Production Thechnology of Leguminous Summer Vegetables

Production Thechnology of Leguminous Summer Vegetables

1. Welcome

2. ASSIGNMENT ON PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY OF LEGUMINOUS SUMMER VEGETABLES COURSE TITLE : PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY OF WARM SEASON VEGETABLE CROPS COURSE NO : VSC 502 SUBMITTED BY : Vaghela Kalpesh Reg.No.:04-3178-2017 Msc . Horticulture (Vegetable Science) SUBMITTED TO: Dr. A. V. Kotecha Assistant Professor (Horticulture) BACA, AAU, ANAND

3. Leguminaceae family INTRODUCTION: Also called Fabaceae, bean and pea family. All pulse are leguminous but all leguminous are not pulse. Legumes are used as crops, forages and green manures. It is the third largest family of angiosperms after Orchidaceae (Orchids) and Asteraceae (daisies, sunflower) and second only to Poaceae (grasses) in terms of agricultural and economic importance.

4. Distribution There are about 18,000 species in 630 genera. The members are cosmopolitan in distribution but abundant in tropical and subtropical regions. Based on the characters of the corolla and androecium, family is divided into three sub-families: Mimosoidae (2500 species, 40 genera) Caesalpinoidae (2700 species, 150 genera) Papilionoidae (12,600 species, 429 genera)

5. Legume – Papilionoideae flower Banner petal keel wing Stamens: 9 + 1

6. Acacia - Mimosoideae Senna - Caesalpinoideae

7. Legumes – Changes Under Domestication Annual habit, selfing breeding system Less seed scattering Greater seed size Synchronous fruiting Loss of dormancy

8. Leguminous vegetable crop Garden pea French bean

9. Leguminous vegetable crop Indian bean Cluster bean

10. Leguminous vegetable crop cowpea Broad bean

11. Leguminous vegetable crop Winged bean Leguminous tuber crop Yam bean ( Pachyrrhizus erosus )

12. Leguminous vegetable crop Minor leguminous vegetable crop Sword bean ( Canavalia gladiata) Jack bean (Canavalia ensiformis) Soy bean (Glycine max ) African yam bean (Sphentylis stenocarpa) Velvet bean (Mucuma deeringiana)

13. Leguminous pulse crop Chick pea ( Cicer arietinum ) Lentil ( Lens esculenta Moench)

14. Leguminous pulse crop Field pea ( Pisum sativum var. arvense .) Pigeon pea ( Cajanus cajan )

15. Leguminous pulse crop Green gram ( Vigna radiata ) Black gram ( Vigna mungo )

16. Leguminous pulse crop Cowpea ( Vigna sinensis ) Soybean (Glycine max)

17. Leguminous pulse crop French bean – Phaseolus vulgaris Sew gram – Vigna aconitifolia

18. Leguminous Oil crop Ground nut ( Arachis hypogea) : Oil is obtained from seeds and used for cooking and manufacture of vegetable ghee. Oil cake is used for cattle and as bio-fertilizer.

19. Leguminous Oil crop Soyabean ( Glycin max ) : Oil is obtained from seeds, Used for cooking, and manufacturing for ink of printing, Paints, Insectides. Oil cake contain 32-42% proteins which are called soya nagates.

20. Leguminous Oil crop Pongamia pinnatta : Oil from seeds Used for manufacturing soap and lubricants.

21. Leguminous Fibre crop Sun hemp ( Crotolaria juncea ) : Bast fibres obtain from stem which are useful in manufacturing Rops, cannvas, sacs. Dhaincha ( lesbania cannabinus )

22. Leguminous Fodder crop Egyptean clover or Barseem - Trifolium alexandrium. Alfa alfa - ( Medicago sativa ).

23. Leguminous Fodder crop Indian Clover or senji - Melilotus alba. Sweet clover or van methi - M.indica.

24. Leguminous Fodder crop Subabool - Leucaena leucocephala. Cesbania - C. aegyptiaca

25. Leguminous Dyes crop Indigo or neel ( Indigophora tinctoria ) : Blue dye obtains from leaves and young branches. Red sandel ( Pterocarpous santalinus ) : Red dye extracted from heart wood.

