Production technology of vegetables

Production technology of Solanaceous vegetables
Production technology of Cucurbitaceous vegetables
Production technology of cole vegetables
Production technology of leguminous vegetables
Production technology of root vegetables
Production technology of leafy vegetables
Production technology of bulb vegetables

1. PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY OF VEGETABLES
Dr. K. Vanangamudi
Formerly Dean (Agriculture), Agricultural College and Research Institute, Coimbatore;
Dean, Adhiparasakthi Agricultural College, Kalavai;
Professor & Head, Seed Science & Technology, TNAU, Coimbatore.
Dr. M. Prabhu
Associate Professor, Horticultural College and Research Institute for Women, Tirchirapalli.
M. Kokila
PG Scholar, Department of Seed Science & Technology, TNAU, Coimbatore.

1. Production technology of Solanaceous vegetables
Cultivation
practices
Tomato Brinjal Bhendi/Okra Chilli Sweet pepper
Season Hills - March to
April
Plains - June to
November
December -
January and
May – June
Hills:
March -
April
June - August
and February
January –
February
June – July
September -
September -
October
September -
February
Seed rate/
Planting
material
Variety - 400-
500 g/ha
Hybrid - 100-
150 g/ha
Variety -
400-500
g/ha
Kharif: 8-10
kg seeds/ha
Summer: 18-
22 kg
seeds/ha
Hybrids - 2.5
kg seeds/ha
Varieties: 1.0
kg/ha
Hybrids: 200
- 250 g/ha
Nursery area:
100 sq.m/ha
Transplant
40-45 days
old seedlings
Varieties: 1.25
kg seeds/ha
Hybrids: 200 g
seeds/ha
Transplant 40-
45 days old
seedling
Spacing 45 x 30 cm
60 x 45 cm
60 x 60 cm
90 x 60 cm

Varieties: 45×
30 cm
Hybrids 75 ×
30 cm or
60 × 45 cm

Varieties:
60 x 45cm
Hybrids:
75 x 60 cm

Varieties:
60 x 45cm
Hybrids:
75 x 60 cm
Fertilizer 150:100:50 kg
NPK/ha
200:250:100 kg
NPK/ha
100:50:30
kg/ha
200:150:100
kg/ha
Varieties:
40:50:30 kg
NPK/ha
Hybrids:
200:100:100
kg NPK/ha
Varieties:
60:60:30 kg
NPK/ha
Hybrids:
60:80:80 kg
NPK/ha
Varieties:
80:60:30 kg
NPK/ha
Hybrids:
60:80:80 kg
NPK/ha
Yield 30-40 t/ha
80-95 t/ha
25-30 t/ha
60-80 t/ha
Harvest fruits
having 6-8 cm
long and 5-6
days after
flower
opening
Varieties: 7.5-
10 t/ha
Hybrids: 15-
25 t/ha

Varieties: 2 -
3 t/ha of dry
pods or 10 -
15 t/ha of
green chilli
Hybrids: 25
t/ha of green
chilli

15 tons/ha

2. 2. Production technology of Cucurbitaceous vegetables
Cultivation
practices
Pumpkin Snake gourd Ribbed gourd Bitter gourd Bottle gourd
Season June - July and
December -
January
July and
January
June - July and
January-
February
Hills: April –
July
Plains: January
- March
June - July and
December -
January
Seed rate/
Planting
material
1.0 to 1.5
kg/ha
1.5 kg/ha 1.5 kg /ha 1.8 kg/ha 1.5 kg/ha
Spacing Pits of 30 x
30 x 30 cm
size are dug at
a spacing of
2.5 x 2 m.
Dig pit size of
30 x 30 x 30
cm
at 2.5 x 2 m
spacing
Dig pit size of
30 x 30 x 30
cm size at 2.5
x 2 m spacing
Dig pit size of
30 x 30 x 30 cm
at 2 x 1.5 m
spacing
Dig pit size of
30 x 30 x 30
cm at 2.5 x 2 m
of spacing
Fertilizer 100g of
6:12:12 NPK
mixture
/pit as basal
and 10 g N/pit
after 30 DAP
Fertigation:
60:30:30 kg
NPK/ha
100 g of NPK
6:12:12
mixture as
basal dose/ pit
and N at 10
g/pit at 30
DAS.
Fertigation:
75:100:100 kg
NPK/ha
100 g of NPK
6:12:12 g
mixture as
basal dose/pit
and N at 10 g/
pit at 30 DAS.
Fertigation:
250:100:100
kg/ha
100 g of
6:12:12 NPK
mixture/pit as
basal and 10 g
N/ pit 30 DAS
100 g of NPK
6:12:12 g
mixture as
basal dose/pit
and N at
10 g/pit at 30
DAS
Fertigation:
200:100:100
kg/ha
Yield 20-30 t/ha Ready for
harvest at 40-
50 DAS.
18 t/ha in 135
- 145 days
Ready for
harvest at 60
DAS
14 - 15 t/ha
10 -15t/ha
20 – 30 t/ha for
hybrids

