Project on rural development.pdf

ASTUDYONRURALENTREPRENEURSHIPINTIRUNELVELIDISTRICT
ThesissubmittedtoMANONMANIAMSUNDARANARUNIVERSITY
inpartialfulfillmentoftherequirementsfortheawardofthedegreeofDOCTOROFPHILOSOPHYINCOMMERCEByS.ANTONYRAJ(Reg.No.8418)
RESEARCHCENTREOFCOMMERCEST.XAVIER’SCOLLEGE(AUTONOMOUS)PALAYAMKOTTAI-627002.MANONMANIAMSUNDARANARUNIVERSITYTIRUNELVELI-627012AUGUST2016

ii
Dr.M.JULIASCEASAR,M.Com.,M.Phil.,MBA.,PGDHRM.,Ph.D.DeanofArts&Asst.ProfessorofCommerce,St.Xavier’sCollege(Autonomous),Palayamkottai-627002.
CERTIFICATEThisthesisentitled“ASTUDYONRURALENTREPRENEURSHIPINTIRUNELVELIDISTRICT”submittedbyS.ANTONYRAJ(Reg.No.8418)fortheawardoftheDegreeofDoctorofPhilosophyinCommerceofManonmaniamSundaranarUniversityisarecordofbonafideresearchworkdonebyhimandithasnotbeensubmittedfortheawardofanydegree, diploma, associateship, fellowship of anyotherUniversity/Institution.
Place:Tirunelveli Dr.M.JULIASCEASARDate: (GuideandSupervisor)

iii
S.ANTONYRAJ,M.Com.,M.Phil.,(Reg.No.8418)ResearchScholar(PartTime),St.Xavier’sCollege(Autonomous),Palayamkottai-627002.
DECLARATIONIherebydeclarethatthethesisentitled“ASTUDYONRURALENTREPRENEURSHIPINTIRUNELVELIDISTRICT”submittedbymefortheDegreeofDoctorofPhilosophyinCommerceistheresultoforiginalandindependentresearchworkcarriedoutundertheguidanceofDr.M.JULIASCEASAR,DeanofArtsandAssistantProfessorofCommerce,St.Xavier’sCollege(Autonomous),Palayamkottaiandithasnotbeensubmittedfortheawardofanydegree,diploma,associateship,fellowshipofanyUniversityorInstitution.
Place:Tirunelveli SignatureoftheCandidateDate : (S.ANTONYRAJ)
CountersignedDr.M.JULIASCEASARDeanofArts&Asst.ProfessorofCommerce,St.Xavier’sCollege(Autonomous),Palayamkottai-627002.

iv
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTFirstandforemostIthank LordAlmightyforgivingmetheopportunitytodothisresearchworksuccessfully.IextendmysincerethankstomyguideDr.M.JuliasCeasar,DeanofArtsandAsst.ProfessorofCommerce,St.Xavier’sCollege(Autonomous),Palayamkottaiforhisvaluableguidancefromtheselectionofthetopictillthecompletionofthisresearch.IwishtoexpressmysincerethankstoDr.C.Thilakam,HeadandDirector,ResearchCentreofCommerce,ManonmaniamSundaranarUniversity,Tirunelveli,whohasbeenthesourceofencouragementandinspirationtocarryoutthisresearch.IamextremelygratefultoRev.Dr.V.Britto,S.J.,FormerRector,PresentRectorRev.Dr.DanisPonniah,S.J.,FormerPrincipalRev.Dr.V.GilburtCamillus,S.J.,PresentPrincipalRev.Dr.V.Britto,S.J.,FormerSecretaryRev.Fr.R.JesuMichaelDas,S.J.,andPresentSecretaryRev.Dr.A.Antonysamy,S.J.,St.Xavier’sCollege(Autonomous),Palayamkottaiforalltheirblessingsandsupportforcarryingoutofthisresearchwork.IplacemyheartyanddeepsenseofgratitudetoDr.C.EugineFranco,FormerHeadandPresentHeadDr.P.LourdesPoobalaRayen,St.Xavier’sCollege(Autonomous),Palayamkottaifortheirextremehelprenderedduringtheperiodofthestudy.Iwouldliketoextendmysincerethankstomyparentsfortheirvaluablehelpduringmyresearchwork. S.ANTONYRAJ

v
CONTENTSCertificateiiDeclarationiiiAcknowledgementivListofTablesviListofFiguresixListofAbbreviationsxCHAPTER TITLEPAGENO.IINTRODUCTION1-7IIREVIEWOFRESEARCHANDDEVELOPMENTINTHESUBJECT8-45
IIICONCEPTSANDDEFINITIONS46-66IVPROFILEOFTHESTUDYAREA67-119VANALYSISOFDATA120-156VICROSSTABLEANALYSIS157-218VIIFINDINGSANDSUMMARY219-227BIBLIOGRAPHYANNEXUREINTERVIEWSCHEDULEPUBLISHEDARTICLES

vi
LISTOFTABLESTableNo. ParticularsPageNo.4.1DetailsofPMRYloanavailedbyWomenBeneficiaries2001-2002to2006-2007714.2WomenEntrepreneurDevelopmentProgram(WEDP)725.1Age-wisedistributionofentrepreneurs1205.2Gender-wisedistributionoftheentrepreneurs1225.3Maritalstatusoftheentrepreneurs1245.4EducationalQualificationoftheentrepreneurs1265.5Religionoftheentrepreneurs1285.6Caste-wisedistributionoftheentrepreneurs1305.7Nativityoftherespondententrepreneurs1325.8NatureofBusinesscarriedonbyentrepreneurs1345.9Yearsofexperienceinthebusinessactivity1365.10Placewherefromthebusinessisoperated1385.11Timespendperdayforbusiness1405.12Averagedailynetincomeofanentrepreneur1415.13Typeofownership1425.14Legalstatusofthebusiness1435.15Originatorofthebusiness1445.16Purposeofbeinginthebusinessactivity1455.17Reasonforstartingthistypeofbusiness1465.18Levelofsatisfactioninthebusiness1475.19Motivatingfactorforstartingthebusiness1485.20Formaltrainingtodothebusiness149

vii

viii
TableNo. ParticularsPageNo.5.21Accesstothetraininginstitutions1505.22Accesstoexternalfinancialassistance1515.23Sourcesoffinancialassistance1525.24Opinionrelatingtohurdlesinrunningthebusiness1535.25Opinionrelatingtohandlingthehurdles1545.26Interestinexpandingthebusinessinfuture1555.27Opinionrelatingtoabandoningofthebusiness1566.1GenderandNatureofbusinessactivity1576.2Maritalstatusandtypeofbusiness1596.3Educationallevelandbusinesstype1616.4Religionandbusinesstype1636.5Genderandyearsofexperienceinbusiness1656.6Maritalstatusandyearsofexperienceinbusiness1676.7Educationallevelandyearsofexperienceinbusiness1696.8ReligionVsyearsofexperience1716.9GenderVsplaceofbusiness1736.10EducationallevelVsplaceofbusiness1756.11CommunityVsplaceofbusiness1776.12GenderVsincome1796.13TimespentforbusinessVsincome1816.14EducationalqualificationVsTypeofBusiness1836.15EducationVsSatisfactiontowardsbusiness1856.16GenderVsMotivatingfactor187

ix
TableNo. ParticularsPageNo.6.17EducationVstraining1896.18EducationVsFutureplan1916.19Socialconstraintsofentrepreneurs1936.20FinancialConstraintsofEntrepreneurs1956.21RotatedComponentMatrix
a
1966.22ComponentMatrix
a
1976.23SocialConstraintsandEducationalQualification-ANOVA1996.24SocialConstraintsandCaste-ANOVA2016.25SocialConstraintsandExperience-ANOVA2036.26SocialConstraintsandPlaceofBusiness-ANOVA2056.27SocialConstraintsandDailyNetIncome-ANOVA2076.28FinancialConstraintsandEducationalQualification-ANOVA2096.29FinancialConstraintsandCaste-ANOVA2116.30FinancialConstraintsandExperience-ANOVA2136.31FinancialConstraintsandPlaceofBusiness-ANOVA2156.32FinancialConstraintsandDailyNetIncome-ANOVA217

x
LISTOFFIGURESFigureNo. ParticularsPageNo.5.1Age-wisedistributionofentrepreneurs1215.2Gender-wisedistributionoftheentrepreneurs1235.3Maritalstatusoftheentrepreneurs1255.4EducationalQualificationoftheentrepreneurs1275.5Religionoftheentrepreneurs1295.6Caste-wisedistributionoftheentrepreneurs1315.7Nativityoftherespondententrepreneurs1335.8NatureofBusinesscarriedonbyentrepreneurs1355.9Yearsofexperienceinthebusinessactivity1375.10Placewherefromthebusinessisoperated139

xi
LISTOFABBREVIATIONSANOVA -AnalysisofVarianceARI -AgroandRuralIndustriesDICs -DistrictIndustriesCentersEDP -EntrepreneurshipDevelopmentProgrammeGEM- GlobalEntrepreneurshipMonitorIPR -IndustrialPolicyResolutionKVIC -KhadiandVillageIndustriesCommissionMMS- MarginMoneySchemeMUNS -MahilaUdyamNidhiSchemeNAYE -NationalallianceofYoungEntrepreneursNCMP - NationalCommonMinimumProgrammeNEIIPP -NorthEastIndustrialandInvestmentPromotionPolicyNIESBUD-NationalInstituteforEntrepreneurshipandsmallBusinessDevelopmentNSE -NationalLevelStandingCommitteeonWomenEntrepreneursPMEGP -PrimeMinisterEmploymentGeneratedProgrammePMRY- PrimeMinister’sRozgarYojanaREGP -RuralEmploymentGenerationProgrammeSFC - StateFinancialCorporation

xii
SFURTI -SchemeofFundforRegenerationofTraditionalIndustries

xiii
SHGs -Self-HelpGroupsSIDO -SmallIndustriesDevelopmentOrganizationSMEs- SmallMediumEnterprisesSSI -SmallScaleIndustrialTHADCOA -TamilNaduAdi-DravidaHousingandDevelopmentCorporationTIIC -TamilNaduIndustrialInvestmentCorporationLimitedTREAD -TradeRelatedEntrepreneurshipAssistanceand DevelopmentforWomenWEDP -WomenEntrepreneurDevelopmentProgramYOJANA- SwarnaJayanthiGramSwarozgar

1
CHAPTER-IINTRODUCTION1.1PREAMBLEOpportunitiesinlifecometoeveryoneofusalmostallthetimes.Theycomeinstreams,inhostsandknockatoutdoors.Weareeither‘out’orsleeping‘in’–beawake-bealert.Bepreparedtomakeuseofthem.Thehumanityofyesteryearshaverealizedthevisionofopportunityandachievedgreatnessintheirliveswiththepromotionofentrepreneurialskills.EntrepreneurshipinIndiaistraditionalandpeopleeversinceorganizedtolivetogethertherewasaneedforexchangeofgoodstofulfilltheirneedsandrequirements.TheBartersystemwasthebasicfoundationofthesocietytoensureasatisfiedlivingtothelargeamountofpopulation,thissystemhelpedpeopletoexchangetheirabundancewithothersandunknowinglyithasbecometheselfemploymentgenerationprogramme.Theruralentrepreneurshipssuchasweaving,pottery,metalworking,pettyshops,tailoring,teashops,Tiffincentre,Bedirolling,Streetvending,(saleofVegetables,entrepreneurorientedfancyitems,Salt,Paappad,Plastic,Aluminiumandsilveritems,Childrenorientedsnacks,Fish, Dry fish, Collectionofoldplastics,steelitems,oldnewspapers&bottles,Milkitems(Curd,

2
Buttermilk,Ghee)andotherseasonalproductssuchasice,fruits,buttermilketc.,Therewasanautomaticcreationofthisenvironmentparticularlyinruralareaswhereanappropriateintegrationofvariousongoingself-employmentgenerationprogrammeswasrequired.Therearedifferenttypesofentrepreneursinruralareaswithaverymeagerinvestment.Thishelpsthemtohavearegularandsatisfiedlivingwithasmallprofittomanagethefamiliesontheirown.Everyvillagehasdifferenttypeofentrepreneursandtheseentrepreneursoperateintheirownvillagesormoveoutoftheirvillagesfindingpotentialbuyersinothervillages.Thismobilityprovidesgreateramountofsatisfactiontothepeopleofothervillagesalso.1.2ORIGINOFTHERESEARCHPROBLEMTheworldisgoingglobalandthenewconceptofglobalizationisfloatedwiththehelpofeconomicintegrationthisnewideahasprovidedtheurbanareaswithenormouschangesthatappearstobepositivetothem(PicklesfromruralindustriesarereplacedbythepicklesofMultinationalcompanies)theruralentrepreneursandthetraditionalindustriesareaffectedwiththesetypesofchangesandtheseproductsnotonlyliveinurbanareasbutverymuchavailableinruralareas.Thischangingscenarioofurbanizationintheuseofproductsbyvillagecommunityamountsinplentyoflosstotheentrepreneurshipandentrepreneurialskills.

