Profound knowledge of applied aspect of agrya aushadha

agrya aushadha

1. welcome

2. Profound Knowledge of Applied Aspect of Agrya Aushadha GUIDED BY, PRESENTED BY, Dr. Lakshmi Pai Dr.GANGA.K.S Asso.Prof 2 ND Yr P.G. SCHOLAR Dept of Dravya Guna Vijnana Dept of Dravya Guna KAMC, Mangalore Vijnana KAMC, MANGALORE

3. INTRODUCTION… त्रिसूत्रं हेतुलिङगौषधन्जानम् स्वस्थातुरपरायणं। त्रिसूत्रं शाश्वतम् पुण्यम् बुबुधे यं पितामह:॥(च.सू.१\२४)

4. सामान्यविशेष सिद्धान्तं सर्वदा सर्व भावानाम् सामान्यम् वृद्धिकारणं । क्षीरम् जीवनियानम। मांसम् बल्यानाम। माहिषक्षीरम् स्वप्नजननानाम।

5. ह्रासहेतुर्विशेषश्च, प्रवृत्तिरुभयस्य तु॥(च.सू.१\४४) वमनम् श्लेष्महराणाम। विरेचनम् पित्तहराणा।

6. परा अपर गुणा तच्च परत्वं प्रधानत्वं ।(चक्रपाणी) मुद्ग शमीधान्यानाम्। सैन्ध्वम् लवणानाम। जीवन्ति शाकानम। गोक्षीर क्षीराणाम।

7. अपरत्वं अप्रधानं।(चक्रपाणी) माषा शमीधान्यानाम। सर्षप शाकम् शाकानाम्। अविक्षीरं क्षीराणा।

8. शब्द निरुक्ति अग्रे भव: अग्र + यत् प्रधानम् उत्तम: इत्यमर: । (क द्रु.) श्रेष्ठं , प्रमुख , मुख्य , प्रधान,अग्र,वर्य (वा ) अग्र्यशब्द: श्रेष्ठवचन:।

9. REFERENCE Charaka samhita sutrasthana – Yajjah purushiya adhyaya – 152 Ashtanga Samgraha Sutrasthana 13 – Agryasangrahaniya adhyaya - Ashtanga Hridaya Uttaratantra - 40 th chapter- 55 Vaidyasangraham – first chapter..

10. अग्र्य औषध अग्र्याणां च विकारशमकत्वाभिधानं प्राधान्यमुच्य्ते॥(च.सू. २५-चक्रपाणी) अग्र्याणां बलवत्कर्मकारिणम् इति ।(शिवदाससेन्) प्रशस्तकर्मणा ज्वरादिज्नानमपि विकाराणां विघाताय समर्थं भवति॥(चक्रपाणि

11. अग्र्याधिकारे विहिता विकाराच्छमयन्ति॥(चक्रपाणी) तथाऽनुत्पन्नानाम् स्वास्थ्यपरिपालनेन ज्नेय:॥(चक्रपाणि) स्रोतोप्रत्यनिक द्रव्य & व्याधिप्रत्यनिक द्रव्य "परचिकित्साभिधानेनेति"

12. Categorisation of agrya aushadis

13. The Agrya Aushadis can be classified on the basis of their karmas related to the following factors like Dosha Dhatu Mala Rasa Vyadhi Ahara Sadvritta

14. Desha Panchakarma Manas ( hita and ahita factors) Clinical ethics etc

15. AGRYA AND DOSHA SL NO AGRYA DRAVYA DOSHA KARMA 1 RASNA AND VASTI CHIKITSA VATAHARANAM 2 VIRECHANA KARMA PITTA HARANAM 3 VAMANA KARMA KAPHAHARANAM 4 MADHU PITTA PRASHAMANA 5 DURALABHA KAPHA PRASHAMANA 6 AVI KSHEERA, SHASHKULI, MASHA KAPHA PITTA JANANA 7 SARPI VATAPITTAHARA 8 TAILA VATAKAPHA PRASHAMANA