20 t/ha.
Improved
varieties/F1
Hybrids: 40-50
t/ha

2. Production technology of Cucurbitaceous vegetables (Contd…)
Cultivation
practices
Ash gourd Cucumber Watermelon Muskmelon Chow chow Pointed
gourd
Season July and
January
June or
January to
April
November -
December
January -
February
November to
February
April - May
Seed rate/
Planting
material
2.5kg/ha 2.5 kg/ha 3.5 kg/ha 3 kg/ha Viviparity
Fully
matured and
sprouted
fruits from
high
yielding
vines are
planted in
pits
at 2 - 3/pit.
Only
cucurbit
having a
Vine
cuttings or
root
suckers

3. single seed
Spacing Dig pit size
of 30 x 30 x
30 cm at a
spacing
of 2 x 1.5 m
1.5 × 0.6 m 2.5 × 0.9 m 2.5 × 0.6 m Dig 45 x 45
x 45 cm pit
size at 2.4 x
1.8 m
spacing
1.5-2 m ×
1.5 - 2 m
Fertilizer 100 g of
NPK
6:12:12 g
mixture as
basal
dose/pit and
N at
10 g/pit at
30 DAS
Hybrid:
150:75:75
kg NPK/ha
55:55:55 kg
NPK/ha
Fertigation:
200:100:100
kg/ha
80:60:30 kg
NPK/ha
Fertigation:
200:100:100
kg/ha
250:500:500
g/pit
60-
80:40:40 –
50 kg
NPK/ ha
Yield 10-15 t/ha Harvest at
45 DAS 8 -
10 harvests
15-20t/ha
35-50 t/ha 20 t/ha 25-35t/ha 6-8 t/ha in
the first
year 14-15
t/ ha during
the second
year

3. Production technology of cole vegetables
Cultivation
practices
Cabbage Chinese
cabbage
Cauliflower Knol-khol
Season Hills: January
- February,
July-August,
September -
October.
Plains: August
- November
May-June:
Early season
varieties July-
August: Mid
season
varieties
September-
October: Late
season
varieties
October
Seed rate/
Planting
material
Seed rate: 650
g/ha
30-40 days old
seedlings
are
transplanted
Single seed
technique:
500-600 g/ha.
Normal and
traditional
seed
technique: 1
kg seed/ha
400-750g/ha
for early crop
375 g/ha seeds
for late crop
Seeds: 1.5
kg/ha
4-6 weeks old
seedlings are
transplanted
Spacing Hills: 40 x 40
cm
Plains: 45 x 30
cm
Hybrid: 60 x
45 x 45 cm in
paired row
system
Seed bed: Row
space 15 x 20
cm
Seeds are
sown 1-2 cm
apart within
the row
45 x 45 cm 30 x 25 cm
Fertilizer Hills:
135:135:135
160-200:80-
120:180-250
Hills:
135:135:135
180:120:100
kg NPK/ha

4. kg NPK/ha
Plains:
100:125:25 kg
NPK/ha
Fertigation for
F1 hybrid:
200: 125:150
kg NPK/ha
kg NPK/ha kg NPK/ha
Plains:
100:100:50 kg
NPK/ha
Fertigation:
200: 125: 125
kg
Yield Hills: 70-80
t/ha in 150
days
Plains: 25-35
t/ha in 120
days
4-5 kg/sq.m Hills: 20-30
t/ha
Plains: 15-20
t/ha
Harvest at 75
DAS 20-25
t/ha