3
1.3OBJECTIVESGeneralobjectives
Theoverallobjectiveistoassessthenatureandthesocio-economicconditionsofentrepreneursinTirunelveliDistrict.Specificobjectives
ToidentifythenatureofentrepreneurshippracticeinselectedruralvillagesinTirunelveliDistrict.
Tofindoutthesocioandeconomicconditionoftheentrepreneursunderstudy.
Toidentifythemajorproblemareasoftheentrepreneurs.Tooffersuggestionsfortheimprovementandeffectiveapplicationoftheirentrepreneurshipskills.1.4METHODOLOGYPilotStudyProspectivevillageswereidentifiedinallthetaluksofthedistrictandToinitiatetheworkapilotstudywascarriedoutbytheresearcheramong20entrepreneursinten(10)villages.Theresearcherpersonallyvisitedtwentyentrepreneursandcollecteddatausingtheinterviewschedule.Thepilotstudywasconductedinthelightoftheobjectiveswiththehelpofaschedulepreparedcoveringalltheaspectsofthestudy.Thishadhelpedtheresearchertoworkoutstrategiestoidentifytheimportantareastobecoveredforthecollectionofdata

4
relatingtothestudy.Basedonthistherefinementofinterviewschedulewasmadeforfinaladministrationtotherespondents.1.5SAMPLINGTECHNIQUEInfiftyvillages250prospectiveentrepreneursfivefromeachvillagewereidentifiedandtheseentrepreneurswereselectedbasedonsimplerandomsamplingtechnique.1.6METHODOFDATACOLLECTIONThisstudyisbasedonbothprimaryandsecondarydata.Forthecollectionofprimarydataaninterviewschedulethatcoversallthesupportiveelementsofthestudynamelythepersonaldetails,businessdetails,purposeofbusiness,financialaspects,encouragingfactors,governmentschemes,problemsandotherrelevantareaswerecirculated.Forthepurposeofthestudytheresearcheralsofrequentlycontactedthegovernmentofficials,officeoftheNGOsandthesuccessfulentrepreneurswhorunbigbusiness.Thesecondarydatawerecollectedthroughbooks,journals,magazines,periodicals,governmentandresearchpublications,planningcommissiondocument,newspapers,previousstudydocumentsandwebsites.1.7TOOLSOFANALYSISThedatacollectedwereprocessedfurtherwiththehelpoftheScientificPackageforSocialScience(SPSS)toanalyseandinterpretthedatainthestudy.Thefollowingstatisticaltoolsnamely,Co-relationanalysis,Chi-squaretest,

5
TrendAnalysis,Ttest,onewayANOVA,Kendall’sWtest,Factoranalysisandweightedaveragemethodtoarriveatmeaningfulconclusions.Correlation-Astatisticalmeasureforfindingoutthedegreeofassociationbetweentwovariablesorcomparingmorethantwovariables.Theassociationheremeansthetendencyofonevariabletomovealongwiththeother.Chi-squaretest–thesignificanceofthedifferencebetweentheobservedfrequenciesandtheexpectedfrequenciesobtainedfromhypotheticalmeasureisassessed.Trendanalysis-tohaveanexpectedbetterresultsalineartrendoftheformy=a+bxisassumedandisfittedbythemethodofleastsquares.Here,“b”denotestheannualgrowthrateofthevariablesunderstudy.Thisanalysisgivesaninsightintotheoverallgrowthrateoftheindustriesandmoreparticularlythefinancialaspectswithwhichtheoperationalefficiencyandtheexportpotentialcanbemeasuredaccurately.Factoranalysis-ItiscarriedoutforreducingthedimensionsofthevariablesOnewayANOVA-OnewayANOVAisusedforcomparingthreeormoreaverages.DuncanPostHocTest-OncetheANOVAshowsthesignificantdifference,DuncanPostHocTestisusedforformingHomogeneoussubgroups.

6
1.8LIMITATIONSOFTHESTUDY1.Thestudyismadewiththeuseoftheavailabledataprovidedbytherespondents.2.Therespondentswerenotreadytosharealltheinformationrequiredbytheresearcher.3.Thedatarequiredforthestudyweregatheredfromtheperspectiveoftheconcernedentrepreneuronly.4.Toobservethetrendtheresearcherhadselectedonlytwohundredandfiftyentrepreneursexpectingthatitwouldreflectthetruepictureoftheentrepreneurshipbusiness.1.9CHAPTERSCHEMEChapter-IThischapterdealswiththeintroductionanddesignofthestudywhereintheresearcherhasgivenabriefintroduction,objectives,methodology,toolsused,limitations,reviewofrelatedstudiesandtheconceptsrelatedtothestudy.Chapter-IIReviewofliteratureChapter-IIIImportantconceptsanddefinitionsChapter-IVProfileofthestudyChapter-VThroughthischaptertheresearcherprovidestheanalysisofthedatapertainingtothestudy.

7
Chapter-VIInthischapteracrossanalysisismadewiththesupportoftheframedhypothesisandtheresultsareprovided.Chapter-VIIThemajorfindingsofthestudyandabriefsummaryofthestudyisgiven.

8
CHAPTER-IIREVIEWOFRESEARCHANDDEVELOPMENTINTHESUBJECTAnentrepreneurisapersonwithvisionandoriginality.Hetriestointroduceproductsattheaccessibleplaceoratdoorstepswithanexpectedandreasonableprice.
Thebasicqualitiesofthesetypesofentrepreneursarei.Strongdesiretotakeupnewventuresii.Transformingthedesireintoastrongbusinessopportunity.iii.Takingmoderaterisk.
Thereisacommontendencytoentrepreneurstoactinanygivensituationwitharealentrepreneurialattitude.Capableoforganizingthemselvestoputinatoughsituationoforganizingandmanagingwithlessresourceoftheirownorthroughborrowing.
Highpotentialandproductivitycapacityoftheruralentrepreneursistobestrengthenedbyprovidingsafeloanfacilitieswithlessamountofinterestthatmayhelptheseentrepreneurstoexpandtheirbusinessoperationsfromonepartofthevillagetoanothervillage.
Theentrepreneurialskillshavemadesubstantialimprovementofruralpeopleandithascontributedmuchtowardstheraisingofeconomicandsocialstatusoftheentrepreneurs.Thereisadifferenceofopinion

9
1
LeonWalras–EntrepreneurialDevelopment,
inthispointandsomesaythestatusoftheseentrepreneursremainunchanged.
Entrepreneurshipinturnempowerspeoplethroughthevalueofequality,participation,accountabilityandtransparencythatleadtobenefitnotonlytheconcernedentrepreneurbutalsothefamilyandthecommunityasawholethroughcollectiveactionfordevelopment.
Inordertoimprovetheexistingsituationoftheentrepreneursengagedinaparticulareconomicactivitywithinagivengeographicalarea,itisvitalimportancetostudythecurrentstatusintermsoftheirlivingcondition,financialsoundness,socialsecurity,sellingprocessetc.,itisalsoessentialtoworkoutthecontourofanintegratedstrategytoprovidethemwithselfbeliefandconfidence.
Theselfemploymentgenerationprogrammesneedtobeexpanded,andthenecessaryenvironmentandsupportsystemneedtobecreatedforthepromotionofselfemployment.Appropriateintegrationofvariousongoingemploymentgenerationprogrammewiththeprogrammesofruralinfrastructurebuildingandotherdevelopmentprogrammeisnecessary.

1
1
LeonWalras–EntrepreneurialDevelopment,
Leonwalras’sviewonEntrepreneur
1
:Leonwalra’sconsidered“theentrepreneurs”ascoordinatorofthefactorsofproduction.Hetreatedentrepreneurshipastheforthfactorofproduction.Theentrepreneurbuysproductiveservicesandsellsgood”.

10
2
Dr.C.B.GuptaandDr.N.P.Srinivasan–EntrepreneurialDevelopment,p.4.
Wiser’sviewonEntrepreneur(1927)HehadabroaderviewofentrepreneurshipanddefinedEntrepreneurasapersonwhosuppliesnotonlythenecessarycapitalbutOriginatestheidea,elaboratesandputsintooperationtheplanandengagesCollaborators.OxfordEnglishDictionary(1933)
2
Entrepreneuras“onewhoundertakesanenterprise,especiallyacontractor………..actingasintermediarybetweencapitalandlabour”.SchumpeterViewson“Entrepreneur(1934)Entrepreneuristheprimemoverineconomicdevelopmentandhisfunctionistoinnovateorcarryoutnewacombination,whichiscalled‘Enterprise’andtheindividualswhocarrythemout,iscalled‘entrepreneurs’.KeynesViewsonEntrepreneur(1936)TheentrepreneurwasconsideredbytobeadecisionmakerwiththeindustrialfirmandhisfunctionistofixtheamountofemploymentatthatlevelwhichisexpectedtomaximizetheexcessofproceedsoverthefactorcostsDiamondviewonEntrepreneur(1957)hasdescribedthattheentrepreneurshipisequivalenttoenterprise,whichinvolvesthewillingnesstoassumerisksinundertakinganeconomicactivity.Itmayinvolveaninnovation,risktakinganddecisionmaking.

11
5
SharmaK.L(1976),EntrepreneurialDevelopment,
Berna(1960)
3
Hefoundthatdevelopmentofentrepreneurialactivitydependedlargelyuponeconomicfactorssuchasaccesstocapital,possessionofbusinessexperienceandtechnicalknowledgeBema.J(1960)Heemphasisedthatfamilybackgroundisessentialforstartingtheenterpriseandthefamilysupportisfoundtobefacilitatingtheentrepreneurialsuccess.RichardCantillonviewonEntrepreneur(1775)Hewasthepersonfirsttousethetermentrepreneur.Hedefinedanentrepreneurasanagentwhobuysmeansofproductionatcertainpricesinordertocombinethemintoaproductthatheisgoingtosellatpricesthatareuncertainatthemomentatwhichhecommitshimselftohiscosts.BhattachryaandAkouri(1975)
4
Hefoundthatthesignificantcharacteristicsthatinfluencingentrepreneursareneedforachievement,power,independence,propensitytotakerisk,personalmodernity,businessexperienceleadershiplackofsocialmobility.SharmaViewsonEntrepreneur(1976)
5
K.L.Sharmainhisbook,“Entrepreneurialperformanceinroleperspective”,inthathehastriedtoexploretheemergingpatternsofgrowthofentrepreneurs,theirperformanceandproblems.
3
BernaJ(1960)“IndustrialEntrepreneurshipinMadrasState”,Asiapublishinghouse,Mumbai.
4
BhattacharyaandAkouri(1975),“ProfileofasmallIndustryEntrepreneurs”SEDME.

12
Sharma(1979)HeldthatIndianentrepreneurentersintoentrepreneurshipthroughtheexperiencegainedinoneormoreofthedifferentfieldsortrade.Hemainlyreliesonhistechnicalknowledge,trainingandexperienceintheselectionoftheenterprise.SeetharamuA.S(1981)
6
Hehaschosenentrepreneurbelongingtoprofessionalorganizations.Asprofessionalorganizationsareconsideredoneofthestrongformsoforganizedmovementsanattempthasbeenmadetostudythepartplayedbyentrepreneurintheprofessionalinstitutionsandthefactorsinfluencingtheirparticipation.Baty(1981)Hedefinedrisktakingisthepossibilityofreceivingtherewardsassociatedwithsuccessofaproposedsituationwhichisrequiredbyanindividualbeforehewillsubjecthimselftotheconsequencesassociatedwithfailure.Thealternativesituationprovidedlessrewardaswellassevereconsequencethantheproposedsituation.LatitaDevi(1982)
7
Shehastriedtoshowtheentrepreneuremploymentagainstage,durationofbusiness,Familyandplaceofresidence.Employedentrepreneurhavemorepowerandinfluenceinthefamilyandoutsideratherthanunemployedentrepreneur.6
SeetharamuA.S.(1981),Womeninorganizedmovement,Abhinarpublication,NewDelhi.
7
LalithaDevi,1982,“StatusandemploymentofwomeninIndia”.

13
SurtiandSarupriya(1983)
8
Theyinvestigatedthepsychologicalfactorsaffectingentrepreneurentrepreneurs.Theresultsindicatethatunmarriedentrepreneurexperiencedlessstressandfewerdependentsthanmarriedentrepreneur.Theentrepreneurfromjointfamiliestendedtoexperiencelessstressthanfromnuclearfamiliesprobablybecausetheysharetheirproblemswithotherfamilymembers.SinghandGupta(1984)
9
Theirstudynamedas“potentialentrepreneurentrepreneurstheirprofile”.Inthattheyanalyzedthefactorsorreasonswhichhelpthemtobecomingentrepreneurs.Thereasonsare,1. EconomicGain2. Keepingoneselfbusy3. Fulfillmentofone’sambition4. WantedtobecomeIndependent.PeterDruckerViewson“Entrepreneur(1985)
10
Heexplainedthatanentrepreneurisonewhoalwayssearchesforachange,respondstoitandexploitsitasanopportunity.Healsodefinedentrepreneurshipisneitherasciencenoranart.Itispractice.Ithasaknowledgebase.GiffordandElizabethPinchot(1985)Coinedtheword‘intrapreneur’andtheydevelopedtheirconceptofintracorporateentrepreneur.Theydifferentiatedtheintrapreneurfromtheinventorinthedetailstheyprovidefor
8
SurtiandSarupriya(1983),PsychologicalfactorsEffectingWomenEntrepreneurs,“Somefindings”,IndianJournalofSocialWork,44(3)
9
SinghandGupta(1984)PotentialWomenEntrepreneurs–TheirProfilevisionandMotivation,ResearchSerialManagementDevelopmentInstitute,published,1990.
10
SatishTanejaandS.L.Gupta–EntrepreneursDevelopment,p.5.