16. AGRYA VARGA HAVING ACTION ON DHATUS SL NO AGRYA AUSHADHA DHATU KARMA 1 KHSEERA JIVANIYANAM 2 MAMSA BRIHMANIYA 3 RASA ( mamsa rasa) TARPANIYA, PREENANIYA 4 KUKUTA MAMSA BALYANAM 5 GAVEDHUKA ANNA( Colx lachryma jobi Linn.) KARSHANIYA 6 UDDALAKA ANNA( paspalum scrobaticulum Linn) VIRUKSHANA 7 VYAYAMA STHAIRYA KARA

17. 8 BALA ( Sida cordifolia ) BALYA 9 UDAKA KLEDANA 10 GUGGULU MEDOHARA 11 SURA-MAMSA SHOSHAHARA 12 AJA KSHEERA SHOSHAGHNA 13 MAMSA KARSHYA HARA

18. AGRYA ACTION ON MALAS SL NO AUSHADHA KARMA 1 IKSHU MUTRAJANANA 2 YAVA PURISHAJANANA

19. AGRYA AND VYADHI- CHARAKA SAMHITA SL NO DRAVYA VYADHI 1 VIDANGA KRIMIGHNANAN 2 SHIRISA VISHAGHNANAM 4 KHADIRAM KUSHTAGNANAM 5 AMALAKI VAYA STHAPANAM

20. AGRYA RELATED TO VYADHI IN ASTANGA SANGRAHA.. SL NO AGRYA VYADHI 1 VASA RAKTAPITTA PRASAMANANAM 2 KANTAKARI KASAGHNANAM 3 LAKSHA SADYA KSHATAGHNANAM 4 KUTAJA RAKTA ARSHA PRASHAMANANAM 5 LAJA CHARDHIGNANAM 6 HARIDRA PRAMEHA HARANAM 7 AYAS PANDUHARANAM

21. AGRYA RELATED TO VYADHI IN ASTANGA HRIDAYA SL NO AGRYA VYADHI 1 MUSTA, PARPATAKA JWARA 2 SHILAJIT VASTI ROGA 3 HEMA( SWARNA) GARAVISHA 4 TAKSHARYA( rasanjanam ) STHAULYA 5 PURANA GHRITA UNMADA 6 MADYA SHOKA 7 BRAHMI VYAP SMRITI 8 RASALA PRATISYAYA

22. AGRYA DRAVYAS RELATED TO PANCHA KARMA SL NO AGRYA KARMA 1 MADANAPHALA VAMANA, ASTHAPANA ,ANUVASANOPAYOGINAM 2 TRIVRIT SUKHAVIRECHANANAM 3 CHATURANGULA\ ARAGWADHA MRIDUVIRECHANANAM 4 SNUHI KSHEERA TIKSHNA VIRECHANANAM 5 PRATYAKPUSHPI\ APAMARGA SHIROVIRECHANANAM

23. AGRYA RELATED TO SADHYA ASADHYATA OF A VYADHI\CHIKITSA SL NO AGRYA SADHYA-ASADHYATA 1 SANNIPATA DUSH CHIKITSAYAM 2 AMA VISHAMA CHIKITSAYAM 3 JWARA ROGANAM 4 KUSHTA DEERGHAROGANAM 5 RAJAYAKSHMA ROGASAMUHANAM 6 PRAMEHA ANUSHANGINAM- incurable

24. AGRYA ACTION ON RASAS SL NO RASA KARMA 1 LAVANA ANNADRAVYA RUCHIKARANA 2 AMLA HRIDYA 3 SARVARASA ABHYASA BALAKARA 4 EKARASA ABHYASA DOURBALYAKARA, AROCHAKA

25. AGRYA AND SADVRITTA SL NO HITAKARI 1 SADVACHANA ANUSHTHYAYAM 2 BRAHMACHARYA AYUSHYANAM 3 SASTRA SAHITYA TARKA SADHANANAM 4 ATMAVATA UPAKARI 5 AYURVEDA AMRUTA 6