4. Production technology of leguminous vegetables
Cultivation
practices
Peas Lablab French bean Broad bean Cluster Cowpea
Season February -
March
October –
November
June-July
(Peninsular
India)
Bush type -
Throughout
year

Pandal type
- July -
August

Bush type at
hills:
February –
March
Plains:
October -
November
Pole type:
February -
March, July -
August
July - August
November -
December
June - July
October -
November
June - July
(Rainfed)
February –
March
(Irrigated)
Seed rate/
Planting
material
100-120
kg/ha

25 kg-bush
type
5 kg-
pandal/pole
type
Bush type:
80 kg/ha –
hills
50 kg/ha –
plains
Pole type:
50-55 kg/ha
25 kg
seeds/ha
Seeds: 10
kg/ha
Seeds: 25
kg/ha
Spacing 45 x 10 cm Bush type:
60 x 30 cm
Pandal
type: 2 x
3m
CO 1
Dolichos
beans: 1 x 1
m

Hills: 30 x
15 cm
Plains:
45 x 30 cm
Bush: 60-70
x10 -15 cm
Pole type:
1 x 1 m
45 x 15cm 45 × 15 cm 45 x 15 cm
Fertilizer 120:80:70 kg
NPK/ha
Bush type:
25 kg/ha N
and 5kg/ha
P
Pandal
type: 100 g
of NPK
Bush type:
90 kg N and
125 kg P/ha

Pole type: 90
kg each of
NPK as basal
45 kg each of
NPK is
applied as
top dressing
50:50:50
kg NPK/ha
25:75:60
kg NPK/ha

5. 6:12:12
mixture as
basal and
10 g N/pit
after 30
days
on 20 DAS
Yield Harvest at 75
DAS
3-4 harvest
at 10 days
intervals.
Pod yield: 8-
12 t/ha Seed
yield: 2.0 to
2.5 t/ha
Bush
varieties:
Harvest
starts at 50-
60 DAS
Pole types:
Flowering
starts three
months
after
sowing
Bush: 8-10
t/ha
Pandal: 12-
13 t/ha
Harvest at 7-
12 days after
flowering
In bush
varieties: 2-3
harvests.
Pole types:
3-5 harvests
Tender pods:
8-10
t/ha in bush
varieties and
12-15 t/ha in
pole types.
Seed yield:
1250 to 1500
kg/ha.
Green shell
stage at 3-4
months after
sowing
7-10 t/ha –
green pods
1-1.2 t/ha –
green beans

Harvest at
40 DAS
and pods at
tender
stage
Vegetable
yield: 5 to
8 t/ha
Seed yield:
0.6 to 1.0 t/
ha
Harvesting
starts from
45-60 days
after
sowing 5-
10 t/ha
green pods.
Yard long
beans: 15-
18 t/ha.
Dry seed is
1.2 -1.5
t/ha.

5. Production technology of root vegetables
Cultivation
practices
Carrot Radish Beetroot Potato Sweet
potato
Chinese
potato
Season July-
February
Plains:
August
June-July in
hills and
September-
October in
plains
March –
July: Hills
July –
November
under South
Indian
conditions
September-
November
under North
Indian
conditions.
Hills
Summer:
March -
April
Autumn:
August -
September
Irrigated:
January -
February
Plains-
October -
November
June – July
September-
October
March - April
is the best for
planting Also
July-October
Seed rate/
Planting
material
5-6 kg
seeds/ha
10 kg
seeds/ha
6 kg
seeds/ha
Seeds are in
the form of
seed balls
Tuber-3000-
3500kg/ha
with spouted
tubers
of 40-50 g
TPS-100
g/ha
Cuttings of
10-15 cm in
length with
2-3 nodes
from
matured
vines aged 3
months and
above;
80,000
cuttings/ha
15-20 g
tubers are
planted at
5cm spacing
on ridges to
accommodate
750-
1200 kg
tubers in 500
m
2

Spacing 30 × 30
cm
15 x 10 cm
30 x 15 x
30 x10 cm
30 x 30 x 10
45 x 20 cm 60 x 20 cm Spacing of
30 cm on