26. Leguminous Dyes crop Dak (Butea monosperma ) : Yellow orange dye obtains from petals of flowers. It is also called “Flame of Forest”.

27. Leguminous Timber crop Shisham - Dalbergia sisoo Indian rose wood (kala shisham)- Dalbergia latifolia

28. Leguminous Timber crop Indian Kino tree - Pterocarpus marsupium. African black wood - Dalbergia melanoxylon.

29. Leguminous Gum crop Tragacanth ( Astragalus gummifer ) : Tragacanth gum is useful in confectionary, textile industry and cosmetics. Bengal kino ( Butea ) : Gum has medicinal use.

30. Leguminous Gum crop Cluster bean ( Cyamopsis tetragonoloba ) : Guargum obtains from seeds, used in textiles, paper industry and cosmetics.

31. Leguminous Insecticides crop Deris elliptica : “Rotenone” Insecticide is obtained.

32. Leguminous Ornamental crop Phoolmantar or sweet pea - Lathyrus odoratus Indian telegraph plant - Desmodium gyrans

33. Leguminous Ornamental crop Japanees pagoda tree - Sophora japonica Indian coral tree - Erythrima undica

34. Leguminous Ornamental crop Butterfly pea - Clitoria termata Flame of Forest - Butea monosperma

35. Leguminous Medicinal crop Oinment prepared from leaves used in leucoderma seeds were used by jewellers in weighing ornaments. Abrin – toxin, one of most toxic substances known Single crushed seed can be fatal if ingested Jeweller’s weight ‘Ratti’- ( Abrus prictorious ) :

36. Leguminous Medicinal crop Liquorice or mulaithi ( Glycyrrhiza glabra ) : Roots are useful in cough.

37. Cowpea Also known as : Black eye pea, Kathir pea, China pea, southern pea & vegetable meat. Kingdom : Plantae Division : Spermatophyta Sub division : Angiosperms Class : Dicotyledonae Order : Leguminales Family : Leguminaceae Genus : Vigna Species : unguiculata Botanical name: Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp. Origin: Central Africa chromosome no. 2n : 22

38. Subsp. cylindrica - erect type Subsp. sesquipedalis - trailing or climbing type

39. Floral characters Flower : Bisexual and complete, zygomorphic, hypogynous, white, purple or violet in color. Inflorescence : Racemose Calyx : Sepals usually (5), two are large and three small which make 2+3 arrangement of sepals, valvate aestivation. Corolla : Petals usually 5, polypetalous (butterfly like), vexillary. Androecium : Stamens 10, diadelphous (9)+1.

40. Gynoecium : Hairy growth on style, carpel one, ovary superior, unilocular, marginal placentation with 1 to many ovules. Fruit : A legume or pod, splitting along both dorsal and ventral sutures. Seed : Many, mostly exalbuminous, kidney shape. Pollination : Self pollination Gynoecium : Hairy growth on style, carpel one, ovary superior, unilocular, marginal placentation with 1 to many ovules. Fruit : A legume or pod, splitting along both dorsal and ventral sutures. Seed : Many, mostly exalbuminous, kidney shape. Pollination : Self pollination

41. Floral diagram Floral formula : % K (5) C 5 A (9) + 1 G 1

42. INTRODUCTION Vigna unguiculata ( L. ) Walp. Synonymous : Lobia, Black eye pea, Kathir pea, China pea, sothern pea & vegetable meat Day neutral plant Adopted to poor soil fertility and vey little rainfall Shade tolerant (inter cropping systems ) Ground cover (moisture, weed, soil erosion ) Increase soil fertility (N fixation)

43. Cowpea ( Vigna unguiculata ) originated in Africa and is widely grown in Africa, Latin America, Southeast Asia and in the southern United States. In India, it is grown in central and peninsular regions, Uttar Pradesh, Punjab, Haryana, Madhya Pradesh, Gujarat and West Bengal. cowpea is grown throughout the country for green peas (as vegetable), grain and fodder. This crop can be grown in kharif and summer season in North India, while in South India it is grown throughout the year.