26. AHITA ACHARAS FOR SADVRITTA SL NO AHITA ACHARA 1 AYASA (straining more) SARVA APATHYA 2 NASTIKA VARJANAM 3 VEGA SANDHARANA ANAROGYAKARA 5 STREE ATI PRASANGA SHOSHAKARA

27. AGRYA AND DESA RELATION… SL NO DESHA EFFECT 1 HIMAVANA OUSHADI BHUMI 2 MARU BHUMI AROGYA DESHA 3 ANUPA DESHA AHITA DESHA

28. AGRYA AND AHARA VIDHI- HITAKARI SL NO ANNA VIDHI KARMA 1 ANNA VRITTIKARA 2 KALABHOJANA(proper timely intake) AROGYAKARAKA 3 YATHA AGNYA ABHYAVA AHARA-intake of food acc to agnibala AGNI SAMDUKSHANAM 4 EKAKSHANA BHOJANA SUKHAPARINAMAKA 5 SATHMYA AHARA SEVYANAM 6 UPAVASA JWARAHARA 7 PADA ABHYANGA ANNA SRADHA JANANA 8 SUDARSHANA ANNA SRADHA JANANA

29. AGRYA AND AHITAKARI ANNA VIDHI SL NO ANNA KARMA 1 ATIMATRASHANA AMAPRADOSHAJA HETU 2 GURUBHOJANA DURVIPAKAKARA 3 ANASHAN A AYUS HRSAKARA 4 AJIRNASHANA GRAHANI DUSHYA 5 VIRUDHAHARA NANAVYADJIKARA 6 VISHAMASHANA AGNIVAISHAMYA

30. AGRYA ACTION ON MANAS-HITA SL NO HITAKARABHAVA (wholesome) KARMA 1 UDAKA ASHVASAKARA 2 TRIPTI AHARA GUNA 3 SAUMANASASYA GARBHADARAKA 4 SARVASANYASA SUKHAM 5 HARSHA PRINANAM 6 ASHVASANA BALAKARA

31. AHITA BHAVA TO MANAS SL NO AHITA BHAVA KARMA 1 PARAGHATA( the sight of slaughtering place) ANNA ASRADHAJANANAM 2 SHOKA SHOSHANAKARA 3 VISHADA ROGAVARDHANA

32. AGRYA DRAVYAS RELATED TO CLINICAL ETHICS SL NO AGRYA CLINICAL ETHICS 1 GARBHASHALYA AAHARYANAM 2 AJEERNA UDHARYANAM 3 BALA MRIDUBHESHAJIYANAM 4 VRIDDA YAPANIYANAM 5 GARBHINI TIKSHNA AUSHADI, VYAYAMA, VYAVAYA VARJANIYANAM 6 JALOUKA ANU SHASTRANAM 7 BASTI\VASTI TANTRANAM

33. AGRYA IN VAIDYASAMGRAHA RASNA – VATAHARA GUDUCHI- PITTAHARA NAGARA- SLESHMAHARA KATUROHINI- JWARA CHANDANA- RAKTAPITTA KANTAKARI- KASA LAKSHA- RAJAYAKSHMA

34. VILWA, LAJJA- CHARDI JEERAKA- HRIDROGA SURANA- ARSHAS AMALAKI- PRAMEHA PIPPALI, GOMUTRA- PANDU HAREETAKI- KAMALA USHEERA- SHIROROGA KHADIRA- KUSHTA TRIPHALA- NETRA ROGA Vyadhi pratyanika agryas …..

35. AGRYA AND CHARAKOKTA DASHAIMANIS COMPARISON… Kushtaghna - खदिरा भयामलकहरिद्रारुष्करसप्तपर्णा आरग्वधकरवीरविड्न्गजातिप्रवाला इति दशेमाणि कुष्ठघ्नानि भवन्ति॥(च) Kasahara Draksha,abhaya,amalaka,pippali,duralabha ( Fagonia cretica ) kantakari ,vischira ( Boerhavia diffusa white), punarnava ( rakta ), tamalaki ( Phyllanthus niruri )..

