Programmed instruction

“Programmed instruction is planned sequence of
experiences, leading to proficiency in terms of stimulus
response relationship”
-James E Espich &Williams

1. PROGRAMMED INSTRUCTION Mrs. Gayathri R First year MSc Nursing Upasana College Of Nursing

2. DEFINITION A process of arranging material to be learned in a series of small steps designed to lead a learner via self-instruction from what he knows to the unknown of new & more complex knowledge & principles. “Programmed instruction is planned sequence of experiences, leading to proficiency in terms of stimulus response relationship” - James E Espich &Williams

3. HISTORY PI engaged out of experimental researches on operant conditioning. PI instruction offers possibility of providing a conceptual framework. Socrates' is the first programmer who developed program in geometry. Gita is the first programmed text in the world. E L Thorndike in his law of effect used programmed instruction. Sydney L Prissy developed PI for testing the items, i.e., multiple choice question.

4. CHARACTERISTICS Assumptions stated clearly in writing. Explicitly stated objectives. Logical sequence of small steps. Active Responding. Immediate feedback of information. Individual rate. Constant evaluation.

5. Principles Objective specification. Empirical testing. Self pacing. Principles of active responding. Student testing.

6. dynamics Selection of the subject to be programmed. The programmer list the objectives of the materials to be programmed. Construct the item in accordance with established learning technique. Short sequence. Sequence can be analyzed for errors & short comings.

7. T Y P E S

8. Adjunct Programming (Sydney L Prissy)

9. Math etic Programming (Gilbert)

10. Computer Assisted Instruction (CAI)

11. Linear or Extrinsic Programming

12. Branching or Intrinsic style

13. limitations Guessing. Difficulty in praising branches. Diagnostic may not suit. Branching style can’t be used below 5 th class. Cost effective. There is no guarantee that pupil has learned everything. The program is unable to control the student. Specific remedial measures is needed.

14. advantages Student kept active & alert. Teacher gets relieved of doing ordinary jobs. Social & emotional problems can be eliminated. Problem of discipline automatically solved. A well programmed self instructional device is tailored. Make learning interesting. Every student can work his own place. Useful in memorization of facts.

15. Advantages PI is useful in situations where the human instructions are not available. Can improve the communication potential. Intellectual & motor skills will be taught more efficiently. Learner is challenged his own capabilities. Re- inforcement for the student. More complex concepts will be known. Useful in memorization of facts.

16. Steps in program writing PREPARATION PROGRAM WRITING TRY OUT & REVISION

17. Application of programmed instruction in education Regular instruction Enrichment of curriculum Remedial instruction Industrial application Successfully introduced in certain jobs Correspondence course

18. Application of pi in education Used in banks to train cashiers Modification of deviant behavior Vocational & Psychotherapy training Used to enrich the curriculum Improve sanitary habit of public Non formal education

19. Problems in application Quality & Quantity Shortage of good teachers Lack of good programmers Resistance Lack of funds & facilities