44. Benefit of cowpea Quick green manure IPM insectary crop Companion crop Seed and feed options Low moisture need Cultivars for diverse niches Weed-smothering biomass- Drilled or broadcast cowpea plantings quickly shade the soil to block out weeds.

45. Nutrient content of mature cowpea seed Protein 24.8% Fat 1.9% Fiber 6.3% Carbohydrate 63.6% Sodium  4 mg Riboflavin 0.00042% Niacin 0.00281%

46. Climate Cow Pea can grow in tropical and sub-tropical climate. It is a warm season crop and drought-hardy. but can not tolerate cold weather. Germination of cowpea is better between 12-15°C, whereas proper growth and development takes place between 21-35 C . Cowpea can grow both in spring and rainy season in the plains. Some of its varieties can be grown as a rainfed crop. A well distributed rainfall of 75 to 99 cm during its growth period is the best for cultivation.

47. Soil   Cowpea grows well on a wide range of soils including poor soils with low pH (soil pH is in the range of 5.5 to 6.5.). However, saline and alkali soils are not suitable. Sandy loam, silt loam and loamy soils are the best suited for its cultivation. Well drained soils rich in organic matter are very good for cultivation.

48. Land preparation The field for cowpea is prepared in such a way that it retains sufficient soil moisture required for seed germination. Also, there should be proper aeration in soil for active bacterial activities and plant root development. After giving pre-sowing irrigation , the field is ploughed twice or thrice with a soil turning plough. Then it is harrowed and planked to conserve soil moisture. Farm yard manure is mixed in soil during the last ploughing.

49. Sowing : In Gujarat condition, the cowpea grown in July-August or for summer crop grown in February. Cowpea should not be planted until soil temperatures are consistently above 65°F and soil moisture is adequate for germination and growth. Seeds will decay in cool, wet soils. Spacing : Traditionally, in Gujarat it has been seeded in rows spaced 45×15 cm. or 45×30cm in the row. Seed should be planted 1 inch deep and good seed-soil contact is important.

50. Seed germination field of cowpea

51. Seed Rate : Seed rate for vegetable purpose -15kg/ha Fodder Purpose -35-45 Kg /ha Green Manuring Crop -35-40 Kg/ha Fertilizer application: Recommendation by G.A.U for cowpea 10 to 15 t/hectare FYM and N -20, P -40Kg/ha. Full dose of N at basal dose and P in two split. Cowpea, like all legumes, forms a symbiotic relationship with a specific soil bacterium (Rhizobium spp.). Rhizobium makes atmospheric nitrogen available to the plant by a process called nitrogen fixation.

52. Varieties In Gujarat mostly grown variety of cowpea is Anand veg. cowpea 1, Pusa Phalguni, Gujarat cowpea-4.

53. GUJARAT COWPEA-1  Characteristics   : Plant Height 40-45 Cm Maturity: Early  Branches Per Plant : 6-7, Pods per plant :15-20, Pods Thin With Translucent Pod Cover, Pod length: 14-16 Cm Long, Whitish Green, Seeds Per Pod: 10-12 Single Pod Bearing Habit. Kidney Shaped seed and White In Colour, 1000 Seeds Weight is 76 gm GUJARAT COWPEA-2 Characteristics   Plant Hieght 65-70 Cms., Branches/Plant 4-6, No. Of Pods Per/Plant 20-25, Pod Characteristics-thin Short Pods With Pointed Tip., Pod Bearing Habit-single Pod Remain Upright Above Leaf Canopy, Pod Length 10-12 cm Seed/Pod 12-14, Pod Colour-yellowish Brown When Matured Seed Colour-yellowish 1000 Seed Weight is 65 gm Average Yield: Kharif 11-12 Summer 17.50 To18.50

54. GUJARAT COWPEA-4 (GC-4) Suitable For Kharif Season (Rainfed ) In Gujart State.   Plant Height : 35 -45 ; Av. No Of Pods /Plant : 10-15; Av. No Of Seed /Pod : 9-10; 100 Seeds Weight : 13.9-14.1; seed Colour : White Maturity: Early Group.  Average Yield: Commercial Product : 1200-1500 ; Seed Product : 1100-1300  Pusa Barsati It is an early maturing dwarf variety with long pods. The green pods get ready for first picking after 45 days of sowing. It suits best to rainy season.

