Production technology of wheat and uses.pdf

Wheat

1. Wheat Triticum spp.

2. POPULAR INDIAN WHEAT VARIETIES HD 2329 HD 2285 HD 2687 HD 2189 HD 2833 HD 2888 PBW 226 PBW 343 WH 542 LOK-1 HW 2004 HW 2045 COW(W)1 WH 147 HUW 234 MALWA RATNAM(DURUM) BIJAKA YELLOW DICOCCUM NP 200 NP 201 NP 202 DDK 1009/1001 HW 1095 HW 5301

3. Important varieties Sonora 64 - dwarf from Mexico. It is early ripening, resistant to lodging, 12.4 to 14.4% protein, 6 to 7t/ha. Lerma Rojo - semi dwarf, strongly tillering , The resistance to rust, 7t/ha Kalyan Sona - dwarf variety, Bushy, late ripening, 8t/ha. Sonalika - short stem, medium bushy, early ripening and o 7t/ha. TN ( Nilgris and Plain hills)- CO W1- 85-90 days (2.4 t/ha), Co W 2- 110 days (4.0 t/ha), CO W 3 (4 t/ha), PBW 533, HW 2044, HI 977, Raj 4083 and T. dicoccum – NP 200, DDK 1001 and DDK 1009. Punjab and Haryana- PBW 621, PBW 550, Raj 3077

4. Season and varieties Zone Irrigated Rainfed Timely sown 15 to 30 Nov. Late sown Up to 25th Dec. Timely sown Up to 15 Nov. Late sown Hilly zone Girija,HB208, Sonalika, Shailaja Sonalika UP 1109 Kalyanasona, HD 2204, Ridley UP 1109 NW Plain Zone Sonalika, Arjun, Jairaj, HD 2204 Sonalika , Swati, HD 2270 Kundan, Pratap, Mukta, Sujata - NE Plain Zone HD 2402, Janak Sonalika, Sonali Pratap, WL 410 K 8962, HDR 77 Central zone HD 2381, HD 4530, Jairaj, LOK-1 HD2327, Swati Sonalika, LOK-1 Sujata, Meghdoot, Kalyansona - Peninsular Zone HD 2189, DWR 39 HD 2610, DWR 195 Meghdoot, Mukta - Southern hills zone HW 741 HW 972 NP 200 NP 200 HW 517 - Saline soils KRL 1- 4 Raj 3077 - - -

5. Tamil Nadu Time of sowing: T emperature during growing season and at grain filling is one of the several factors deciding the sowing time. Season 15 th Oct to 1 st week of Nov. Variety : COW(W)1 Systems of Wheat culture 1) Irrigated 2) Rainfed

6. Season Time of sowing decides yield potential in wheat Irrigated long duration varieties (135-140d) Nov 10-30 th Short duration varieties (120-125)may be sown up to Dec 15 Later than Dec 15 th there is drastic reduction in yield Zone wise there is slight variation

7. Field preparation Usually after harvest of Kharif crops Field is prepared by disking once and harrowing Moderate to fine tilth is suitable Zero tillage also possible After rice dibbling in lines may be an option

8. Method of sowing Broadcast sowing : broadcasted and harrowing to cover the seeds. Germination is very poor Sowing behind the country plough: common method. also called as ' Kera method' and through a ' pora ', a special set of attachment with local plough it is called " Pora method " . Drilling: ferti seed drill. Dibbling : using "Dibbler" not a common method, - time consuming.

9. Management practices for irrigated wheat Land preparation well-pulverized, but compact seedbed - uniform germination. One pre sowing irrigation 7 to10 days before seeding is necessary to ensure good germination. Seedrate : Normal : 100kg, Bold/late sown : 125 kg/ha Seed treatment: Carbendazim or Thiram at 2g/kg Spacing: normal : 20 to 22.5 cm between the rows delayed sowing : 15 to 18 cm. Depth of sowing: optimum - 2.5 to 5.0 cm.