14
theirdreams.Bothdream,butintrapreneursarethe‘dreamerswhodo’–theyimagineindetailhowtomaketheirdreamamarketplacesuccess.S.CJain,1985
11
Hediscussestheroleofscienceandtechnologyinacceleratingtheprocessofsocio-economicdevelopment.Throughentrepreneuraddtothefamilyincomebycarryingouteconomicactivitiesinform,factor,andotherorganizedandunorganizedsectorsmostoractivitiesarefullofdrudgery.Aldrich(1986)Hedevelopeddifferentapproachesandlearningstylestoadapttovariousculturallybasedcharacteristicsareimportanttoentrepreneurialeducationanddevelopment.SinghN.P(1986)
12
Inanexploratorystudyofsuccessfulexpectationsmotivations,typesofproblemsencounteredbythemtoreachthelevelofsuccessandtoidentitytheoperationalproblemstheyarepresentlyfalling.GulabSingh(1987)
13
Theemergenceofentrepreneursinasocietydependstoagreatextentontheeconomicsocialreligiousculturalandpsychologicalfactorsprevailinginthesociety.Grace(1987)
14
Heldthatwhereentrepreneurarealreadyburdenedwithmanysocialpressureseducationisapowerfultoolinbreakingdownthebarrierstosuccessfulentrepreneurship.
11
S.C.Jain,1985,WomenandTechnology,HindustanPublishingCorporation,NewDelhi.
12
SinghN.P.(1986),“SuccessfulWomenEntrepreneurs”theJournalofEntrepreneurship2(2)Sage,publications,NewDelhi.
13
GulabSingh(1987)DevelopmentofEntrepreneurshipamongRuralWomanOverview,SEDME15(2)June.
14
GraceG(1987)“Femaleentrepreneurssocialandpsychologicalvariableasrelatedto

15businesscharacteristics,Dissertationabstract,International,June,1987.

15
BaileyandBoyd(1987)Theystudiedtherisk-takingpropensityofentrepreneurs.Entrepreneurstakerisksaftercarefullyanalyzingthesituationinhand.Individualrisktakingusuallyinvolvedanindicationorpropensitytotakeortoavoidrisks,decision-makingskills,andexperiencewithrisktakingbehavior.Nadkarani(1989)
15
InherSocio-EconomicstudymadeamodestattempttounderstandinprospectivehowthenewopportunitiesandthetraditionalDisabilitiesinthecaseofentrepreneurcouldbeunderstood.Shah(1990)
16
Inherstudyon“FosteringentrepreneurEntrepreneurship”whichanalysestheDistinctivefeature’softhreetargetgroupsofentrepreneurEntrepreneur.Theyaremiddleorlaborincomegroups,middleorlowermiddleincomegroupsandoflowincomegroupscomingfromlowstrataoftheSociety.Nadarajan(1991)
17
Hetriedtodevelopanindextomeasureperformanceoveraperiodoftimeandalsotoidentifythefactors,whichcontributetothesuccessofentrepreneurentrepreneurs.Indira.K(1990)
18
InastudyundertakeninAhemedabadfoundthatentrepreneurentrepreneursaresupportedbytheirfamilymembers.Allofthemstillholdtraditionalvaluesregardingtheroleofmalesandfemalesinthefamily.
15
NadkaraniA.Sulochana,Asocio-EconomicstudywithreferencetoPunecitythesis,SNDTUniversity,Bombay.
16
Shah,Itina,FosteringWomenEntrepreneurship,Researchreportserial-3,NationalInstituteofEntrepreneurshipandSmallBusinessDevelopments,NewDelhi–1990.
17
NadarajanR.WomenEntrepreneursinTamilNadu,Astudythesis,UITIE,Bombay.

16
18
Indira.K.(1990)WomenEntrepreneursintheslumsofHydrabadandSecandrabadserialchange.

16
Kamalasingh(1992)
19
Bringoutthattheentrepreneurentrepreneursfacetheconstraintsrelatingtoselfspheresystemincludingageexperiences,Educationknowledgeandsocio-psychosystemconsistingofentrepreneurialdecisionmakingability,familyoccupation,casteetc,andlackofsupportsystemincludinglackofencouragementfromfamilyandothersupportfrominstitutions.Onlywhenthesehurdlesareremoved,theycanbecomesuccessfulentrepreneurs.LamGenney(1993)
20
Hefoundthatentrepreneurswerelikelytobebettereducatedthanmen.Itwasalsofoundthatentrepreneurwantedtohaveasenseofachievementwhereasmenwerespurredtomakemoney.B.ReginaPapa(1993)
21
Shehasstatedthatentrepreneurialcommitmentandtechnologicalinitiativearefoundtomarkaverylowlevelinthecastofentrepreneur.ShehasanalyzedtheentrepreneurEntrepreneursinP.M.TdistrictTamilnaduandhaspointedoutthattheEDPSinoperationdonotrecognizetheparticularproblemswhichentrepreneurfacebecauseofthegenderdiscrimination.VivekDeoLankarViewsonEntrepreneur(1993)Hefalsifiedtheage-oldtheorythatentrepreneursarebornandcannotbedevelopedbyhumaneffort.Hecametotheconclusionthatentrepreneursarenotborntheyaremadethroughdifferenttrainingprogrammes.
19
KamalaSingh(1992),WomenentrepreneurAshishpublishinghouse,NewDelhi.
20
LamGenney(1993)“Womenwhoaretheirbosses,thestraighttimes”.
21
B.ReginaPapa,(1993),“WomenEntrepreneurshipTechnology,Karaikudi,AlagappaUniversityPress.

17
CarlandandCarland(1993)Intrapreneursareinnovatorsandideagenerators.Theoutcomesoftheseinnovationsrangefromnewproductstonewmarketstonewprocesses.SinghK.P(1993)
22
Identifiedthereasonssuchasdesiretobeindependentandtodowaywithunemploymentaremotivationalfactorsforentrepreneurentrepreneurs.Thefindingsthattheentrepreneurshipisgenderspecificandassuchthesuggestedthatentrepreneurneednotbegiveanyspecialconcessionratherwhateverisextendedtoanydisadvantagedgroupmaybegiventoentrepreneuralso.DavidJ.Leuis(1996)
23
Hehasidentifiedthenatureofruralentrepreneurshipinthelightofgreenrevolutionandarguesthattheprocessoftechnologicalchangeleadingtothecreationofnewformsoftechnologybasedenterpriseinruralareas.G.Thenmozhi(1997)
24
HerstudyrevealsthatentrepreneurentrepreneurshipinCoimbatoredistrict.Shetriedtobringoutthesocio-economicfactorsthatinfluencingtheentrepreneurEntrepreneurs.Shehasanalyzedtheproblemsencounteredwhichpromoteentrepreneurentrepreneurship.
22
SinghK.P.(1993)WomenEntrepreneurTheirProfileandMotivation,TheJournalofEntrepreneurship,2(1)Jan-JuneSagePublication,NewDelhi.
23
DavidJ.Leuis(1996),“UnderstandingRuralEntrepreneurshipinaBangladeshVillageIndividualRoles(or)StructuresSmallEnterprisesDevelopment–Vol.17,No.4.
24
G.Thenmozhi(1996),AStudyonWomenEntrepreneurshipinCoimbatoreDistrictUnpublishedPh.Dthesis.

18
MeeraBal(1998)
25
Sheobservedthatthecommunityinitiativeshavebeentakingtheissuesofentrepreneurinbusiness.Sheunderlinedthatfemaleentrepreneursneedpsychologicalsupportdesignedtoreinforceentrepreneurialspiritamongentrepreneurtechnicalassistanceinthedevelopmentphasewouldimprovetheentrepreneurialbaseintheregion.Dr.V.Balu(1998)
26
Inhisarticlenamed,“EntrepreneurEntrepreneurshipinIndia-Problemandprospectus”.Hesuggestedthatbyprovidingsuitableeducationtrainingandmakingthemmoreselfconfidenttheentrepreneurentrepreneurshipcanbedeveloped.SinglaandSyal(1998)
27
TheyhaveclassifiedtheproblemsbeingfacedbyentrepreneurEntrepreneursatdifferentstagesoftheirentrepreneurialcareerintothreemajorcategoriesi.e.Problemsrelatedtoprojectedformulation,Problemsrelatedtoprojectedimplementation,Problemsrelatedtoprojectoperation.Inordertoovercomethisproblemtheauthors strongly advocate groupentrepreneurEntrepreneurship(GWE).H.AnithaandA.SLaxmisha(1999)
28
Intheirstudyobservedthatentrepreneursaremotivatedbybothpullandpushfactorsandevidencedthatentrepreneursarenolongerbornbuttheycanbemade.Theysuggested that inordertomaketheentrepreneurentrepreneurshipmovementtobeasuccess
25
MeeraBal(1996),“WomenEntrepreneursintheEuropeanUnion,SouthernEconomy,Vol.38,June-15,(p.11-13).
26
Dr.V.Balau,Sep-1998,ThirdConcept,Vol.12,No.139,p.41.
27
SinghandSyal,GroupEntrepreneushipforwomenentrepreneurshipandBusinessRowat

19Publication,Jaipur,1998.
28
H.AnithaandA.S.Laxmisha(1999)WomenEntrepreneushipinIndia,SouthernEconomyVol.28June-15,pp.11-13.

19
governmentandnonGovernmentalorganizationshavetoplayavitalrole.Entrepreneurentrepreneursinbackwardareasneedspecialassistanceandtimelymarketingofgoods.TheyadvocatedforEDPtraining.N.ManimekalaiandG.Rajeswari(2000)TheyobservedthatinTrichirappalli.Entrepreneurentrepreneursarefoundinrisktakingindustrialactivitiesrequiringmoderntechniquesofproduction.Theproblemsfailedincludeshortageofcapitallackofseedcapitalandthedependenceofinformalsourcesofcreditandlackofinitiativetoexpandtheirscaleofoperationsduetofinancialconstraints.VasanthDesai(2001)Hehadmentionedthatentrepreneurshipisacompositeskill,theresultantofamixofmanyqualitiesandtraitswhichincludetangiblefactorsasimagination,readiness,totakerisks,abilitytobringtogetherandputtouseotherfactorsofproduction.Entrepreneurshiplies more in theabilitytominimizetheuseofresourcesandtoputthemtomaximumadvantageDr.K.Sundar,Mr.J.Gopu,Mr.SyfilAli(2001)Theirarticlenamed“EntrepreneurEntrepreneurshipinIndia”.Theysuggestedthatwomanhavethepotentialandwilltoestablishandmanagerenterprisesoftheirown.WhattheyneedisencouragementandsupportfromtheFamilymembers,Govt.society,andMaleCounterparty.

20
Bhatia(1974)
29
cameoutwithaconclusionthatpeoplefromvariouscastesandoccupationparticipatedinmanufacturingandsucceededinit.Capitalandexperienceintradingwerereportedtohaveaccountedfortheirtransitionandsuccess.Hadiman(1985)
30
realizedthatcasteswithtraditionsofmanufacturingclothseitherfailedorremainedstatic,whilecasteswithentrepreneurialtraditionssucceededinbecomingentrepreneur.SubbiandShobhaReddi(1985)
31
statedthatthereasonsfortheirhighsuccessaretheyareattheageof50years,havingtechnicaleducationfromagriculturalbackground,havinginvestmentmorethantenlakhsofrupees,havingpreviousexperienceinserviceandemployinglimitedcompanytypeofownership.Nandi(1973)
32
observedthatwhilesomenecessarytraitsofgoodentrepreneurweregenerallyfoundinallregionsandcultures,someothertraitsvariedfromregiontoregionandculturetocultureintheirimportance.Annadurai,etal.,(1991)
33
pointedoutthat47percentoftheruralpeoplehadshowninterestindevelopingnewskillsorimprovingtheirskill
29
Bhatia.B.S,“NewIndustrialEntrepreneur:TheirArguesandProblems”,JournalofGeneralManagement,2(1),August1974,pp.69-70.
30
Hadiman,“DynamicsofIndustrialEntrepreneur”,AsishPublishingHouse,NewDelhi,1985,p.155.
31
SubbiandShobhaReddi(1985),“SuccessfulEntrepreneurship-AStudy”,Productivity,26(1),1985,pp21-27.
32
NandiAsish,“EntrepreneurialCulturesandEntrepreneurialMen”,EconomicandPoliticalWeekly,8(47),November1973,pp.98-106.
33
Annadurai.M,DilBaghKaurandSharma.V.K,“RuralEntrepreneurship:AStudyamongRuralPeopleinTamilNadu”,Ashigam,15(122),1994,pp.53-62.

21
status,morethanthatsignificantlyabout30percentofthemhadshowntheirinterestinbecomingentrepreneurs.Majorityoftheruralpeoplewhofellin18-30yearsofagegroupandthosewhoengagedinnon-agriculturalactivitiesandbusinesswerefoundtobeinterestedinbecomingentrepreneurs.Rani(1992)
34
mentionedthatthereisasignificantassociationamongeconomicstatusandthetimespenttowardsmanagingtheenterpriseaswellasontraining.Thehighandmiddleincomegroupsreceivedabettertrainingcomparedtolow-incomegroup.SharmaandSingh(1994)
35
revealedthateducation,socialparticipation,farmmechanizationandsocio-economicstatusofmarginalfarmersweresignificantlycorrelatedwiththelevelofknowledgeandextentofadoptionaswell.Thefarmmechanizationandsocio-economicstatuswereunequallythekeydeterminantsoffarmentrepreneurship.Patel(1995)
36
indicatedthatthefarmerswithhighentrepreneurialbehaviouradoptednewpracticesinagricultureandrelatedfields.Thefarmerswithhighentrepreneurialbehaviouradoptednewpracticesinagricultureandrelatedfieldearlierthanfarmerswithlowentrepreneurialbehaviour.34
Rani.C,“PotentialWomenEntrepreneurs”inKalbagh,(ed.),WomeninEnterpriseandProfession,DiscoveryPublishingHouse.
35
Sharma.R.CandSingh.A.K,“DeterminationofEntrepreneurshipinAgriculture”,Productivity,35(3),October-December1994,pp.536-539.
36
Patel.M.M,“RoleofEntrepreneurshipinagriculturalDevelopment”,Kurushetra,43(1),1995,

22pp.41-44.

