedbyhammeringtheflowersandtheflower
strawisseparatedoutbywinnowingofthehammered
flowers.Theseedsarethoroughlycleanedandgraded
beforepackinginpolybagsorclothsbags,andare
storedincoolplaces.Themoisturecontentsofthe
seedsmustbeexaminedbeforethepacking.

26. •Pre-cooling:Inacoldstorageatthe
temperatureof4.4-7.2oCtheflowershave
tobekeptimmediatelyafterharvestingto
removelatentheatwhichenhancesthe
keepingqualityofflowers.Usuallypre-
coolingisdonefor6-8hoursinwinterand
8-12hoursinsummer.
•Pulsing:Treatingofcutflowerswith2-4%
sucrosesolutionfor3-4hours.Thisintern
makesthecutflowerveryhardyandturgid
toimprovethequalityofcutflowers,also
haveleesneckbending.
•Grades:Theflowerswhichareinuniform
stemlengthanddevelopingflowerbuds
shouldbegroupedtogetheratthetimeof
cuttingandkepttheminseparate
container.
•Foreasyhandlingthebasalfoliageand
thornsmayberemovedupto20cmatthe
timeofcuttingoftheflowers.

27. MARKETING,
DISTRIBUTION AND
TRANSPORTATION

28. THANK YOU