55. Pusa Komal: Developed by hybridization of P-85-2 and P-426 cowpea strains. It is widely adapted, resistant to bacterial blight and gives higher pod yield. Mature pods shrivel and do not shatter. The yield of green pods is 172 quintals/hectare.  

56. It is recommended for Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, Delhi, Madhya Pradesh. Its plants are dwarf, bushy Matures in about 65 days. Its yield is about 50-60 quintals green pods/hectare. Pusa phalguni Pusa Phalguni

57. Pusa Sukomal: Plants semi dwarf and erect; pods light green, round, meaty, less fibrous, around 30 cm long and 1 cm thick. Maturity in 42-45 days during kharif and 55-60 days during summer. Highly resistant to golden yellow mosaic virus and leaf spot disease. Year of release : 2005 Yield : 6.2-6.6 t/ha

58. Pusa 578: Year of release: 2005 It is resistant to yellow mosaic virus. It matures in about 90 days. Yield : 1.2t/ha

59. Pusa Sampada (V 585) Year of release : 1999 It is resistant to yellow mosaic virus. It matures in about 100 days Yield : 0.86t/ha

60. Arka Garima Plants are tall, photo insensitive. Pods are light green, long, thick, round, fleshy and stringless. Suitable for vegetable purpose. Tolerant to heat and low moisture stress. Pod Yield 18 t/ha.

61. Pusa Dofasli This variety can be grown in spring, summer and kharif seasons. Pusa Rituraj This variety is grown mostly in North Indian states. It can be grown successfully during kharif as well as in summer seasons. It is best suited for vegetable purpose and gets ready within 40-50 days after sowing. CO-I and CO-2 It is a semi-spreading variety which takes about 100 days to mature.

62. Irrigation : Cowpeas are grown under both irrigated and non-irrigated regions. Cowpea is more drought resistant than common bean. If irrigation is used, more vegetative growth and some delay in maturity may result. The most critical moisture requiring period is just prior to and during bloom. For higher yield the crop should be irrigated regularly at 5-7 days interval .

63. Weed Control Adequate weed control is necessary for good growth and high yields. Two hand weeding is required before earthing up. Mechanical: Use of the rotary hoe and row cultivator in cowpea. Chemical : A pre-sowing application of Fluchloralin @ 2 litre/ha check the weed growth for 20-25 days.

64. PLANT PROTECTION Pest Leaf minor This insect lays eggs on tile surface of leaves. Control - Spraying With 0.07% Endosulfan emulsion is effective in killing the larvae. Bean beetle The adult and larvae cut the leaves and tender stems. Control- Spray crop with 0.2% sevin. Pod borer The caterpillars first feed on tile pods bore into them and feed on the seeds. Pod borer can be controlled by spraying Quinalphos 25 EC @ 2ml/lit.

65. Cowpea pod borer

66. Leaf minor Thrips

67. Diseases Yellow mosaic ( vector - Whitefly ) Control Rouge out the affected plants as soon as they noticed in the field. Spray Metasystox @ 1 litre/hectare dissolved in 1000 litres of water to check the whitefly. Yellow mosaic virus

68. Cowpea leaf spot disease Cercospora leaf spot ( Cercospora spp . ) Control: Remove all the affected plants and bum them. Spray any of the following fungicides. Dithane Z- 78 @ 2 kg in 1000 litres of water/ hectare, or Dithane M-45 @ 2 kg in 800 litres of water/hectare.

69. Bacterial blight ( Xanthonwnas viginicola ) Control Grow resistant varieties such as K-ll, T-26, T-5826, P-78, P-309. P-426 and P-1327. In case of severe infection crop may be sprayed with 0.2% Fytolan. Cowpea tip necrosis Control It can be controlled by treating the plants with some systemic chemicals like Disulfoton or Thimate. Powdery mildew ( Erysiphe polygoni ) Control controlled by dusting Sulphur 25 kg/ha or spray Wettable sulphur 2 g/lit.