22
Nanda(1999)
37
conductedimpactstudiesofSelfHelpGroupsandfoundthattheoutstandingimpactofthelinkageprogrammecouldbethesocio-economicempowermentofthepoormoreparticularlythewomen.Neelaveni,et.al.,(2000)
38
foundthattheageasasignificantlyandnegativelyassociatedvariablewithdevelopmentalpriorities.Asageincreases,theirenergydeclinesandhencetheirattentioninmanagementofactivitiesinagribusinessdeclines.Thismightbethepossiblereasonfortheabovetrend.Asmassmediaconsumptionandextensioncontactincrease,theirexposuretonewtechnologyinagribusinessmanagementincreasestherebytheirattentioninmanagementofactivitiesofagribusinesssimilarlyincreased.Sarwadeetal.,(2000)
39
foundthattheruralentrepreneursstartedtheirenterprisesasaparttimeactivityinsmallvillageswhileitisamainbusinessinthelargevillages.Thefathersofthemostruralentrepreneurswerebusinessmenandtheyareengagedinthesamelineofbusinessoralliedlineofbusiness.Majorityoftheruralentrepreneurspurchasetheirmaterialsonceinamonth.Themajorproblemoftheruralentrepreneuriscreditsalebecausethedemandcharacteristicsforaproductarecloselyconnectedwithagriculturalincome.37
Nanda.Y.C,“LinkingbanksandSelfHelpGroupsinIndiaandNon-GovernmentalOrganisation:LessonLearnedandFutureProspects”,NationalBankNewsReview,15(3),1999,pp.1-9.
38
Neelaveni.S,Rambabu.PandVenkataramaiah.P,“AnanalysisoftheDevelopmentalPrioritiesofFarmWomeninAgribusinessManagement(ABM)”,TheAndhraAgricultureJournal,47(3&4),2000,p.245-248.
39
Sarwade.W.KandBalashebAmbedkar,“RetailTradeStructureinRuralArea”,IndianJournal

23ofMarketing,Vol.30(8-10),August-October2000,pp.26-36.

23
NomeshKumarandNarayanasamy(2002)
40
identifiedthatthefarmerswhoadoptedsustainableagriculturehadhighentrepreneurialbehaviourlikeinnovativeness,decisionmakingability,achievementmotivation,risktakingability,informationseekingability,co-ordinatingabilityandleadershipability.Becauseofthis,highentrepreneurialbehaviourfarmersadoptedsustainableagriculturepractices.AjitSingh,etal.,(2003)
41
foundthattheparticipationofruralyouthishighestintermsofvegetablegrowing/kitchengardening,growingoffruitplants,growingofornamentalplants,fodderchaffcuttingandfeedingandwateringtheanimals.Theparticipationofruralyouthishighinagriculturalandsocialactivities.Theimportantreasonfortheiractiveparticipationistoenrichtheirknowledgeandkeepsthemashealthy.Manipal(2004)
42
inhisarticle“SocialDevelopmentofRuralWomeninIndia”discussesthesocialdevelopmentstatusofwomenparticularlyintermsoftheirgeneralhealthandnutrition,sexratio,educationandphysicalqualitybecausetheaspectsoftheirdevelopmentandcapacitybuildingarereproductiveactorsinIndiansocietyandeconomy.40
NomeshKumar.NandNarayanaSwamy.B.K,“EntrepreneurialBehaviourofFarmersAdoptingSustainableAgricultureinIndia”,MysoreJournalofAgriculture,36(1),January-March2002,pp.87-90.
41
AjithSingh,AmandipKaurandAnjanaKabra,“ParticipationofRuralYouthinAgriculturalandAlliedactivities”,RuralIndia,66(9),September2003.
42
Manipal“SocialDevelopmentofRuralWomeninIndia”,Kurukshetra,Vol.52,No.9,July2004.

24
AccordingtoMarshall(1949)
43
thefactorsinfluencingentrepreneurshiparereadytotakeventure,undertakeitsrisks,bringtogetherthecapitalandthelabourrequired,arrangeorengineeritsgeneralplanandsuperintendentitsminordetails.Knight(1957)
44
pointedoutthattheentrepreneurshipinvolvesthreefactors,ability,willingnessandpowertogivesuchguarantees.Accordingtohim,theentrepreneuristheeconomicfunctionarywhoundertakesresponsibilityasbyitsverynaturecannotbeinsured,non-capitalisedandnon-salaried.Sharma(1970)
45
statedthatpeoplewithhigherlevelofmotivationworkharder,learnfasterandaremoreself-reliant.Theymanipulateenvironmenttosuittheirownneeds.Theyhavehighaspirationsandarevery mobile whenconsideringeconomicopportunities.Thesepeopleareorientedtowardssaving.Govindappaetal.,(1996)
46
inferredthatbettereconomicbackground,previousexperience,conductivegovernmentpolicyandavailabilityofinfrastructurefacilitiesweretheimportantfactorsforgrowthanddevelopmentofentrepreneurshipinricemillingindustry.AravindhaandRenuka(2002)
47
revealedtheimportantfactorswhichmotivatedthewomentowardsentrepreneurshipareself-interestandinspiration.
43
Marshall.A,PrinciplesofEconomics,8
th
Edition,McMillanCo,NewYork,1949.
44
Knight.H.F,RiskUncertaintyandProfit,8
th
Edition,ImpressionHeightenMifflinCo.,NewYork,1957.
45
Sharma.K.N,“AStudyofEntrepreneursinKanpurCity”,ResearchCellBulletin,A.No.4,1970.
46
GovindappaG.T,ManojkumarandHalasagi.S,“EntrepreneurshipinAgro-processing

25Industry-ACaseStudy”,NationalBankNewsReview,12(4),January-March,1996,pp.26-34.
47
AravindhaandRenuka,“Womenentrepreneurs-anExploratoryStudy”,PublicOpinion,47(5),February2002,pp.27,28.

25
Constraints”,IndianJournalofIndustrialRelations,Vol.38,No.8,April2003.
Theidentifiedfacilitatingfactorsareself-experience,interest,family’shelpandsupport.Themainconflictsinworkrolepertainedtoinabilitytoexpandtheenterpriseandoptimumutilizationofavailableskillsnon-availabilityoftimetospendwithfamilyandbeingagoodspouseweretheconflictareasfacedintheperformanceofthehomerole.RachanaandAnjali(2002)
48
concludedtheachievementvaluealongwithentrepreneurialsuccessisthemostessentialpredictorvariablesinpredictingentrepreneurialsuccess.Thestudyhasidentifiedsomepsychologicalandsocio-culturalvariablesthatarehighlycorrelatedwithentrepreneurialsuccess.Thesignificantpositivecorrelationisidentifiedbetweenthebasisofprofitwithindividualismandachievementvaluewhereasnegativecorrelationisindentifiedwithcollectivismandthefocusofcontrol.DilBaghKaur,et.al.,(2003)
49
concludedthatbesidesprovidingtechnicalandfinancialassistance,itisessentialtoeducateruralwomenandtoextendentrepreneurialmanagementandmarketingskillsalso,toenhancetheirconfidenceandcompetencesothattheywouldbecomeself-reliant.PoonamSinha(2003)
50
concludedthatthereareseveralfactorsfortheemergenceofwomenentrepreneurshipinthenortheastsuchasfamilybackground,motivatingandfacilitatingfactors,ambition,attitudesoffamily/

26
Constraints”,IndianJournalofIndustrialRelations,Vol.38,No.8,April2003.
48
RachanaChattopadhyayandAnjaliGhosh,“PredictingEntrepreneurialSuccess:ASocio-PsychologicalStudy”,TheJournalofEntrepreneurship,11(1),January-June2002,pp.21-31..
49
DilBaghKaur,Annadurai.MandSharma.V.K.,“RuralWomenEntrepreneur”,Abhigyan,20(4),January-March2003,pp.27-31.
50
PoonamSinha,“WomenEntrepreneurshipintheNorthEastIndianMotivation,SocialSupportand

26
ComparativeStudy”,IndianJournalofSocialResearch,39(1),January-March1998,pp.41-51.
society,etc.Womenoftheregionhaveenoughpotentialtotakeupentrepreneurshipasacareer.Thereisastrongneedofsupporttobegivenbytheorganizationworkingforpromotionofentrepreneurshipingeneralandwomenentrepreneurshipinparticular.Determinedeffortsfromwomenentrepreneurssupportedbycongenialclimatecanbringaboutsubstantialresults.Thiscanalsobringpositivechangeanddeveloptheregion.Socio-economicallywomenentrepreneurshipcangoalongwayinspeedingupindustrializationofruralareasandsmalltowns.ArchanaSood(2004)
51
inherstudyconcludesthatwomenempowermentparticularlyasapplicabletoruralwomenhasamuchgreaterpositiveinfluenceinfactorsgoverningsustainabledevelopment.Womenplayadirectandexclusiveroleinchildandfamilycare,generalhealthandsanitation,agriculture,articulture,forestry,animalhusbandry,food,fuelandwater.Wagh(1997)
52
foundthedualresponsibilityofwomenwasoneofthemajorconstraintsforwomenentrepreneurastheyhadtolookaftertheirfamiliesaswellasenterprises.Lackofmotivationfromfamily,societyandlesssocialcontactalsoaffectedthedevelopmentofwomenentrepreneurs.NeelamYadav,etal.,(1998)
53
mentionedthelackofsecurity,maternityandmedicalleavefacilities,jobguarantee,cutsinwagesifabsentfromjob,

27
ComparativeStudy”,IndianJournalofSocialResearch,39(1),January-March1998,pp.41-51.
51
ArchanSood(April2004),“Sustainableruraldevelopment–FocusesinWomen”,Kurushetra,Vol.52,No.6,pp.30.
52
Wagh.S.P,“EntrepreneursClub:AMovementofNewIndustrialWorld”,Sedme,24(4),December1997,pp.55-59.
53
NeelamYadav,SarojKashyapandAshaRani,“WorkingWomenandtheirConstraints–A

27
seasonalnatureofemployment,longhoursofworkweremajorconstraints.Limitedmobilityinwomenisthegreatesthandicapoffemalelabour.Theself-employedwomensufferfromlackoffinances,afixedplaceforbusinessandastablemarketfortheirproducts.ShillaNangu(2001)
54
identifiedthegeneralproblemsfacedbythemicroenterprises(SMEs)arelowdemandforSMEsgoodsandservices,lackoftoolsandequipmentforproduction,usesofoutdatedtechnologyandlackofcreditfacilities.Theresultsshowthatthereisgreatgapbetweenthenon-financialservicesrequiredbySMEsandtheactualservicesreceivedorgiven.ArchanaSinha(2002)
55
inherstudystatedthat,inIndia,womenconstituteasizeablesectionofruralworkforce.Therealizationofwomen’sfullpotentialiscrucialtotheoverallsocio-economicdevelopmentandgrowthofasociety.However,thisrealizationwillrequirearealrevolutioninpeople’sattitudesandbehaviour.Itwillbearevolutionthatplacegenderattheheartofpolicymakingandplanninginallareasofdevelopmentandthatwillawakenthefullawarenessamongthepeople.Withregardtotheirmulti-dimensionalresponsibilities,itisrequiredtostrengthen the status of rural womeneconomicallytoenablethemtostandinsocietyontheirownwithconfidence.54
ShillaNanguandChawla.A.S,“theNon-financialServicesrequiredbySmallandMicro-Enterprises(SMEs)”,IndianManagementStudies,5(2),October2001,pp.53-69.

28
55
ArchanaSinha,“TypesofSHGsandtheirwork”,SocialWelfare,February2002,p.14

28
Vasumathi,etal.,(2003)
56
highlightstwoimportantmatters.First,smallentrepreneursareaffectedbystresscausedbyachievementandaffiliatedneedrelatedstressors.Power-needrelatedstressorswerenotsignificanttoaffectthem.Second,entrepreneursadoptsilent,less-expensive,traditionboundstressreductionstrategiesinpreferencetoothertypesofcopyingstyles.MargaretandKala(2013)studiedonthesignificantimpactofNGOsontheempowermentanddevelopmentofthewomenbeneficiaries.Theyarguedthatthedemographicvariablesage,education,monthlyincomeandyearsofaffiliationinfluencethelevelofempowermentofthewomen.Kirankere&Subrahmanya(2013)arguedthatSelfHelpGroups(SHGs)aresuccessfulintheempowermentofwomenthroughentrepreneurialfinancetoruralwomenentrepreneurs.AccordingtohimtheSHGshadmajorimpactonsocialandeconomiclifeofruralwomen.Handy,Kassam,andRanade(2003)examinedwomenentrepreneursinthenon-profitsectorandvarioussocialandculturalfactorsthatinfluencewomenentrepreneursinaparticularsegmentofthenon-profitsectorinIndiatodeterminesuchself-selection.Singh,Thakur&Gupta(2013)studiedonrollofmicroentrepreneurshipamongtheruralwomen.TheyarguedthatMicroenterprise isaneffectiveinstrumentofsocialandeconomicdevelopmentofruralyouth.It
56
Vasumathi.A,Govindarajalu.S,Anuradha.E.KandAmutha.R,“StressandCopingStylesofan

29Entrepreneur:AnEmpiricalStudy”,JournalofManagementResearch,33(1),April2003,pp.43-50.