36. Arshoghna kutaja , bilwa , chitraka , nagara , ativisha,abhaya , dhanvayasa ( Fagonia cretica ) , daruharidra,vacha , Chavya ( Piper chaba ). Krimighna Akshiva ( Moringa oleifera ) , maricha , gandira ( Euphorbia antiqurum ), kebuka , vidanga , nirgundi , kinihi , swadamshtra , vrisha parnika , akhuparnika ( Ipomoea reniformis ) Vishaghna Haridra , manjista , suvaha ( Pluchea lanceolata ), sukshmela , palindi , chandana , kataka ( Strychnos potatarum ) , sirisha ,sinduvara , Shleshmataka ( Cordi a dichotama )

37. BENEFITS OF AGRYA AUSHADA EASINESS - Most of the drugs are easily available COST EFFECTIVE- single drug is cost effective compared to compound formulations. UNAVAILABILITY - it is better to go for a single drug rather than formulating a yoga without all the ingredients. PHARMACOLOGICAL ACTION- It is easy to findout the action of a single drug easily than a in a compound formulation.

38. Examples of Agrya Aushadha Karma संग्राहिक दीपनीय पाचनीयाम्॥ सं+ग्रह, मुष्टिबन्धन क्रियायाम्॥(वा) संगृह्णाति मलमिति। मलसन्धारके। संग्राहिकम् विजानीयात् पृथ्विअनिल सम्भवम्॥(र.वै)

39. ननु संग्राहकमनिलगुणभूयिष्ठम् ॥(सु) Bhavaprakasha – prithvi , ap and vayu Pakva \ ushna sangrahi Ama \ sheeta sangrahi

40. मुस्तं सांग्राहिकदीपनीयपाचनीयाम्॥ Cyperus rotundus Linn CYPERACEAE Rasa - Tikta , katu , kashaya Guna - laghu , ruksha Veerya - sheeta Vipaka - katu Karma - kapha pitta hara , dipana , pachana , grahi

41. RESEARCH STUDIES ON GRAHI ACTION Antidiarrhoeal activity of Cyperus rotundus S J Uddin   1 ,  K Mondal ,  J A Shilpi ,  M T Rahman PMID: 16376024  DOI:  10.1016/j.fitote.2004.11.011 The methanol extract of Cyperus rotundus rhizome, given orally at the doses of 250 and 500 mg/kg b.w ., showed significant antidiarrhoeal activity in castor oil induced diarrhoea in mice. Among the fractions, tested at 250 mg/kg, the petroleum ether fraction (PEF) and residual methanol fraction (RMF) were found to retain the activity, the latter being more active as compared to the control. The ethyl acetate fraction (EAF) did not show any antidiarrhoeal activity.

42. The aqueous extract of Cyperus rotundus tubers was reported to possess anti- giardial activity against diarrhoeal infections. Additionally it was found that Cyperus rotundus possess antidiarrhoeal activity against enteropathogenic Escherichia coli adherence and enteroinvasive Escherichia coli invasion. It was also reported to effective against the adherence to Shigella flexneri to human epithelial type 2 (HEP- 2) cells. Enterotoxins like enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli, heat labile toxin (HLT), heat stable toxin (HST), and the cholera toxin (CT) was assessed for anti-diarrhoeal activity. It was clearly seen that the extract reduces bacterial invasion of and adherence to HEP- 2 cells. HLT production increased and ganglioside monosialic acid receptor (GM1) binding was decreased. The cholera toxin production was diminished and no noticeable effect on binding to GM1. Anti-bacterial activity

43. अतिविषादीपनीयपाचनीयसांग्राहिकसर्वदोषहराणाम्॥ Aconitum heterophyllum Wall, RANUNCULACEAE Rasa - katu tikta Guna - laghu ruksha Veerya - ushna Vipaka - katu Karma - dipana , pachana , grahi , tridoshahara ,.

