Project method

1. From lower class to till college level all the students are doing Project method. By this PPt they can understand the procedure, steps, criteria for doing projects, merits & demerits

1. PROJECT METHOD
DR. C. BEULAH JAYARANI
M.Sc., M.A, M.E
d, M.Phil(Edn), M.Phil(ZOO), NET, Ph.D
ASST. PROFESSOR,
LOYOLA COLLEGE OF EDUCATION, CHENNAI -34
UNIT -IV
B.Ed-TNTEU

2. INTRODUCTION
Modernmethodofteaching
Studentscentered
Givenimportanceindesigningthecurriculaandcontentof
studies
It’sbasedonthephilosophyof Pragmatismandtheprincipleof
‘Learningbydoing’.
Pupilsperformconstructiveactivitiesinnaturalcondition
Aprojectisalistofreallifethathasbeenimpartedintothe
school
Itdemandsworkfromthepupils.

3. PROJECT METHOD
•Devised by : Kilpatrick
•Given project shape by : Stevenson
•Based on : Pragmatism

4. WHAT IS PROJECT METHOD?
•Theproject methodis an educational enterprise in which
children solve a practical problem over a period of
several days.
•Theprojectsmay be suggested by the teacher, but they
are planned and executed as far as possible by the
students themselves, individually or in groups.

5. Principles
Students learn better
through association,
co-operation and
activity.
Learning by doing
Learning by living

6. •“A project is a wholehearted purposeful activity proceeding in a
social environment.”
•“A project is a problematic act carried to completion in its natural
setting.’’
•“A project is a bit of real life that has been imparted into
the school.”
According to Kilpatrick
According to Stevenson
According to Ballard
DEFINITION

7. CHARACTERISTICS OF PROJECT METHOD
Itiscarriedoutina natural
setting,thusmakinglearning
realisticandexperiential.
Ittakesthe
studentbeyond
thewallsofthe
classroom.
It encourages
investigativelearning
andsolutionof
practicalproblems.

8. CONT…,
Itencourages
thespiritof
researchin
thestudent.

9. TYPES OF PROJECT
Projects are classified based on
•1. Participation
•2. Complexity
•3. Kilpatrick's’ view

10. TYPES OF PROJECT -PARTICIPATION
1.Individual&
2.Groupprojects/SocialProjects
In
individualproject
everystudentssolvethe
problemintheirownaccordingtotheir
interest,capacity,attitudeandneeds .
Groupprojectstheproblemissolvedbythegroup
ofpupilintheclass.Herethesocial,citizenship
qualitiesandsynergismaredevelops.
Ex:Stayingsafe,Healthproblems

11. TYPES OF PROJECT -COMPlExITY
1.Simple
2.Complex
Inthesimpleprojectsthestudents
arecompletingonlyoneworkata
time.Itgivesthedeepinformation
abouttheprojectinaoneangle.
Thestudentsgetdeeperand
broaderknowledgeaboutthe
problem.Eg:Pollution.

12. Inthecomplexprojectthe
studentsarecarriedoutmore
thanoneworkatatime.They
arefocusesontheworkin
varioussubjectandangles.
Herethestudentsgetthe
knowledgeabouttheworkin
variousactivitiesand
dimensions.E.g.Different
typesofpollution.

13. ACCORDINg TO KIlPATRICK THERE ARE FOuR TYPES
OF PROJECTS
1.
Constructiveproject:
Practicalorphysicaltaskssuchasconstruction
ofarticle,makingamodel,diggingthewellandplayingdramaaredonein
thistypeofprojects.

14. 2.Aestheticproject:
Appreciationpowersoftheprotrudes
aredevelopedinthistypeofact
throughthemusicalprogrammes,
beautificationofsomething,
appreciationofpoemsandsoon.

15. 3
. Problematic project
In this type of project
develops the problem solving
capacityof the students
through their experiences.It is
based on the cognitive
domain.
•

16. 4.
Drillproject:
Itisforthemasteryofthe
skillandknowledgeofthe
students.Itincreasesthe
workefficacyand
capacityofthestudents.