29
alsohelpstogenerateemploymentforanumberofpeopleandisbesttoolforruralwomenasitenablesthemtoaddtothefamilyincome.Sharma,Dua&Hatwal(2012)examinedtheimpactonwomenempowermentthroughmicroentrepreneurshipdevelopmentandSHGs.TheyarguedthatmicrofinanceplayavitalroleinthesuccessofSHGs.Thus,fromtheabovereviewofliteratureitisevidentthatquiteanumberofstudieshavealreadybeenundertakenonwomenempowermentandrelatedissues.ThepresentstudyinthisrespectisanattempttohighlighttheroleofSHGsandmicroenterprisesinempoweringwomenThestudyofAjitKanitkar(1994)aimsatunderstandstheemergenceofsuccessfulentrepreneursandownersofmicro-enterprisesinruralIndia.Based onthecasestudiesof86village-basedentrepreneursdrawnfromdifferentregionsofIndia,thearticleexaminesthatsocio-economicprofileoftheentrepreneurs,theirmotivationforshiftingfromanagriculture-basedoccupationtoanon-farmactivity,theirapproachtoraisingresourcesfortheirenterprisesandthefactorsthatfacilitatedentryofthevillagebasedentrepreneursintoabusinessactivity.Mali(1998)inhisstudyhasobservedthatsmallandmediumenterprises(SMEs)andmicroenterpriseshavetofaceincreasingcompetitioninthepresentscenarioofglobalization,theyhavetospecificallyimprovethemselvesinthefieldsofmanagement,Marketing,product diversification, infrastructuraldevelopment,technologicalupgradation.Moreover,newsmallandmedium

30
enterprisesmayhavetomovefromslowgrowthareatothehighgrowthareaandtheyhavetoformstrategicalliancewithentrepreneursofneighbouringcountries.Databankonindustriestoguidetheprospectiveentrepreneursincludinginvestorsfromabroadisalsoneeded.SrivastavaandSyngkon(2008)studymakesanindepthanalysisofthedevelopmentofsmallscaleindustrial(SSI)sectorintheruralareasofthestatesNorthEasternRegionofIndia.Thestudyalsofocusesspecificallyontheroleandprofileofentrepreneurs.Thefindingsrevealthatthemanufacturing,assembling,processing,activityisthedominantgroupamongthevariousSSIsactivitiesintheNorthEasternstatesinruralandurbanareas.ItisobservedthatinmostoftheNorthEasternstates,concentrationandgrowthofSSIactivitiesishigherinruralareasthaninurbanareas.Thestudyalsobringstolighttherisingnumberofwomenandtribalentrepreneursintheregion.NicolaMecchari,andGianluigiPelloni(2006)presentsandanalysestheresultsemergingfromaquestionnairesubmittedtoasampleof123ruralentrepreneursandbusinessinamountainousareaofcentralItaly.Inparticular,theytestforsixhypothesesconcerningthecorrelationbetweendifferentfactors,reflectingentrepreneurandbusinessspecificcharacteristics,andtheadoptionofinstrumentsofinstitutionalassistance.Theirstudyalsoexaminesandproposespotentialpolicesforfosteringentrepreneurshipandthedevelopmentoftheruralregionunderstudy.

31
BaruaandMali(2011),intheirstudy,foundthatthemicro,smallandmediumenterprisesinAssamhadregisteredanaveragegrowthof20.63%perannumfrom1987-88to2006-07.Thiswasaccompaniedbyanaverageannualgrowthof45.3%ininvestmentand89.5%inoutput.However,therewasanelementofupwardbiasinestimatesofgrowthininvestmentandoutputaspriceriseovertheyearshadsignificantlyinflatedtheirvalues.Thewholestudywasbasedonsecondarydata.Itcanbeconcludedfromthestudythatentrepreneurialperformanceindicatedbytheoutputislargelyaffectedbythequantumofinvestmentratherthanthelevelofemployment.GovindappaandGeetha(2011),intheirstudyonSocio-economicBackgroundandproblemsofentrepreneursinIndustrialestate,AcasestudyofIndustrialestateinDavangereDistrictofKarnatakastudied30entrepreneursselectedrandomlyfrommanufacturingunitsandfoundthatparticipationofwomeninentrepreneurialactivitieswasnil,Majorityofentrepreneurswerefromnuclearfamilyandwerebelow40yearsofage.Mainmotivatingfactorswerefamilyenvironment,practicalexperiencegainedinthefieldand53.3percentparticipatedinEntrepreneurshipDevelopmentProgramme(EDP).Entrepreneursfaceddifferentkindsofproblemslike,problemofrawmaterials,problemofmarketing,problemofpower,problemoflabour,problemoffinance,problemoftechnicalandmanagementassistanceinoperatingtheirunits.LaxmanandAmbana(2011),intheirstudyonImplementationandimpactofPrimeMinisterEmploymentgeneratedprogramme(PMEGP)schemeinHyderabadKarnatakaRegionfoundthatthesuccessof

32
theGovernment

32
sponsoredschemesdependstoagreatextentonthesocio-economicconditionsinwhichthebeneficiariesliveandperformtheireconomicactivities.Thesurveywasconductedamongthe150PMEGPbeneficiariestoknowabouttheirsociallike,sex,age,educationandtheeconomicfactorslikeloan,income,repayment,employmentgeneration,problemstheyencounteredandimpactofthebankloan.ThescientificevaluationofPMEGPindicatesthattheschemeiseconomicallyviable.InthebackwarddistrictsoftheHyderabad-Karnatakaregion,theschemehasyieldedpositiveresults.Itsperformancemaybestillbetterineconomicallyadvancedregions.Inviewofthegrowingunemploymentinthecountry,suchviableschemesaretheneedofthetime.JyotiKumarandLalhunthara(2012),intheirstudyonsocio-economicbackgroundofMicroentrepreneursinAizawldistrict,MizoramfoundthatEducation,experience,ageandfamilyplayanimportantroleinshapingtheentrepreneurialambitionoftheaspirant.Itwasfoundthatnearlyone-fourthofentrepreneurswerefemales.Theirstudyalsorevealsthatentrepreneurswereengagedindifferentlinesofbusinessactivitiesrangingfromtailoringtofoodprocessing,involvingcomplextechnologiesanddifferentskillssets.2.1BRIEFREVIEWOFINDIANGOVERNMENTPOLICIESAIDINGRURALENTREPRENEURSHIPInIndia,mostoftheruralindustriesareSmall-scaleenterprisesandtheyaregivenanimportantplaceforbothideologicalandeconomicreasons.Itiswelldocumentedthatthesmallscaleindustrieshaveanimportant role in the

33
developmentofthecountry.Itcontributesalmost40%ofthegrossindustrial

33
valueaddedintheIndianeconomy.Government'sapproachandintentiontowardsindustriesingeneralandSSIsinparticulararerevealedinIndustrialpolicyResolutions.TherearemanyGovernmentPoliciesfordevelopment and promotionofSmall-ScaleIndustriesinIndia.Thesearementionedasbelow:IndustrialPolicyResolution(IPR)1948,IndustrialPolicyResolution(IPR)1956,IndustrialPolicyResolution(IPR)1977,IndustrialPolicyResolution(IPR)1980,IndustrialPolicyResolution(IPR)1991,NorthEastIndustrialandInvestmentPromotionPolicy(NEIIPP),2007,SmallIndustriesDevelopmentOrganization(SIDO),EntrepreneurshipDevelopmentProgramme(EDP)totrainofwomenandyouth.MinistryofAgroandRuralIndustriesandMinistryofSmallScaleIndustrieshavebeenmergedintoasingleMinistry,asaresult,enactmentofMicro,SmallandMediumEnterprisesDevelopmentAct,2006.ProvisionofUrbanAmenitiestoRuralAreas(PURA)isastrategyforruraldevelopmentinIndia.ThisconceptwasgivenbyformerpresidentDr.A.P.J.AbdulKalamanddiscussedinhisbook“Target3Billion”whichheco-authoredwithSrijanPalSingh.ThegenesisofPURAconceptcanbetracedtotheworkdonebyNimbkarAgriculturalResearchInstituteinearly1990s.Itwasshowninthestudythatenergyself-sufficienttalukascanbeanewdevelopmentmodelforruralIndiaintermsofcreationofjobsandbetteramenitiestoitspopulation.TheGovernmentofIndiahasbeenrunningpilotPURAprogramsinseveralstatessince2004.

34
KVIC:TheKhadi&VillageIndustriesCommission(KVIC)establishedbyanActofParliamentisastatutoryorganizationengagedinpromotinganddevelopingkhadiandvillageindustriesforprovidingemploymentopportunitiesintheruralareas,therebystrengtheningtheruraleconomy.CoirSector:Thecoirindustryisalabour-intensiveandexport-orientedindustry.Itusescoirhusk,aby-productofcoconut.Indiaisthelargestcoirproducerintheworldaccountingformorethan80%ofthetotalworldproductionofcoirfiber.ThecoirsectorinIndiaisverydiverseandinvolveshouseholds,co-operatives,NGOs,manufacturersandexporters.TheCoirBoard,astatutorybodyestablishedundertheCoirIndustryAct1953,looksafterthepromotion,growthanddevelopmentofthecoirindustry,includingexportpromotionandexpansionofthedomesticmarket.TheCoirBoardimplementsanumberofschemeswhichincludeassistanceforparticipationinexhibitions,trainingforskilldevelopmentandassistanceunderMahilaCoirYojana,training,financialassistanceformodernizationofexistingunits,undertakingR&Dactivities,etc.TheMinistryofAgroandRuralIndustries(ARI)implementstwonation-wideemploymentgenerationprogrammes,namely,RuralEmploymentGenerationProgramme(REGP)andPrimeMinister’sRozgarYojana(PMRY).Boththeseprogrammesarecredit-linkedcapitalsubsidyschemeswhichareimplementedthroughcommercialbanks.WhiletheREGPisimplementedbytheKVIC,thePMRYisimplementedbytheStateGovernmentsthroughtheDistrictIndustriesCenters(DICs).

35
ThePrimeMinister’sRozgarYojana(PMRY)waslaunchedon2ndOctober1993toassisteducatedunemployedyouthinsettingupself-employmentventures.ThemainobjectivesofREGParetogenerateemploymentinruralareas,developentrepreneurialskillsandaptitudeamongruralunemployedyouth,achievethegoalofruralindustrializationandfacilitateparticipationof banks inthevillageindustriessectorsoastoensurehighercreditflowtotheseindustries.IntheNationalCommonMinimumProgramme(NCMP),theUPAgovernmenthasproposedtorevamptheKhadiandVillageIndustriesCommission(KVIC)andlaunchnewprogrammesforthemodernizationofcoir,handlooms,power-looms,garments,rubber,cashew,handicrafts,foodprocessing,sericulture,wooldevelopment,leather,potteryandothercottageindustries.InpursuanceoftheNCMPdeclarationandtheannouncementofFinanceMinisterinhisBudgetspeechofJuly2004,aschemetitledthe“SchemeofFundforRegenerationofTraditionalIndustries”(SFURTI)hasbeennotifiedinOctober2005fortheintegrateddevelopmentoftraditionalclustersofkhadi,coirandvillageindustries,includingleatherandpottery.UnderSFURTI,AnnualReport2006-07ithasbeenproposedtodeveloparound100clusters(25clustersforkhadi,50clustersforvillageindustriesand25clustersforcoirindustry)overaperiodoffiveyearscommencing2005-06.AfruitfulmeasurewouldbetoreservecertaingoodsforproductionexclusivelybytheSSIsandtheirintelligentoutsourcingbythegovt.to

36
ensure

36
maximumbenefits.Alsothegovt.shouldadvertisetheindigenousgoodsworldwidesothattheforeignfolkalsogoinfortheethnicitemsproducedherelikekhadi,silk,wool,statues,gems,ornaments,etc.astheserepresentthetraditionalartformandcultureoftheregion.Asfarasthefinancialaidsareconcerned,thegovt.isdoinggoodworktomakethingssimpleandpossiblefortheinterestedindividualsbyfundingandfinancialsupport.Alsothesettingupofinstitutesfortechnicaltrainingandskillenhancementoftheworkforceishelpinginabigway.Whileglobalizationhasputusonthemapofsuperpowercountries,SSIshaveempoweredthecommonmantowalkwiththesamestrideasthebig-wigs.ForIndiatobeasuperpower,itismustmakeeffortstostrengtheneachandeverythreadofitseconomicfabrictomaketheflagofitssuccessflyhigh.2.2REVIEWOFGLOBALSTUDIESOFRURALENTREPRENEURSHIPDEVELOPMENTMississippiDeltaandGrandeValleyofAmerica:RuralentrepreneurshipinMississippiDeltaandGrandeValleyofAmericawasnotperformingwell.Theregressionmodelwasusedtoexaminethecauseofthepoorperformanceinbusinessbyanalyzingthehumancapitalandeconomicgrowthinthatregion.Theregionhadbeenknownas‘BlackBelt’andmajorityofthesettlerswereAfricanswhosettleddowninthatregionafterthewar.Thereasonforpoorperformanceofbusinesswasthatentrepreneurshipeducationandprogramswerenotconductedsufficiently.Thisresultedinpoorperformanceoftheentrepreneurialactivity(RalphD.Christy&WylinDassle,2000).

37
Swaziland:ThesmallestcountryinSouthernAfrica,Swazilandisclassifiedasamiddle-incomeeconomy,butthedistributionofincomeisunequalandnearlyhalfthepopulationlivesbelowthenationalpovertyline.Itspopulationislargelyruralandthestructureoftheeconomyhasshiftedovertheyearsfromanagriculturalbasetomanufacturing.AccordingtotheNationalReporttotheWorldSummitonSustainabledevelopment(2002),despiteenjoyingrelativepeaceandprosperityandgoodeconomicperformanceoverpastdecadesintermsofgrowthandfiscalstability,Swazilandnowfacesanumberofchallenges.Theseincludemaintainingmacro-economicstabilitywhileprovidingbettereducationandhealth,governanceissuesandgenderinequality,highunemploymentrates,theneedtoattractnewinvestmentandadapttoachangingtradeenvironment.TheAfricanDevelopmentBank(1999)statesthatoneofthemainconstraintsinSwaziland’seconomicdevelopmentisarelativelylowindustrialresourcebaseincludingtheshortageofindigenousentrepreneurs.Over70%ofSwaziland’spopulationlivesinvillages,itmakesitallthemorenecessarytomakeanearnestattempttocreateanenvironmentandsupportingpolicieswhichwillaidinthedevelopmentofruralentrepreneurs.AnassessmentofgrowthpotentialsofSwazilandshowthatthemajorpotentialsourcesofgrowthareintheagriculturalsector,includingagro-industrialactivities,aswellasintourismandmining.Thecountry’secologicalconditionsareidealforgrowingawiderangeofcropsanddiversifyingcommercialandtraditionalagricultureintohighvaluehorticulturalcrops,whichhavelinkageswithagro-industrialactivities.