44. RESEARCH ISSN: 2454-5023 J. Ayu . Herb. Med. 2021; 7(1): 46-48 © 2021, All rights reserved www.ayurvedjournal.com Received: 01-11-2020 Accepted: 12-03-2021 *Corresponding author: Prof. (Dr) S. Mukhopadhyay Director, ISM Drugs Control, Kolkata, West Bengal- 700006, India Email: [email protected] Ethnopharmacology and pharmacology of ayurvedic plant Ativisha S. Mukhopadhyay1 , S. Palbag2 1 Director, ISM Drugs Control, Kolkata, West Bengal- 700006, India 2 Drug Inspector, ISM Drugs Control, Kolkata, West Bengal- 700006, India

45. Antidiarrhael activity8 : In another study, Ativisha is reported with antisecretory and antimotility effect of which mediates through nitric oxide path way and thus proves its use in Ayurveda as anti-diarrheal drug. The results showed reduction in normal fecal output after 5th and 7th h of treatment in the study. It also showed significant activity in other parameters like small intestinal transit, fluid accumulation, and PGE₂-induced enteropooling models, which restored the altered biochemical parameters as well as prevented Na(+) and K(+) loss.

46. विल्वं सांग्राहिक दीपनीय वातकफप्रशमनानाम्॥ Aegle marmelos Corr RUTACEAE Rasa - kashaya tikta Guna - laghu , ruksha Veerya - Ushna Vipaka - Katu Karma - vatakapha hara , grahi , dipana , pachana

47. RESEARCH BMC Complement Altern Med.  2009; 9: 47. Published online 2009 Nov 23.  doi :  10.1186/1472-6882-9-47 PMCID: PMC2788518 PMID:  19930633 Studies on the antidiarrhoeal activity of  Aegle marmelos   unripe fruit: Validating its traditional usage S Brijesh , #1   Poonam Daswani , #1   Pundarikakshudu Tetali , 2   Noshir Antia , 1,3  and  Tannaz Birdi 1

48. Conclusion The decoction of the unripe fruit pulp of  A. marmelos , despite having limited antimicrobial activity, affected the bacterial colonization to gut epithelium and production and action of certain enterotoxins . These observations suggest the varied possible modes of action of  A. marmelos   in infectious forms of diarrhoea thereby validating its mention in the ancient Indian texts and continued use by local communities for the treatment of diarrhoeal diseases.

49. कुटजत्वक्श्लेश्मपित्तरक्तसांग्राहिकोपशोषणानाम्॥ Holarrhena antidysentrica Linn APOCYNACEAE Rasa - Tikta kashaya Guna - laghu , ruksha Veerya - sheeta R.N- Ushna Vipaka - katu Karma – kapha pittahara , grahi Amasangrahi

50. RESEARCH Vet World 2015 Dec;8(12):1392-5.   doi : 10.14202/vetworld.2015.1392-1395.  Epub 2015 Dec 11. Evaluation of antidiarrheal activity of ethanolic extract of Holarrhena antidysenterica seeds in rats Dushyant Kumar Sharma   1 ,  Vinod Kumar Gupta   1 ,  Surendra Kumar   1 ,  Vivek Joshi   1 ,  Ravi Shankar Kumar Mandal   1 ,  A G Bhanu Prakash   1 ,  Mamta Singh   1

51. Results:  The severity of castor oil induced diarrhea was reduced significantly (p<0.05) with H. antidysenterica seeds extract at 200 and 400 mg/kg body wt. which showed equivalent effectiveness like that of Loperamide treated groups. Similarly in E. coli induced diarrhea protocol, the mean change in body weight was significantly (p<0.05) higher in positive control, whereas no significant variation was observed in negative control, Gentamicin treated and H. antidysenterica treated group at 200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg body wt., respectively.