70. HARVESTING AND YIELD Harvesting: stages of maturity: green snaps green-mature dry. Yield: 6.2 – 7 t dry seed/ha. 12 – 15 t green pod/ha.

71. Scientific name : Phaseolus vulgaris Family : Leguminosae, 2n=22 Common name : Kidney bean, haricot bean, snap bean, navy bean Origin : Southern Mexico and Central America Flower Pod Seed FRENCH BEAN

72. There are three type of French bean: Bush type with short internodes Semi-pole type with longer internodes than those in bush type Pole typed having longer internodes than that of semi pole type French cultivars are classified into stringless based on the extent of fiber in the pod and into bush type and poly types according to the growth habit. DESCRIPTION OF VARIETIES

73. Climate & Soil condition Day neutral crop (semi-pole varieties are short day types) Optimum temperature ranging between 15-25°C Sensitive to frost and very high temperature The plants shed their blossom or young pods in very hot or rainy weather. Suitable soil : Light sandy soils to clay soils Tolerant to water logging The optimum soil pH is between 5.3 to 6.0 . Season: The first sowing is done July-September and may even extended up to September The second sowing is early Spring that is between January to February In hilly regions, March to May seeds are sown.

74. Land Preparation The soil should be ploughed, clods are broken & weeds are removed and drought to fine tilth by shallow cultivation. Seed Rate: Bush varieties: 60-65 kg/ha Pole varieties: 25-30kg/ha Sowing : The seeds of bush beans are sown in rows 30-45 cm apart and 10-15 cm away from seed to seed Pole beans are in the spacing's of 60cm-1m between rows and plant to plant 30cm Depth of the sowing shall be 2-3 cm To avoid fungal infection, treat the seed with Thiram @2-4kg/kg of seed Seed treatment: To avoid fungal infection, treat the seed with Thiram @2-4kg/kg of seed

75. VARIETIES Arka Komal It takes 70 days for flowering. Pods are green, straight, flat and tender, pod yield being 90q/ha. Bountiful Its pods are borne in clusters on main stem. Pod yield is 100–120q/ha. The pods remain tender for 4–5 days after harvesting. Contender It takes 50–55 days for first picking. Pods are round, green, 13–14cm long, stringless, meaty and slightly curved, seeds light brown. Pod yield is 80–95q/ha. It is tolerant to powdery mildew and mosaic. Lakshmi Pods are 13–14cm long, stringless, green and round. Three pods are found in a cluster. Pods become ready for picking in 65–70 days. Seed colour is white. Pod yield is 120–140q/ha. It is tolerant to angular leaf-spot disease. Premier Pods are 11–13cm long, seeds black, ready in 55–60 days, adapted to late sowing. Pod yield is 75–90q/ha. Pusa Parvati Its pods become ready in 45–50 days. Pods are 15–18cm long, round, tender, stringless and green. Pod yield is 80–85q/ha. It is resistant to mosaic and PMD.

76. Irrigation: Prior to sowing the plots are irrigated and after 2-3 days when the soil is moist condition seeds are sown along the sides of the ridges Light irrigation is given after 2 nd to 3 rd day after sowing About 6-7 irrigations would be required at regular intervals The crop should be irrigated at an interval of one week Excess water reduces nodule formation and ultimately growth of plant Nutrients / nutrition requirement : Before sowing, at the time of ploughing apply 25 FYM into the soil Application of 63kg N, 100 kg P 2 O 5 and 75kg K 2 O ha is recommended Half of the N along with entire dose of P and K fertilizer should be applied at the time of sowing. Remaining half of N should be applied at the time of earthing up after 3 rd week of sowing

77. Weed control: A pre sowing application of Fluchloralin @ 2litr/ha checks the weed growth. At least two hand weedings are required before earthing up Shallow cultivation during the early stages of crop is necessary to check the weeds and to facilitate earthing up At the later stages of the crop growth, the weeds are kept under check due to the thick canopy of the crop Staking : Staking is an important operation for pole beans. The bamboo sticks or other wooden stick or branches which are locally suitable can be used for the support. If the plants are grown in rows, single stick of about 2m length should be fixed near the plant. If the plans are grown in hills, the twigs and branches will give good support.