38
GivenSwaziland’spleasantandvariedlandscape,tourismprospectsareextremelybuoyantandasyetunder-exploited.Therearealsoseveralopportunitiesforgrowthinthemineralsector.Keepinginmindthevariousguidelineswhichhavebeendiscussedabove,thedawnofSwaziland’sruraleconomyliesinthehandsofitsentrepreneurs.Asiancountries:TheGlobalEntrepreneurshipMonitor(GEM)monitorstheentrepreneurialactivitiesofAsiancountriesandtherolethatentrepreneursplayineconomicdevelopmentinruralarea.Cross-sectionalanalysiswasusedinexaminingthedatafromGEMrevealingtheroleofgovernmentsandinternationalorganizationsinsupportingtheenterprisesthuscontributingtoeconomicgrowth(JamesRichardson,2004).TherelevantissuesrelatingtothelocalentrepreneurialstateandthewaysitfacilitatedtheemergenceofentrepreneurshipinruralareainChinahasspurredLiandMatleytoconductastudyontherelationshipbetweenentrepreneurshipandsmallbusinessdevelopment.Theyconductedasurveyamong800entrepreneursrandomlyselectedfromBeijing,ShanghaiandGuangzhoutoexaminetherelationshipbetweenentrepreneurshipandsmallbusinessdevelopment.Theresultshownthattherewasnosignificantrelationshipbetweenentrepreneurshipandsmallbusinessdevelopment.(JinLiandHarryMatley,2006).China:InChina,theemergenceandevolutionofruralbio-energyentrepreneurshipinruralareawasregardedasabusinessventure.Inordertodeterminethebusinessperformance,thedatawerecollectedfromthree siteswithinSouthEastChina(Liuminying,ShengchangandHeyong)whichispartof

39
Fujianprovince.TheframeworkdesignedbyJacobssonandJohnson(2004)wasusedincross-examiningthefactorssupportingthegrowthofbio-energyentrepreneurs.Factoranalysisrevealedthatthenetworkingamongtheentrepreneurswasthekeyfactorforthecontinuousgrowthinthebio-energydevelopment(LinNa,2008).Bangladesh:DevelopmentofentrepreneurshipamongtheruralwomeninBangladeshhassignificantrelationshipwiththemicrocreditsystem.MultivariateAnalysistechniquehasbeenusedinidentifyingthefactorsrelatingtofinancemanagementamongtheruralwomen.Amodelofmicrocreditprogramwasdevelopedtoexaminethefactorsthatleadtothesuccessofthe ruralwomaninmanagingtheircreditandsustainingthebusinessaswell.Theoutcomewasthatthefamilymembersandspouseshavegiventhe support fortheborrowerstomaintainthefinancialcommitment(SharminaAfinetal,2008).Israel:InIsrael,twenty-twopercentofthepopulationisKibbutzcommunitiespeople.Factorsinfluencingentrepreneurialintensityamongthekibbutzcommunitieswereunknown.SibylleH.,administeredquestionnairesontheiractivitiesforaperiodoftenyears(1994to2004)byusingthecomprehensivequestionnairetechniques.ThefactorsthatmaintainedtheentrepreneurialintensityamongthekibbutzcommunitiesinIsraelwereorganizationalsizeandage(SibylleHeibrum,2008).NorthEastEngland:TheimpactofeducatedruralimmigrantssettingupnewbusinessinNorthEastEnglandwasanissueforhumancapitalandsocial

40
economy.Bosworthinvestigatedthefactorssupportingtheirentrepreneurshipbycollectingdatathroughpostalsurvey.Theresultrevealedtheruralimmigrantshavinghighereducationalqualificationengageinnetworkingamongthemselvesandhavecontributedtothedevelopmentofhumancapitalandsocialeconomy.(GaryBosworth,2009)Entrepreneurswithruraloriginsprefertostarttheirbusinessesinruralareasandhalfofentrepreneursmigratebacktotheirhomeinparticulartotakelocalcomparativeadvantages.LiYuandArtzinvestigatedonentrepreneurshipactivitiesanddrewaconnectionbetweenmigrationandeconomicdevelopment,especiallytheroleofbusinessformationinruraldevelopment.Theyfoundthattheruralentrepreneursstartbusinesswithintheirvicinitybecausetheywereabletoobtainfinancialsupportfromfamilymembers,friendsandlocalbankstostartabusiness(LiYuandArtz,2009).T.Prabakar(2002)HehasdonearesearchontheentrepreneurshipinhouseholdinTrichyTown.HehastriedtofindouttheFactorsresponsibleforentrepreneurshipandtheproblemsfacedbythem.HehasfoundthroughthefieldstudytheentrepreneursarefacingproblemsregardingfinancemarketingandsegmentedthattheSHGcouldbepromotedtoundertakethebusinessactivityoftheruralareaalso.Dr.G.Chelladurai(2002)Inhisarticle,“entrepreneurEntrepreneurship”HeSuggestthatwhenpropereducationandenvironment are given the socialtaboocanbebrokenupandentrepreneurforcecanbeusedasagoodhuman

41
resourcepotentialforthedevelopmentofthenation.Familycounselingmustalsoformpartoftheentrepreneurialprogramme.C.NatrajanandM.Kavitha(2003)Intheirarticlenamed,“competenciesoftheentrepreneurentrepreneurs”.Theysuggestedthatthefinancialinstitutionassistingentrepreneurentrepreneursshallprovidenecessaryguidelinestotheentrepreneurentrepreneursforgettingfinancialassistanceattherighttime.J.SureshReddy(2004)Inhisarticle“Entrepreneurshipconceptisanddevelopment”HeSuggestedthatEntrepreneurshipisdefaultbarometerofoveralleconomicsocialandindustrialgrowth.ArunthatiChaltopadhya(2005)Theyemphasizedthateconomicempowermentiselevatingthestatusofentrepreneurisoursociety.Onepossibleapproachtowardsachievingthisendcouldbethroughentrepreneurshipdevelopment.KamalaKannan.K.(2005)Heinvestigatedthedevelopmentofentrepreneurship.Developmentofentrepreneurshipamonghasbecomeanimportantaspectoftheoveralleconomicdevelopment.ThisarticlegivesadetailedanalysisoffinancialinstitutionscommercialbanksandNGOsengaged infinancingandpromotingentrepreneurshipamongentrepreneur.K.LavanyaLatha(2006)Herarticlenamedas”EntrepreneurEntrepreneurs-Astudyonserviceenterprises”.Shesuggestedthathardwork,selfconfidence,selfdetermination,Personalitytraitsand

42
availabilityoftimely

42
financialsupportweretheimportantfactorsforSuccessofEntrepreneurEntrepreneurs.Rajanarayanan(2006)Hisarticle,mentionedaboutSupportsystemforthesuccessofEntrepreneurEntrepreneurs.HeSuggestedthatthegovernment–bothcentralandstagehavetosetupseveralinstitutionsandcenterstosupportruralentrepreneurentrepreneurstoestablishtheirunits.TheHindu(2006)“IndiahasnodearthEntrepreneurs”.Infact,Indiahasover42millionEnterprisesascomparedtofewerthan6millionintheU.S.Manyofthesewouldbemicroenterpriseslikethevegetablesvendors,thepainshopandthelike.NewEntrepreneursneedtocomeforwardtobuildmediumandlargeenterprises–whereIndiahaslessthan6lakh,Enterprisesascomparedto12lakhinU.S.Mr.LigiGeorge(2006)Chairman,ConfederationofIndiaIndustry(CII)MaduraiRegion,addressingthestudentsofdepartmentofBusinessAdministration,atbusinesslineclubmeetingorganizedatMaduraiKamarajUniversityhesaidthat“Entrepreneurshipisnotasubjectbutanexperience”.NancyM.CarterandKatheleenR.Allen(1997)Theresultsuggestedthatsupportfortheavailabilityoffinancialresourcesisamajorinfluenceonattaininglargesize,overwhelmingtheeffectoftheentrepreneur’sforstylechoiceorintension.Itsuggeststhatentrepreneursmustplacemoreemphasisonfinancialaspectofbusinessandonbuildingbankingrelationship.Helping

43
womentogainaccesstobankersandotherssourceswouldincreasethesizeofbusiness.H.S.AnithaandA.S.Lasmixha(1999)intheirstudyobservedthatentrepreneursaremotivatedbybothpullandpushfactors,andevidencethatentrepreneursarenolongbornbuttheycanbemade.Theysuggestedthatingovernmentandnon-governmentorganizationshavetoplayavitalrole.K.ChidambaramandThenmozhi.G(1998)analysedthevariousconstraintsfacedbywomenentrepreneursincludingsocial-psychoconstraints,personal,economic,supportsystemconstraintsandcalledforeffectivestepstomitigatetheconstraints.MeeraBal(1998)observedthatthecommunityinitiativeshavebeentakingtheissuesofwomeninbusinessseriouslyforthepasttenyears.Sheunderlinedthatfemaleentrepreneursneedpsychologicalsupportdesignedtoreinforceentrepreneurialspiritamongwomen,technicalassistanceinthedevelopmentofabusinessproject,marketingsupportandguidancethroughthedevelopmentphase,wouldimprovetheentrepreneurialbaseintheregion.DavidJ.Lewis(1996)hadidentifiedthenatureofruralentrepreneurshipinthelightofgreenrevolutionandarguesthatprocessesoftechnologicalchangeunderprivatizationandstructuraladjustmenthavecreatednewopportunitiesleadingtothecreationofnewformsoftechnology-basedenterpriseinruralareas.

44
N.Manimekalai(1999)suggestedthatbyconductingconferencesbybringingentrepreneursandbankerstogetherdevelopingpoliticalskillandawareness,supportnetworkstovoiceentrepreneurs,assistancefrommaleexperienceentrepreneursetc.entrepreneurialbasemaybeenhanced.N.Manimekalai&G.Rajeswari(2000)observedthatinTiruchirappalli,entrepreneursarefoundinrisktakingindustrialactivitiesrequiringmoderntechniquesofproduction.Theseentrepreneursfacedtheproblemsofdualresponsibility,buttheywereabovetomanagebydelegatingtheirresponsibilitiesanddutieswithoutanydetrimenttothenormalchore.Theproblemsfacedinclude,shortageofcapital,lackofseedcapitalandthedependenceofinformalsourcesofcredit,andlackofinitiativetoexpandtheirscaleofoperationsduetofinancialconstraints.ManimekalaiandGanesanonglobalentrepreneurs(2001)foundthatentrepreneurswhoareemergingasaforceinrecenttimes,associatethroughnetworkingwhichmustbeencouragedandsupportedbothbygovernmentandfamily.Itisobservedthatageisnotabarriertoventureintobusinessforwomen.Majorityoftheentrepreneurintheglobalcontexthailedfromurbanregion,welleducatedtechnicallyandprofessionally.Themotivationalfactorsdifferedconsiderablybetweendevelopedanddevelopingcountries,asitismorenon-economicfactorsfortheformerandeconomicfactorsforthelatter.Althoughentrepreneurhaveenteredeverysphere,therearesomewhichcanhavemoresuccessinthehandsofentrepreneur.Amongthesearebeauty,

45
fashion,clothes,accessories,catering,healthandfitnesscentres,healthresorts,restaurantsandsoon.Butthereisever-wideningscopeandneverendingopportunities.Thisstudyhasattemptedtoanalysethenatureandcharacteristicsofentrepreneursinurbanmicroenterprises.Itwasfurtherprobedtomakeananalysisofthemicroentrepreneursinamosttraditionalactivitysuchas‘tailoring’andthemostmodernactivitysuchas‘beautyclinics’.

46
CHAPTER-IIICONCEPTSANDDEFINITIONS3.1CONCEPTSEntrepreneursarepersonswhoinitiate,organize,manageandcontroltheaffairsofabusinessunit,whetheritpertainstoagriculture,industry,tradeandprofession.Theycombinethefactorsofproductionandsupplyofgoodsandservice.
1
Thustheentrepreneurisacentralfigureinanyeconomicactivityandthepropellerofdevelopmentunderfreeenterprise.Agriculturalandindustrialdevelopmentsaregearedupbyentrepreneurship.
2
Theconceptofentrepreneurshipbatteriesprecisedefinitionsinceitvariesfromplacetoplace,fromindustrytoindustryandfromoccupationtooccupation.Thewordentrepreneursareoftenusedinterchangeablywithentrepreneurshipwhichreferstoaprocessandnotaperson.
3
Quesnayregardstherichfarmeranentrepreneurwhomanagesandmakeshisbusinessprofitablebyhisintelligenceskillandwealth.Theentrepreneur isanimportantinputofeconomicdevelopment.Heisacatalystofdevelopment.AccordingtoJ.BSAYanentrepreneuristheeconomicagentwhountiesallmeansofproduction,thelabourforceoftheoneandthecapitalor land of theothersandwhofindsinthevalueoftheproductshisresultfromtheir
1
GeorgeHebertanEvans.Jr.,TheentrepreneurandeconomictheoryAmericanEconomyReview,1949,p.338.
2
GangadharaRao,N.,EntrepreneurshipandGrowthofenterpriseinIndustrialEstates,DeepandDeep

47Publications,NewDelhi,1986,p.17.
3
Richard.A.Paterson,EntrepreneurshipandorganizationinPaul.C.NystornandWilliamA.Starbunch(e.d)HandbookofOrganizationalDesign,Vol.I.,OxfordUniversityPress,1981,p.67.