6. 10 cm in
paired row
system
cm as four
rows in each
paired row
raised bed
system
ridges
Fertilizer 135: 135:
135 kg
NPK/ha
50:100:50
kg NPK/ha
60:160:100
kg of
NPK/ha as
basal and 60
kg N/ha
after 30 days
after sowing
Fertigation:
120:160:100
kg/ha
120:240:120
kg NPK/ha
40:80:120
kg NPK/ha
60:60:150 kg
NPK/ha
Yield 25-30
t/ha in
100-120
days
Roots ready
for harvest
in 25-55
DAS
European
varieties: 5-
7 t/ha.
Indian
cultivars:
15-20 t/ha
Ready for
harvest at 8-
10 weeks
after sowing
25 to 30 t/ha
15 to 20 t/ha 6-9 t/ha for
rainfed crop
12-15 t/ha
under
average
management
Harvest when
vines dry up
at 4-5 months
after planting
15 to 20 t/ha
in 120 days
of tubers

5. Production technology of root vegetables (Contd…)
Cultivation
practices
Tapioca/
Cassava
Colacasia/Taro Turnip Elephant
footyam
Season June-July
October-
November
June-July February -
March
July - September
October-
December
April-May
Seed rate/
Planting
material
Prepare setts of
15-20 cm long
with 8-10 nodes
from middle
portion of stem
Irrigated:
75 x 75 cm
(17,777 setts)
and 90 x 90 cm
(12,345 setts)
Rainfed:
60 x 60 cm
(27,777 setts)
Corms weighing 20-
25 g
Seed rate: 800 kg/ha
4 kg seeds/ha 3500 kg/ha of
corms. Tubers are
cut into 750- 1000
g small bits.
Corms 500 g size
Spacing 45 × 45 cm 30 × 10-15 cm 45 x 90 cm
spacing or pit of
60 x 60 x 45 cm
size is dug and
planted
Fertilizer Irrigated crop:
90:90:240 kg
NPK/ha
40:60:120 kg NPK/ha 90:125:100 kg
NPK/ha
80:60:100 kg
NPK/ha

7. Rainfed crop:
50:65:125 kg
NPK/ha
Fertigation:
90:90:240 kg
NPK/ha
Yield Harvest at 9 to
11 months after
planting
Irrigated:
40 - 50 t/ha
Rainfed:
20-25 t/ha
Harvest at 6 - 8
months after planting
8-10 t/ha in 180 days

20-40 t/ha Harvest at 8
months after
planting
30-35 t/ha

6. Production technology of leafy vegetables
Cultivation
practices
Amaranthus Chekurmanis Palak/ Spinach Moringa
Season North India:
Summer
season:
February-March
Rainy season:
June-July
South India:
Throughout the
year
Last week of
August to second
week of
November
July - October
Seed rate/
Planting
material
2.5 kg/ha Stem cuttings 20-25 kg/ha Perennial types
are propagated by
limb cuttings of
1-1.5m length
500 g seeds/ha
Spacing Beds size: 2 x
1.5 m
After
germination,
thin seedlings to
spacing of
12-15 cm.
45 x 60 cm 20 x 10 cm Pit size 45 x 45 x
45 cm with
spacing of 2.0-2.5
m
Fertilizer Fertilizer:
75:0:25 kg
NPK/ha
60:60:60 kg
NPK/ha
90:15:30 g of
NPK/pit
Yield Harvest and
yield: Leafy
types: 25 DAS
for Mulaikeerai.
40 DAS for
Thandukeerai
Leafy types:
Mulaikeerai: 10
t/ha
Thandukeerai:
16 t/ha
Clipping types:
5 kg leaves/plant 20000 kg/ha Ready for harvest
at 5-6 months
after planting

8. 10 clippings at
weekly
intervals, 30
t/ha. Grain
types
(CO4):2.4t
grains/ha + 8
tons of tender
greens

7. Production technology of bulb vegetables
Cultivation
practices
Onion Bellary onion
Season Feb-April
May-June
September-October
May-June
Seed rate/ Planting
material
1000 kg/ha of
medium sized bulbs
Seeds: 8-10 kg/ha
Seeds: 8-10 kg/ha
45 days old seedlings are
used for transplanting
Spacing 45x10 cm 45 x 10 cm
Fertilizer 60:60:30 kg NPK/ha 100:150:75 kg NPK/ha
Yield 12-16 t/ha in 70 to
90 days.
18 t/ha in 90 days
25-30 t/ha in
140-150 days