78. Use of growth regulators : Application of growth regulators improves the plant growth, flowering fruitset and pod yield PCPA at 2ppm, L-naphthly acetamide or B-naphthal acetic acid at 5-25ppm shown favourable effect on fruit set GA 3 sprayed at 50-200 ppm proved effective in improving the crop growth Harvesting: The crop is ready for first harvest in about 45 days after sowing The green pods are to be picked when they are immature and fully grown but still tender The yield of tender pods: Bush varieties-8-10t/ha Pole types-12-15t/ha. Maturity standards : The various maturity parameters like seed size, % seed, dry matter content and distribution of pods according to sieve size are found to reliable maturity standards.

79. Marketing : After harvesting, pods kept in shade to avoid evaporating Over matured, diseased and damaged pods should be sort out Pods may be packed in baskets/gunny bags and transport to market Storage : The pods stored for 2-3 days in summer and 4-6 days in winter at room temperature In cold storage, pods can be stored at 2°C to 4°C with 60-70 % RH for about 15-20 days Seed yield : 15-20q/ha

80. Pests & Diseases Bean anthracnose Infect French bean and other legume vegetable. Most severe subtropical to temperate than in tropical areas. C.M: use of healthy seeds, clean cultivation, and avoidance of overhead irrigation cultural management. Use of organic sulphur fungicide like thiram, Dithane Z-78 and the systemic fungicide like benlate of Bavistin.

81. Powdery mildew The fungus has a very wide host range White powdery growth occurs on leaves, spreading to cover the stem and other plant parts. C.M:- Powdery mildew can be controlled by spraying wettable sulphur 2 g/lit or dust with sulphur 25 kg/ha. Repeat the application at 15 days interval.

82. Leaf spot Lower leaves are first affected. Water-soaked lesion develop on the leaf lamina which soon turns reddish brown to brown. C.M : Spraying with copper oxy chloride or organic sulphur fungicide is recommended for control.

83. Viral diseases: Bean common mosaic virus (BCMV) and bean yellow mosaic virus diseases are the two common similar viral diseases of beans Both are mechanically transmitted and myzus persicae is acommon aphid vector transmitte the diseases

84. CLUSTER BEAN Common Name : Cluster bean, Guar Botanical Name : Cyamopsis tetragonoloba L. Kingdome : Plantae Division : Spermatophyta Class : Dicotyledonae Order :Fabales Genus : Cyamopsis Species : Tetragonoloba Family : Leguminoceae Origin : India Chromosome No. : 2n=2x= 14 Toxic substance : Trypsin inhibitor

85. Introduction The  Guar  or  cluster bean  ( Cyamopsis tetragonoloba ) is an annual  legume  and the source of  guar gum . It is also known as Gavar, Guwar or Guvar bean. Guar is a drought tolerant annual legume that grows in hot, semiarid regions with sandy soils. The major world suppliers are India, Pakistan, the United States and smaller acreages in Australia and Africa. The world demand for Guar increased which lead to introduction of Guar in other countries Cluster bean is grown for green vegetables and dry pods, and also as forage crop and green maturing crop. It is cultivated in many parts of India; some of its varieties are used for extraction of gum.

86. Cluster bean plant, pod, and flower

87. Green Pods of cluster bean

88. Dry pods and seeds of cluster bean

89. Flowering and fruiting stage of cluster bean

90. Health benefits of Cluster Beans Good for diabetics Great for heart health Improves blood circulation Acts as a digestive aid Full of Nutrients Beneficial for the cardio health Make Bone Strong Recommended during pregnancy Manage Blood pressure Stimulates bowel movement Do away with diseases Calms the brain

91. Guar - Crop properties Guar is an upright course-growing summer annual legume (18-40 inches) (45-100 cm). The deep roots reach deep moisture. Leaves, stem and pods are smooth. The Guar bean has a large endosperm. The endosperm contains large amounts of gum which is the marketable product of the plant.