47
employmentthereconstructionofentirecapitalthatutilizesandthevalueofthewagestheinterestandtherentwhichhepaysaswellasprofitbelongingtohimself/herself.Entrepreneurshipisaprocessundertakenbyanentrepreneur.Itisanexerciseinvolvinginnovationandcreativitythatwillgotowardsestablishinghis/herenterprise.Entrepreneurshipisacompositeskilltheresultantofamixofmanyqualitiesandtraitstheseincludetangiblefactorsasimagination,readinesstotakerisk,abilitytobringtogetherandputtouseotherfactorsofproduction,capital,labourlandasalsointangiblefactorssuchastheabilitytomobilizescientificandtechnologicaladvances.Aproperdefinitionandclearexplanationoftheconceptsusedinthisstudywouldhelptheresearcherinthebetterunderstandingofthediscussionscarriedon.Entrepreneursarethebackboneofanation’seconomicprogress.Theyorganizeland,labourandcapitalandprovidethemuchneededgoodsandservicestothepeople.Therefore,theyaresometimesreferredtoas“fourthfactorofproduction”theycreatewealthandgiveemploymenttolargesectionsofthesociety.3.1.1EntrepreneurTheword‘entrepreneur’isderivedfromtheFrenchword‘entrepreneur’whichmeans“between-taker”,“go-between”or“undertaker”.ThetermentrepreneurwasintroducedtobusinessinitiallybytheFrencheconomist.AccordingtoJ.Btheterm“Entrepreneur”denotesapersonwhodischargesthe

48
entrepreneurialfunctionofco-ordination,organization,supervisionandriskbearing”.3.1.2DevelopmentofEntrepreneurshipTheoryThefollowingarethevarioustermswhichwereusedindifferentperiodoftime.16
th
Century :Menengagedinleadingmilitaryexpeditionswerereferredtoasentrepreneurs.17
th
Century :Personbearingrisksforprofit.18
th
Century :Frencheconomistshadgivenspecialmeaningtoentrepreneurandentrepreneurship,withdifferencesarisinglargelyfrom thecharacteristicsofthesectoroftheeconomythatchieflyattractedtheirattention.MiddleAge :Actorandpersoninchangeoflarge-scaleproductionprojects.1725,RichardCantillon:Personbearingrisksisdifferentfromonesupplyingcapital.1803,JeanBaptiste :Separatedprofitsfromthecapitaltothepersonwhoisknownasentrepreneurs.

49
1876,FrancisWalker :Distinguishedbetweenthosewhosuppliedfundsandreceivedinterestandthosewhoreceivedprofitfrommanagerialcapacities.1934,JosephSchumpeter:Entrepreneurisaninnovatoranddevelopsuntriedtechnology.1961,DavidMccelland:Entrepreneurisanenergetic,moderate,risktaker.1964,PeterPrueker:EntrepreneurMaximizeopportunities.1975,AlbertShapero :Entrepreneurs’takesinitiative,organizessomesocialandeconomicmechanismsandacceptsrisksoffailure.1980,Karlvesper :Entrepreneurseendifferentlybeeconomists,psychologist,burnpersonsandpoliticians.1983,GiffordPinchot :Intrapreneurisanentrepreneurwithinanalreadyestablishedorganization.1985,RobertHisrich :Entrepreneurshipistheprocessofcreatingsomethingdifferentwithvaluebydevotingthenecessarytimeandauthor,assumingtheaccompanyingFinancial,psychologicalandsocialrisks,andreceivingtheresultingrewards ofmonetaryandpersonalsatisfaction.

50
3.2DEFINITIONHigginshasdefinedentrepreneurshipas“thefunctionofseekinginvestmentandproductionopportunity,organizingandenterprisetoundertakeanewproductionprocessraisingcapitalhiringlabour,arrangingforthesupplyofrawmaterialsandselectingtopmanagerforthedaytodayoperationoftheenterprise.OxfordEnglishDictionary(1993)definedentrepreneuras“onewhoundertakesanenterpriseespeciallyacontractoractingasintermediarybetweenlabourandcapitals.JosephA.Schumpeterdefinesentrepreneurasonewhointroducessomethingnewintheeconomy.PeterDruckerhasaptlyobservedthatinnovationinthespecifictoolofentrepreneurthatmeansbywhichtheychangeasanopportunityforadifferentbusinessoradifferentservices.AccordingtoDruckerthefollowingconditionaretobefulfilledincaseofanentrepreneur.(a)Innovationatwork;itrequiresknowledgeandingenuity.Itmakesgreatdemandsondiligence,persistenceandcommitment.(b)Tosucceedinnovationmustbuildontheirstrengths.(c)Innovationalwayshastobeclosetomarketfocusedonthemarket.

51
Entrepreneurisnotinfluencedbyasinglefactorbutistheoutcomeoftheinteractionandcombinationofvariesenvironmentalfactors.Bychangingtheenvironmentalsocietycanberecreated.Itisthe“desiretomakemoney“thatderivesonetostartanindustryratherthantheamountofmoneyoneowns.Encouraginggovernmentalpoliciesandsocialrecognitioninfluenceapersontobecomeanentrepreneur.3.3NEWCONCEPTOFENTREPRENEURTheterm‘entrepreneur’hasbeendefinedasonewhodetectandevaluatesanewsituationinhisenvironmentanddirectsthemakingofsuchadjustmentsnecessary.Forsuccessfulrunningoftheenterprisetheentrepreneurperformsthefollowing.1.Perceivesopportunitiesforprofitableinvestments.2.Explorestheprospectsofstartingsuchamanufactureenterprise.3.Obtainnecessaryindustriallicenses.4.Arrangeinitialcapital.5.Providespersonalguarantiestothefinancialinstitution.6.Promisestomeettheshortfallsinthecapital.7.Suppliestechnicalknowhow.3.4ENTREPRENEURIALPROCESSThefirststage:Chargeinthesocio-economicenvironmentleadstochargesintheeveryaspectsoflifeinthecountry.

52
Secondstage:Startingofnewventure.Thirdstage :Entrepreneurshipwhichleadstoexploitationofnewopportunitiesthroughnewcombinationsofitsavailableresources.Fourthstage :Co-coordinatingthevariedactivitiestoachievetheentrepreneurialgoal.3.5ENVIRONMENTFORENTREPRENEURSHIPTheentrepreneursarethosewhofindbusinessopportunitiesintheavailableenvironment.Therearesomayfactorwhichmayinfluenceanindividualtochooseentrepreneurship.Thefollowingarethesomeofthefactorsofenvironment.1.Socio–economicenvironment2.Familyback–ground3.Standardofeducationandtechnicalknowledge4.Financialability5.Politicalstabilityandgovernmentpolicy6.Casteandreligionaffiliation7.Availabilityofsupportingfacilities8.Achievementmotivation9.Personalityandpersonalskills

53
3.6FEATURESOFENTREPRENEURSHIPTobeasuccessfulentrepreneurthefollowingfeatureareidentified.1.Innovation2.Functionofhighachievement3.Organizationbuilding4.Grouplevelactivities5.Managerialskillsand6.Gapfilling7.Statuswithdrawal8.EntrepreneurialSupply9.Entrepreneurship3.7IMPORTANCEOFENTREPRENEURSHIPTherehasbeenwiderecognitionthattheentrepreneurialdevelopmentisessentialnotonlytosolvetheproblemofindustrialdevelopmentbutalsotosolvetheproblemofunemployment,unbalancedareaofdevelopment,concentrationofeconomicpoweranddiversificationofprofitfromtraditionalavenuesofinvestment.Therefore,theGovernment’sdevelopmentalagenciesandotherinstitutionsundertakethetaskofentrepreneurialpromotion.Industrialdevelopmentoccursmainlyonaccountofconstantstrivingofhumanagenciesthatareresponsivetobusinessincentivesandmotivation.InIndustrialparlancethisresponsivenessofhumanagenciesistermedasentrepreneurship.

54
‘Anumberofsocialscientistshavecontendedthatentrepreneurshipisthekeyvariablewhichlinksthesocio-culturalmilieuwiththerateofeconomicdevelopment.Recently,economistshaveshiftedtheemphasisfromtherateofcapitalformationtothegrowthofhigh-levelmanpower(suchasentrepreneur)asthemajordeterminantsoftherateofeconomicgrowth.Entrepreneursassumevariousrolesinthedevelopmentprocessviz.,1)Heisanorganizerofhumanandmaterialresources,workers,consumersandexchangeagents2)Theentrepreneurbyassumingrisksanduncertaintiescausesareductionofriskandlesseningofpricefluctuationsandhelpstoincreaseproduction3)Hepromotestheestablishmentofequilibriumbetweensupplyanddemandandhenceconsumptionbecomesmoresteady4)Heguidestheinvestmentofcapitalincommerceandsecurities.Wheneveranindustrybecomesprofitable,theentrepreneuranticipatesthatinadvanceandofferhigherpricesforthestockofsuchanindustryandthusthepricelistofthevarioussharesandstocksappearasagoodguideforinvestors
4
“Anentrepreneurisapartofindustrialsocietyandassuchheshouldbeconsideredasanasset.Heisresponsiblefornotonlymakinghisownsourceoflikelihoodbutalsoforcreatingavenuesofemploymentforothersandmakingadditionstothegrossnationalproduct
5
.
4
Dr.Zu.Khairoowala“EntrepreneurialDevelopmentItsConceptsandGrowth”MaheenandMahreenPublication1989p.i-ii
5
S.B.Srivastav,“APracticalGuidetoIndustrialEntrepreneurs”,SultanChandofsons,New

55Delhi,1981p.1

55
Oneofthefactorsinhibitingindustrialdevelopmentofdevelopingcountryisdearthofentrepreneurship.Underdevelopedcountriesareconsiderablyaffectedbecauseofshortageofentrepreneurs.Entrepreneursarereluctanttoplaytheirroleinunderdevelopedcountriessincetheyhaveverylikescopetoplayinsuchacountry.Henceunderdevelopedcountriesaretocontinuetobeunderdevelopeduntiltheyachieveastageofindustrialdevelopmentattractingtheentrepreneurs.Probablytillsuchtimethestatehastoassumetheroleofentrepreneurs.Indevelopingcountries,thetypeofentrepreneurs’requiredarenotthoseof‘Schumpeterian’innovatorswhoinnovatenewproductornewtechnology,butthosewhocanadopttheproductsandtechnologiesofadvancedcountriestotheparticularconditionsofdevelopingcountries.Strictlyspeakingtheyarenotinnovatorsbutimitators.Theirservicesareverymuchneededinsuchcountries.Innovativeentrepreneurswillverymuchhesitatetofunctioninsuchcountriesasthescopeforthemisverymuchlimited.Entrepreneurshiphasbeenrecognizedasanimportantfactorofeconomicdevelopment.Ifitisnotasufficientcondition,itisdefinitelyanecessaryconditionforeconomicdevelopment.Entrepreneurshipisanimportantingredientofeconomicdevelopmentandthedynamicentrepreneursareconsideredtobetheagentsofchangeinasociety.Growthanddevelopmentofindustrythereforedependontheexistenceoftherighttypeofentrepreneurs.

56
Theentirechangeanddevelopmentofallthesectorsofthecivilizationissurelytheresultofindustrializationwhichwasmadepossiblebytheeffortsofentrepreneurs.Theexperienceofthedevelopedcountrieshaveprovedthatthechangesintheinitialconditionsoftheeconomycanbebroughtaboutthroughindustrialization.Thissectorinducestheshiftofthemanpowerfromtheprimarysectorviz.,agriculturetoindustry.Thusultimatelythecreationofemploymentleadstoincreaseinthepercapitalincomeofthepopulation.Now-a-days,wefindtheeconomistsofthecurrentagespeakofthebalancedgrowthofthevarioussectorsoftheeconomy.Allthesectorsarecomplementaryandnotcompatiblefortheprogressanddevelopmentofthecountry.Theentirechangeanddevelopmentofthecivilizationissurelytheresultofindustrialisationwhichwasmadepossiblebytheentrepreneur.MCClellandhasrightlyhypothesizedthattheneedforachievementintheentrepreneurialpotentialisthepsychologicalfactorwhichengenderseconomicgrowthanddecline.Withtheintroductionofscienceandtechnologythereisgrowingawarenessoftheeconomicbackwardness.Hencethereisachangingroleoftheentrepreneurinthedevelopingeconomies.ItistheSchumpeterianinnovativeentrepreneurwhoputsthescienceandtechnologyiseconomicperspective,usetheinnovativeentrepreneurasthekeytorapidindustrialization and therebyeconomicdevelopment.Theyarehoweverfoundindevelopedregionsonly.

57
Somedoubtsalready,areexpressedabouttheiravailabilityinunderdevelopedregionsoftheworld.3.8CHARACTERISTICSOFASUCCESSFULENTREPRENEURAsperRobertD.Hisrichthefollowingqualitiesareidentifiedtobesuccessfulentrepreneur.Motivator:Anentrepreneuristheonewhoformsandmotivatesothersforachievementofindividualgrowthandcareerdevelopment.Self-confidence:Whichisthebackofallhumanactivitiesthereforeasanentrepreneuroneshouldhavebeliefinoneselfandtheabilitytoachievethegoals.Long-terminvolvement:Anentrepreneurmustbecommittedtotheworkorprojectthathehasselectedwithtimeoflongyears.Hardworking:Hardworkingplaysavitalroleinachievingthealreadysetgoals.Tactability:Anentrepreneurshouldbecreativeandtactableenoughtosolvetheuncertainties.Initiative:Anentrepreneurshouldbeinitiativeinfindingofnewmethodsofproductionintheexistingmethods.Goalsetter:Anentrepreneurshouldbeabletosetchallengingbutrealisticgoals.