17. STEPS IN A PROJECT METHOD
1. Creating a situation
2. Choosing and proposing
3. Planning
4. Execution
5. Evaluation
6. Reporting and Recording

18. 1.
CREATINg A SITuATION
Inthefirststepteachercreatesthepropersituationtothe
studentsintheclass.Heputsuptheknowledgeaboutthe
projectmethodprocedure,steps,andusestothestudents.
1) Look out to find the situations.
2) Teacher can talk to the students on their common interests,
hobbies and how they plan their interests.
3) With discussions provide some situations to let them
propose a project.

19. 2. CHOOSINg & PROPOSINg
Theteacherhelpsthestudentstoselecttheproblemandguide
them.
Chosenandproposedbychildren
Studentsarehavingfreedomtochoosethetopicorproblem
basedontheirinterestandability.
Theteachershouldnotcompel
TheTeachershouldmotivatethemandleave
Continuediscussionuntilitarises
Theteachershouldcheckwhetherhispurposereachedcorrectly
ornot
Incaseofunwiseidea,shouldguidethestudents.

20. 3. PlANNINg
•The teacher discuss with the students about the problem in
various angles and points
•Planning should be done by the students
•Each and every detail should be planned well in advance
•The teacher can give some suggestions
•The teacher writes down the whole programme of action stepwise
on the blackboard
•Teacher should not impose his / her ideas, must act as a guide

21. 4. ExECuTION
•Students are collecting the relevant
information and materials at first.
•The teacher should give the time and right
to the students according to their own
speed, interest and ability
•The teacher should carefully supervise
the pupils in manipulative skills to prevent
waste of materials and to guard
accidents.
•Teacher should constantly check upthe
relation between the chalked out plans and
the developing project.

22. 5. EvAluATION
Evaluationoftheprojectshouldbedonebothbythepupils
andtheteachers.
Thestudentsevaluatingtheirownworkandcheckforerrorsif
any..
Theydeterminewhethertheobjectsareachievedornot.
Afterthat,theycriticizeandexpresstheirfeelingaboutthe
taskfreely.
Theevaluationoftheprojecthastobedoneinthe lightof
plans,difficultiesintheexecutionandachievedresults.

23. 6. REPORTINg AND RECORDINg
Itisthelaststepoftheprojectmethodinwhicheachandeverystepof
theworkarereported.
Thereportedthingsarerecordedinacertainorderinabookform.
Itshouldincludetheproposal,plananditsdiscussion,dutiesallottedto
differentstudentsandhowfartheywerecarriedoutbythem.
Itshouldalsoincludethedetailsofplacesvisitedandsurveyedguidance
forfutureandallotherpossibledetails.
Thebookformattedreportissubmittedtotheteacherattheend.

24. ROlE OF THE TEACHER:
•In project method of teaching the role of a teacher is that of a guide, friend
and philosopher.
•The teacher is not a dictator or a commander but a friend, guide and a
working partner.
•He encourages his students to work collectively, and co-operatively.
•He also helps his students to avoid mistakes.
•Hemakesitapointthat eachmemberofthegroupcontributed
somethingtothecompletionoftheproject.

25. Contd….
•Ifthestudentsfacefailureduringexecutionofsomestepsoftheprojectthe
teachershouldnotexecuteanyportionoftheprojectbutshouldsuggest
themsomebettermethodsoftechniquesthatmaybeusedbythemnext
timeforthesuccessoftheproject.
•Heshouldhelpthestudentsindevelopingthecharacterandpersonality
byallowingthemtoaccepttheresponsibilitiesanddischargethem
efficiently.
•Heshouldprovidedemocraticatmosphereintheclasssothatthepupils
canexpressthemselvesfullywithoutanyfearoftheteacher.
•Heshouldbealertandactiveallthetimetoseethattheprojectisrunning
initsrightlines.