92. Guar Cultivation In India India is the leading producer of guar and guar gum in the world. It share around 80 % production of world, rest of major production comes from Pakistan. In India Rajasthan is leading producer of the guar seed and guar gum. It contributes around 70 % production of India. Haryana, Gujarat and Punjab are other Guar producing states in India.

93. REASONS FOR LOW PRODUCTIVITY OF CLUSTER BEAN Low rainfall lads to low and unstable production. (Rajasthan) Cultivation on marginal and low fertile arid zone soils. Using local genotypes having very low productivity. Long maturity duration due to inadequate supply/availability of quality and certified seeds . Large price fluctuations and no minimum support price also discourage farmers to grow this important legume.

94. Growing belts of Guar : India Rajasthan :- Rajasthan is the largest guar producing state, around 70% of the total production in India. Haryana :- Haryana at second position with 12% share in total production. Gujarat :- Gujarat place at the third position regarding the production in India with 11%. In Gujarat Kutch, Banaskantha, Mehsana , Sabarkantha , Vadodara, Ahmedabad, Kheda, Surat, Navsari and some part of Junagadh and Jamnagar are guar growing areas.

95. UTILITY Vegetable, Green fodder, Green manure For production of seeds Livestock feed

96. Climate & Soil condition Cluster bean is essentially a warm season crop and grows well in summer as well as rainy season crop. It is very hardy crop and relatively resistant to drought. Cluster bean grows nicely on alluvial and sandy loam soils. It can tolerate 7.5 to 8 soil PH. Preparation of soil should be done up to good Tilth for better plant growth and higher yields. This crop can tolerate salinity. Sowing time Cluster bean grown twice in a year as a spring – summer and rainy season crop. Second week of July (monsoon), Second week of February(summer). South India: June- July & Oct-Nov.

97. planting distance 45 X 15 cm.(Commercial) 45 X 30 cm.(seed production) Seed Rate: 15 to 25 kg/ha Seed treatment: Treat the seeds with Rhizobium culture @ 250g/10 kg of seed before sowing. Dry the treated seeds in shade for 15-30 minutes.

98. Guar (CLUSTER BEAN) Varieties in India Pusa nav bahar : It combines the good traits of both Mausami and pusasadabahar cultivars. The disadvantage of this variety are single stemmed nature, suscepetibility to bacterial blight and lodging. pusa sada bahar :It is a selection from a local cultivar ‘Jaipuri’ of Rajasthan. It is a non branching type suitable for both summer and rainy seasons. Sarad bahar : It is evolved on the basis of single plant selection from IC 11704. It is a branching type producing 12 to 14 branches with 133 pods on an average per plant.

99. Pusa navbahar Goma manjari

100. Durgajay: The variety was developed ARS, Durgapura from single plant selection of the material collected from Nagaur, Rajasthan. Durgapura Safed:  This variety was developed by ARS, Durgapura by single plant selection from local material of Rajasthan. It is a dual type variety suitable for late sown conditions. Agaita Guara-111:  The variety was developed by PAU, Ludhiana from inter varietal cross of G 325 and FS 277 followed by pedigree method of selection. Agaita Guara-112:  The variety was developed by PAU, Ludhiana through hybridization of (326 × FS 277) × 315 followed by pedigree method of selection. The variety is an early maturing type and is recommended for cultivation in all guar growing areas of Punjab state.

101. VARIETIES OF GUAR SEED   KACHAN BAHAR(M83) GAUR LATHI(RGC-1066) GAUR UDAY(RGC-1055) HG-20  HG(HG884)  GUAR KRANTI(RGC-1031)  RAJASHTHAN GUAR(RGC1038) GUJRAT GUAR -1(GAUG-34)

102. Preparation of field: Plough the field to fine tilt and form ridges and furrows at 45 cm apart. Irrigation Irrigate the field immediately after sowing and then followed at weekly intervals. In kharif crop if irrigation is require. Inter cultural operations: Weed management-(Parthenium) 2- 3 weddings are required for control of weeds. Spraying insecticides and fungicides from time to time for control of insect peat and diseases.