10. Seed rate Normal recommendation 100-125 kg /ha Increase seed rate by 25% when Under late sown When the soil moisture is less Broadcast requires higher seed rate – 150 kg For dibbling 25-30kg is sufficient

11. Spacing Varies with varieties Tillering variety requires wider spacing Irrigated wheat spaced 22.5 cm and 8-18 cm between plants Rainfed wheat – 25-30 cm x 5-6cm When late sown closer spacing 15-16cm

12. Manures and Fertilizer Condition N : P : K Time and method of application Timely sown 120:60:40 50 % N and 100 % P and K drilled 5 cm below the seed and 50% 'N' at first irrigation. Late sown 80:40:40 Irrigated legume - wheat 80:40:40 Similar to above light soil, 'N' - 3 equal splits viz 1/3 at basal, 1/3 at I st irrigation and1/3 at 2 nd irrigation. Rainfed 60:30:20 FYM or compost : 12.5 t/ha at last ploughing

13. Zn deficiency Generally 25 kg Zn SO4 /ha Foliar spray with 0.5%

14. Mineral Nutrition INM Green manure / FYM applied to Kharif crop A pulse crop before wheat Bio-fertilizers along the seeds and soil

15. Weed management Wheat is a close growing crop. Weed competition reduces crop yield by 10 to 40 per cent depending on the intensity and types of weeds. Critical period of crop-weed competition in wheat is about 30 to 40 days after sowing. Wild mustard - Brassica kaber Problematic mono-cot weeds are Phalaris minor – (Canary grass)   Avena fatua (Wild oat)     Hand weeding is recommended   20-25DAS   Second weeding 2 weeks later   Use of herbicides becomes handy

16. WEED MANAGEMENT Herbicides: 2,4-D is applied at four leaves stage @ 0.4 kg a.i / ha in 750 litres of water between four to six weeks after sowing. Dicots can be controlled by 2,4 D (EE) 0.3-0.4 kg /ha at 35DAS   Monocots can be controlled by   Isoproturon 1-1.5kg /ha or   Methabenzthiazuron 1.5 kg or Metoxuron 1.5 kg /ha on 30-35 DAS For the control of wild oats Avadex S, Dinitrofluralin and Cobex are applied. For control Phalaris minor , isoproturon 50% -1.5 kg or isoproturon 75% - 1.0 kg is sprayed. Pre emergence spray of pendimethalin 1.0 kg is also effective. Isoproturon is broad spectrum control Pre- eme . herbicide spray on 3 DAS followed by one HW on 35 th DAS. If herbicide is not applied, give two HW on 20th and 35th day after sowing.

17. Irrigation Highly responds to irrigation 4-6 irrigations are essential 40-50% depletion of ASM Appropriate IW : CPE ratio for wheat 0.7-0.9 On clay loam up to 80% depletion

18. WATER MANAGEMENT Water requirement of wheat is less about 300 to 400 mm. Scheduling irrigation at 50% ASM is sufficient for wheat grown in New Delhi region. The depth of water is maintained at 6.0 cm.

19. WATER MANAGEMENT Crop requires 4 - 6 irrigations depending on soil type and rainfall. Crown root initiation and flowering are the most critical stages . Water stagnation should be avoided at the time of germination.

20. Critical stages of wheat crop for varying number of irrigations No. of irrigation available Critical stages 1 CRI 2 CRI + LJ 3 CRI + B + M 4 CRI + LT + F + M 5 CRI + LT + LJ + F + M 6 CRI + LT + LJ + F + M + D Crown Root Initiation (21 days after sowing) Late Tillering (42 days after sowing) Late Jointing (60 days after sowing) Flowering (80 days after sowing) Milk stage (95 days after sowing) and Dough Ripe (115 days after sowing)

21. If water is available only for one irrigation schedule at CRI . If two irrigations are possible, then give at CRI and flowering stages. If three irrigations are possible, give at CRI, flowering, and early dough (milk) stage. Small amount of water can be spread with the use of sprinklers or combination of corrugation and narrow border strips methods of irrigation. Irrigation at high water table condition: Good quality ground water at shallow depth reduces need for supplementing irrigation. Irrigation requirement of wheat is negligible or minimum in high water table areas.

22. Cropping system North India, Rice (Kharif)-wheat (Rabi) is popular Other systems are Maize + wheat Cumbu + wheat Maize + wheat – Bengalgram Wheat mixed with other crops. Wheat +sugarcane (4 to 5: 1) Wheat + pea (4:2) Wheat + gram (1: 1) Wheat + chick pea (4:2) Wheat + lentil (4:2) Wheat + mustard (8:2) Wheat + linseed (4:2) Relay crop in potato after earthing up especially in case of early crop of potato.

23. Harvesting and threshing: leaves and stems turn yellow and becomes fairly dry- 20-25% moisture content. Harvesting using sickle or bullock driven reapers or by using Combine Harvester. Threshing - cleaning, - sun dried 3 to 4 days for getting 10 to 12 % moisture for storing. Yield: Irrigated – 4.0 to 5.5 t/ha Rainfed – 2.0 to 2.5 t /ha