26. Contd….
•Heshouldhaveathoroughknowledgeofindividualchildrensoasto
allotthemworkaccordingly.
•Heshouldhaveinitiative,tactandzestforlearning.
•Teachershouldalwaysremainalertandactiveduringexecutionstepand
seethattheprojectgoestocompletionsuccessfully.
•Duringexecutionoftheprojectteachershouldmaintainademocratic
atmosphere.
•Teachermustbewell–readandwell-informedsothathecanhelpthe
studentstothesuccessfulcompletionoftheproject.

27. MERITS OF PROJECT METHOD:
a.Asstudentsgetproperfreedomtoexecute
theprojectinaccordancewiththeirinterest
andabilities,becauseofwhichtheygettheir
psychologicalneedssatisfiedto
considerableextent.
b.Thismethodisnotonlysubjectcentered,
butdueimportanceisbeingprovidedtothe
studentsalso.
c.Throughthismethod,studentsareprovided
withvariousopportunitiesbywhichthey
cansatisfytheirinterestsanddesires.

28. Contd….
d.Habitofcriticalthinkinggetsdevelopedamong
thestudentsthroughthismethod.
e.Withthismethod,studentsgettheamplechances
inwhichtheycandevelopcoordinationamong
theirbodyandmind.
f.Throughthismethod,teachercanleada well
balanceddevelopmentofthestudents.
g.Throughthismethod,scienceteachingcanbe
donewithconsiderablesuccess,asscienceisa
practicalsubjectandthismethodisalsoscientific
andpracticalinnature.

29. Contd….
g.Thismethodhelpsinpromoting
socialinteractionandco-operation
amongthestudents,astheyhaveto
workinagroupandhavetointeract
withvariouspersonsforgathering
information.
h.Asstudentsgainknowledgedirectly
throughtheirownefforts,thus,they
acquirepermanentkindof
information,whichisretainedby
themsincealongperiodoftime.

30. Contd….
i.Mostlytheprojectsareundertakenin
classroomasclassroomassignments,
becauseofwhichloadofhomework
fromthestudentsgetreducedto
considerableextent.
j.Ithelpstowidenthementalhorizon of
pupils.
k.Itsetsupachallengetosolveaproblem
andthisstimulatesconstructiveand
creativethinking.

31. Merits
Law of
readiness
Law of
exercise
Law of effect

32. DEMERITS OF PROJECT METHOD
a.Thismethodtakesalotoftime
toplanandexecute asingle
project.
b.Itisnotpossibletodesign
differentprojectsfordifferent
topicsanditisalsonotpossible
tocoverallthetopicsorcontentin
asingleproject.
c.Forproperexecutionofa
project,largenumberof
financialresourcesare
required.

33. Contd….
d.Suchmethodcanonlybeprovesuccessfuliftheteacherishighlyknowledgeable,alert
andexceptionallygifted.
e.Systematicandadequatelearningisnotprovidedbythismethod,asitisamethodof
incidentallearning.Throughthismethod,studentslearnonlywhatisrequiredbythemin
relationtothecompletionoftheprojects.
f.Generally,itisfoundthatteachersdonotpossessmuchinformation regardingthe
mannerinwhichthismethodshouldbeusedasaresultofwhichtheyhesitatefromusing
thismethod,asaresultofwhich,itsutilityremainsmoreorlesslimitedtonegligible
extent.
g.Sometimestheprojectsmaybe tooambitiousandbeyondstudent’scapacityto
accomplish.

34. SuggESTIONS
•This method is suitable for teaching to primary and middle school
students.With some modification can implement in secondary
school also.
•There is no need for text books and materials.
•The time table may be arranged in the afternoons to do the
project work like gardening, experiments etc.,

35. REFERENCE
“Teaching of Biological Science”
TNTEU –Study Material
Ram Publications
Sri Krishna Publications
Kaviyamala Publications
Google Images
5/21/2021 Dr. C. Beulah Jayarani 35