103. Application of fertilizers: 25 kg N, 50 kg P and 50 kg k/ha should be applied ½ N & full dose P and K should be applied at the sowing. Remaining half nitrogen applied one month after sowing. IN GUJARAT FYM 10 t/ha , Azospirillum and Phosphobacteria each 2 L/ha, N 12.5, P 37.5 Kg/ha as basal. 12.5 Kg/ha is applied as top dressing on 30 days after sowing

104. Harvesting Green pods will be ready for harvest at 45 DAS. Harvest at an interval of 4 to 5 days. Continue harvesting up to 2 months. No. of pickling: 10 to 12. Quick growing crop. For green manure: Guar should be turned under when lower pods turn brown. Dry seeds are harvest when a large percentage of pods are fully developed and most of them turn yellow. It is to be harvested before the lower pods dry enough to start shattering. Yield: Green pods : 3-4 t/ha

105. Packaging of cluster bean

106. Seed production Self pollinated crop due to presence of “Keel’(2 % out crossing) Isolation distance: F:50 m, C:25 m Seed rate: 12 to 25 kg/ ha Distance: 45 X 30 cm Seed production: 1 to 2 t/ha Seed index: weight of 100 seed= 6 g Ripen pods are harvested along with entire plant preferably. Dry seed : 33.3 % protein.

107. Plant protection: Pests 1) Leaf hopper 2)Aphid Leaf hopper can be controlled by spraying Methyl-o-Demeton 25 EC 1 ml/l or Dimethoate 30 EC 1 ml/l. or Imidacloprid 5ml/10 liter water

108. Diseases Bacterial blight (Xanthomonas cyamopsidis) Serious disease, soil and seed borne disease, Spot on leaves , vein black , whole leaf, petiole, stem turn in black (Known as kaliyo in gujarati). C.M: Seed treatment with 100ppm(1 g/10 l water) Streptocycline : for 15 minutes: dry in shed and then use or 1 g Streptocycline+ 20 g CoC in 10 l of water. Hot water treatment for seed for 10 minutes at 56 ˚C. Follow crop rotation.

109. Powdery mildew Powdery mildew can be controlled by spraying wettable sulphur 2 g/lit or dust with sulphur 25 kg/ha. Repeat the application at 15 days interval.

110. WILT: Symptoms are premature yellowing and whitening of leaves and finally the drying of entire plant. Plant may continue to wilt in patches in quick succession till the maturity period. The diseases affected plants can easily be pulled out. The diseases cause considerable damage when the crop is sown early and in light soil. C.M : Carbendazim 100 g/ 100 l water drenching Use of trichoderma viridae: 2.5 kg/ha.

111. Nutritive value of cluster bean : (per 100 g of edible portion) Nutrients Content Moisture 81.0 g Carbohydrates 10.8 g Protein 3.2 g Fat 0.4 g Minerals 1.4 g Thiamine 0.09 mg Riboflavin 0.09 mg Vitamin - C 47 mg Vitamin - A 316 I.U.

112. Guar gum The gum is refined to make a yellowish white powder and which is obtained from the endosperm of the seed. Seed contains 28 to 33 per cent gum. This powder has some unique characteristics like grease resistance, thickening agent, capacity to bind water, high viscosity and the capability to function in low temperatures which makes it a highly popular in those sectors. Guar gum has its use in almost all types of industries viz ., fertilizers, papers, petroleum, pharmaceuticals, food processing, cosmetics, mining explosives, oil drilling etc. India occupies top position in world trade of guar gum.

113. GUAR GUM PROCESSING Guar seed is the final farm production form the Guar crop. The crop matures in 90-120 days as per characteristics and the climatic condition. The crop will turn yellow after the maturity. The seeds are separated from the crops residual by the gravitational force.   The seeds are further processed into the guar gum split , the split if further processed into the guar gum powder. The gaur gum powder is used in different industries. 

114. Guar gum powder Gum meal Seed Split Gel

115. Different packaging of guar gum

116. Indian guar market The major trading centers of guar are in Rajasthan: Jodhpur Bikaner Nokha Nagaur Merta

117. References Glaustas Horticulture by P. Muthukumar Glaustas Olericulture by R. Selvakumar Hand book of Horticulture by K. L. Chadha Text Book of Botany by M. P. Singh and A. K. Sharma