52. अमृतासांग्राहिकवातहरदीपनीयश्लेश्मशोणितविबन्धप्रशमनानाम्॥ Tinospora cordifolia Wild, MENISPERMACEAE rasa - Tikta , kashaya Guna - guru, snighda Veerya - ushna Vipaka - madhura Karma - tridosha hara , medhya , dipaniya , grahi etc

53. RESEARCH J Adv Pharm Technol Res.  2014 Jul-Sep; 5(3): 122–128. doi :  10.4103/2231-4040.137417 PMCID: PMC4131402 PMID:  25126533 Comparative antidiarrheal and antiulcer effect of the aqueous and ethanolic stem bark extracts of  Tinospora cordifolia  in rats Mohanjit Kaur ,  Amarjeet Singh , 1  and  Bimlesh Kumar

54. RESULTS Castor oil-induced diarrhea Rats in control group produced copious diarrhea after castor oil administration. However, rats pretreated with ethanolic extract of  T. cordifolia  (ETETC) and Aqueous extract of  T. cordifolia  (AQETC) showed a significant delay in onset of diarrhea , decrease in the frequency of wet and total stools as well as reduction in the weight of wet stool and total weight of stools .

55. अनन्ता सांग्राहिकरक्तपित्तप्रशमनानाम्॥ Hemisdesmus indicus R.Br , ASCLEPIDACEAE Rasa - madhura , tikta Guna - guru snighda Veerya - sheeta Vipaka - madhura Karma - tridoshahara , grahi etc. Sheeta \ ama sangrahi Included in pureesha sangrahaniya dashaimani ...

56. RESEARCH Antidiarrhoeal effects of methanolic root extract of Hemidesmus indicus (Indian sarsaparilla) - An in vitro and in vivo study May 2003 Indian Journal of Experimental Biology  41(4):363-6 Source PubMed

57. Methanolic extract of H. indicus root (MHI) was screened for its antimicrobial activity against S. typhimurium , E. coli and S. flexneri , in vitro and in experimentally induced diarrhoea in albino rats, in vivo. MHI had an anti enterobacteriae effect as evident from agar well diffusion method and decrease in CFU/ml in MHI treated LB broth culture. MHI inhibited the castor oil induced diarrhoea in rats as judged by a decrease in the amount of wet faeces in MHI- pretreated rats at a dose of 500-1500 mg/kg. The results indicated that MHI was more active than standard antidiarrhoeal drug, lomotil . Phytochemical tests revealed the main constituents as tannins, steroids, triterpenoids and carbohydrates. Present findings suggested that MHI might elicit an antidiarrhoeal effect by inhibition of intestinal motility and by its bacteriocidal activity.

58. DISCUSSION The Agrya Aushadhas can be classified on the basis of many other parameters like on the basis of Gunas , Veerya,Sthana , Srothas , chikitsa chatushpada etc. Ultimately it is the yukti of the physician to select the particular, easily available, potent medicines to treat the patients.

59. RESEARCH POINTS Using of Charakokta dashaimanis if Agrya is not available. Including Anukta dravyas in Agrya sangraha eg . Vinca rosea - arbuda – vinblastine and vincristine Senna alata – kushta - dadru Tridax procumbens - vrana ropana Introducing more classical drugs like Ashoka in rakta pradara

60. Including more data bank of Agrya Aushada from the books like Madhava chikitsa , Chakradatta , Vrindha madhava , Rajamarthanda , Gada nigraha , Vangasena , Vaidya manorama,Yogaratnakara , Sarangadhara samhita etc

61. CONCLUSION From the informations we had gone through so far, it is clearly understood that the Agrya Aushadhis mentioned by Various Acharyas will act as Swasthahitha , Dosha pratyanika,Vyadhipratyanika , Ubhaya pratyanika and helps to achieve the main aim of Ayurveda .. स्वस्थस्य स्वास्थ्य रक्षणं आतुरस्य विकार प्रशमनं॥

62. Thank you.......