58
Moderaterisktaken:Risktakingisthemostimportantqualitythatisrequiredforanentrepreneur,theremaybeloss,failureandmisfortunesinthebusinessbutheshouldgobeyondtoachievethemaximumprofitabilityandoverallefficiency.(VasanthDesai,1997).3.9CLASSIFICATIONANDTYPESOFENTREPRENEURSEntrepreneursisapersonwhodiscoversnewideasandopportunities,bringstogetherfundstoestablishabusinessorganizesandmanageit’soperationsinordertoprovidegoodsandservicestothesociety.Therearevariouswaysbywhichentrepreneurisclassified.Differentauthoritieshaveclassifiedentrepreneursdifferentlyatdifferenttimes.ThemostpopularclassificationhasbeengivenbyClearanceDankoffonthebasisofhisstudyoftheAmericanAgriculture.Innovativeentrepreneur:isonewhoisabletoforeseepotentialityviableandprofitableopportunitiesthroughinnovation.AnadoptiveorImitativeentrepreneurisonewhoisreadytoadaptthesuccessfulinnovationalreadyinauguratedbyinnovatingentrepreneurs.Inotherwordsanimitativeentrepreneurdoesnotinnovateanythingbyhimselfbutimitatethetechnologyandmethodsofothers.Fabinentrepreneur;isonewhoadoptsagreatcautionasskepticisminintroducinganychangeinthebusiness.

59
Droneentrepreneurs;isonewhoblindlyfollowsthetraditionalmethodsofproductionevenwhenitcauseslosstohim.3.10PROTECTEDENTREPRENEURSHIPTheprotectedentrepreneurshipexistsinIndiainalargemeasure.ThistypeofentrepreneursgetasortofprotectionforproductionormarketingeitherfromtheGovernmentorpublicsectororlargeprivatesectorundertakings.InIndia,ancillarisationisadoptedasaninstrumentforthepromotionofsmallscaleindustries.Herethelarge,mediumandsmallscaleindustriesworktogetherformutualbenefit.InIndiaalargenumberofancillarysmallscaleunitshavebeenlocatedwithintheclosevicinityoflargescaleunitsofthepublicandprivatesectorinalltheindustrialcentresofthecountry.Thus,ancillarisationformsasortofprotectedentrepreneurship.InIndiathegrowthofprotectedentrepreneurshipofsmallscaleindustriesisacceleratedbytheGovernmentthroughtheindustrialestates.Thesmallscaleindustriesgetrawmaterials,designandmarketfortheproductsfromlargescaleindustries.3.11RURALENTREPRENEURSHIPTheshiftingofruralfolkfromagriculturetomanufacturingandotherserviceactivitiesmustnotleadtomigrationofpeopletourbanareas.Hence,industrieslikehandlooms,handicrafts,khadhivillageindustries,sericultureetc.shouldbeestablishedintheruralareaitself.

60
Moreover,ruralentrepreneursestablishalinkbetweenagriculturalalliedactivitiessuchaspoultry,sheepbreeding,piggeryenddairydevelopmentandagrobasedindustrieslikesugarcaneprocessing,crushingprocessingoffoodgrains,fruitsandvegetables.Thereismuchscopeinagriculturalmarketforstorageanddistributionofchemicalfertilizers,improvedseeds,agriculturalimplements,pesticides,insecticidesandconsumerarticles.3.12COLLECTIVEENTREPRENEURSHIPIncollectiveentrepreneurship,theindustrialskillsareintegratedintoagroup.Theylearnhowtohelpotherstoperformbetter.Collectiveentrepreneurshipentailscloseworkingrelationshipamongpeopleatallstagesoftheprocess.Participationoflabouroremployeesinthemanagementboardisaformofcollectiveentrepreneurship.StateBankofIndiaandmanypublicsectorundertakingsnominatetwooftheirofficerstoitsBoardofDirectorsWorkersparticipationinequityisanothersteptakeninIndiaforcollectiveentrepreneurship.3.13GOVERNMENTENTREPRENEURSHIPTheemergenceofGovernmentasanentrepreneurinsettinguppublicsectorundertakings,establishmentoffinancialandnon-financialcorporationsforthepromotionofprivatesectorindustriesandextensionofvariousfinancialandnon-financialincentivesforthepromotionofsmallscale industrial units istermedasGovernmententrepreneurship.TheGovernmenthasinitiatedthe

61
processofentrepreneurialgrowthbysupplyofessentialinputslikepower,coalwater,gasandotherinputs.3.14MOTIVATIONALFACTORSINENTREPRENEURSHIPAnentrepreneurshipventureisbornofsomemotivatingfactorsanditsgrowthismaintainedbythesustainedtempoofmotivation.Thereareatleastfourkindsofmotivationalfactorsthatlaunchtheentrepreneursintoindustrialventures.Theyare,1.Pure2.Spontaneous3.Inducedand4.Motivated3.14.1PureApureentrepreneurmaybedefinedasonewhosesenseofegodriveshimtowardsentrepreneurship.Suchasentrepreneurstakesdelightinpersonalsatisfactioninwork.Thougheconomicrewardisconstantlykeptinmind,theforceofthepsychologicaldriveplaysagreatpartintheconceptionandfunctioningoftheindustrialventuresofsuchpureentrepreneurs.3.14.2SpontaneousentrepreneursSpontaneousentrepreneursaredifferentfrompureentrepreneursinthesensethatinsteadoftheegodominating,itisthesenseofconfidencethat

62
inducestheeffortsofspontaneousentrepreneurs.Therealizationofanaturaltalentforentrepreneurshipinthemandthespontaneousabilitytomakeboldinitiativesarethedistinguishingfeaturesofspontaneousentrepreneurs.3.14.3InducedEntrepreneursTheinducedentrepreneurisonewhostartsaventurebyavailingthesystemsincentives,concessionsandotherfacilitiesofferedbytheGovernment.Suchasentrepreneurwouldbemorecalculativethanthespontaneousentrepreneurs.3.14.4MotivatedEntrepreneursThemotivatedentrepreneursaremostlygovernedbythereasonforwhichtheydesiretodevelopeconomically.Thiskindofentrepreneurwillshowamarkedtendencytoproduceandmarketnewproductsfortheuseoftheconsumers.3.15FUNCTIONSOFENTREPRENEURMostofthedefinitionsofentrepreneurarestatedintermsofhisfunction.Butthefactisthattheentrepreneurialtaskisnothomogenous.Itisnotcarriedoutinthesamewayindifferentcircumstances.Thefunctionsofentrepreneurwouldchangefromtimetotimeandplacetoplaceandsoistheconceptofentrepreneur.Itdiffersdependinguponthestateandstageofeconomicdevelopmentinacountry.

63
Entrepreneurshavetoperformmultiplefunctionsinanunderdevelopedeconomy,wherevirtuallyanykindoflabourisentrepreneurial.“Entrepreneurcreatesorexpandstime-bindinginput–transformingentities(firms)
6
.Theprimaryfunctionsofentrepreneuraretheinvestmentsoftime,capitalandenergyineconomicallysignificantpursuits.Theemphasisisondecisionmakinginitsvariousaspects.J.B.Says’definitionassociatesentrepreneurwiththefunctionsofco-ordination,organisationandsupervision.Accordingtohim‘anentrepreneurisonewhocombinesthelandofone,thelabourofanotherandthecapitalofyetanotherandproducesaproduct.Fromthesalesamountoftheproductinthemarket,hepaysinterestoncapital,rentonlandandwagestolabourersandtheremainderishis/herprofit.Ingeneral,thefunctionsofanentrepreneurcanbeclarifiedintothree(i)innovation(ii)riskbearingand(iii)organisationandmanagement.3.15.1InnovationInSchumpeter’sviewofthebasicfunctionofanentrepreneurwastoinnovate.“Everyoneisanentrepreneuronlywhenheactuallycomesoutwithanewcombinationandlosesthatcharacterassoonashehasbuiltuphisbusiness,whenhesettlesdowntorunningitasotherpeopleruntheirbusiness
7
”.
6
HarveyLiberstein,“EntrepreneurshipandDevelopment”,TheAmericanEconomicReview,volVIIINo.2,May1969,p.75.
7
JosephA.Schumpeter:TheTheoryofEconomicDevelopmentCambridgeMass;Harvard

64UniversityPress1959p.78.

64
Innovationimpliesdoingnewthings.Itincludesintroductionofnewproducts,creationofnewmarkets,applicationofnewprocessofproduction,discoveryofnewandbettersourcesofrawmaterialanddevelopinganewandbetterformsofindustrialorganisation.3.15.2RiskTakingRisktakingoruncertaintybearingimpliesassumptionsviz.,theresponsibilityforlossthatmanyoccurduetounforeseencontingenciesofthefuture.EconomistslikeCantillion,J.B.Sayandothersstretchedrisktakingasthespecialfunctionofanentrepreneur.Businessisagameofskillwhereinrisksandrewardsbotharegreat.Anentrepreneurisanespeciallytalentedandmotivatedpersonwhoundertakestherisksofbusiness.3.15.3OrganisationandManagementOrganisationimpliesbringingtogetherthevariousfactorsofproduction.Thepurposeistoallocatetheproductiveresourcesinordertominimiselossesandtoreducecostsinproduction.AlfredMarshallrecognisedorganisationandmanagementoftheenterpriseasthemajorfunctionsofanentrepreneur.Organisationandmanagementincludesplanningofanenterprise,co-ordination,administrationandcontrolandroutinetypeofsupervision.

65
3.16INDIANENTREPRENEURSHIPIndiawasfabulouslywealthycountrytillitwasbroughtundertheforeignyoke.TheIndianmonarchsenrichedkeeninterestininternalandinternationalTrade.AnumberofIndiangoodswereexported.ChiefamongtheexporteditemswerethetextileproductsofancientIndia.IndianSilkandmuslin,whichwereofthebestqualityandofthefinesttexturewithskillfulartisticdesignswereverymuchindemandinwestAsian Western countries. There is historicalevidencetoattesttheuseofIndianMuslininWrappintEgyptianmummies.
8
AssyriaandBahylonimportedIndiancottonfabrics.ImportedIndiancottonfabrics.Preciousstones,metalornaments,JewelsandfragrantessencesmadeinIndiaenjoyedaworldwidemarketduringthefirstphaseofIndianEntrepreneurship.Besidestheseitemsofexport,thespicesandperfumesofIndiaenjoyedagreatdemandintheglobalmarketinancienttimes.TheArabianmerchantswerethemaindealersinthegoodsmentionedaboveduringthecolonialphaseofIndianEntrepreneurship.Moreover,pearlsoftheancientPandyakingdomandivoryfromtheancientCheraKingdomandwerecovetedIndiangoodsevenintheancientRomanEmpire.Duringthe16
th
centurytheIndianEntrepreneurialventuresextendedovervastregionsofcentralAsiaandAfrica.DuringtheMohalperiod,theCoramentalcoastandBengalgainedentrepreneurialsignificance.Thediscovery

66
8
RuddarDattandSundram,K.P.M.,IndianEconomyS.ChandandCc.,NewDelhi.,1984.,p.144.

66
ofthesearoutetoIndiafurtherincreasedthescopeofIndianEntrepreneurshipduringthetimebeforetheBritishestablishedthemselvesasrulersinIndia.Jaipur,Bengal,MaduraiandMasulipatnamwereimportantentrepreneurialcentresinancientIndia.Ahmedabad,Aurangabad,Dacca,Lohore,SuratandHyderbadbecameentrepreneurialcentresduringthemohalperiod.Dharwar,Goa,Mysore,Tanjore,Madurai,NelloreandVisakapatnambecameentrepreneurialcentresduringtheperiodsoftheMarathasandNayaks”
9
3.17ENTREPRENEURIALGROWTHININDIAFromthehistoricalpointofviewtheentrepreneurialpanoramaofIndiacanclassifiedintothreebroadcategoriesaccordingtotime.ThefirstinIndianEntrepreneurialbeforethearrivaloftheBritishandtheestablishmentoftheBritishandruleinIndia.Thiscanbecalledtheprecolonizationperiodofentrepreneurship.ThesecondisthephaseofIndiaEntrepreneurship.ThethirdistheperiodofIndianEntrepreneurshipafterIndianattainedindependencein1947.ThiscanbecalledthePost–IndependentIndianEntrepreneurship.Thehistoricalperspective,throughthethreephasespresentsinanutshellthefluctuatingfortunesofIndianEntrepreneurship.TracinghistoricallytheevolutionofIndianEntrepreneurshipisnotsimplyanattempttorepresentthehistoricalperspective,buttoperceiveacontinuityofrelationshipthroughthethreephases.

67
9
Memoria.,C.B.,OrganizationandFinancingofIndustriesinIndia,KitabMahal,Allahabad,1971,pp.310-311.

67
CHAPTER-IVPROFILEOFTHESTUDYAREA4.1INTRODUCTIONAnentrepreneuristheindividualwhobearsuncertaintyandtakesrisk.Thespiritofenterprisemakesoneasanentrepreneur.Anentrepreneurisaneconomicleaderwhohasthecapacitytosearchopportunitiesfortheintroductionofanewproduct,newsourceofsupply,newtechniqueofproductionetc.essentialqualitiesofanentrepreneurincludeinnovation,risktaking,facingchallenge,creativethinkingandself-motivation.TheintroductionofnewgoodTheintroductionofnewmethodofproductionTheopeningofanewmarketNewsourceofsupplyofrawmaterialsandThecreationofanewtypeofindustrialorganization4.2WOMENENTREPRENEURSHIPININDIAIndia’sFirstPrimeminister,JawaharlalNehruobservedthat,“FreedomdependsoneconomicConditionsevenmorethanpolitical.IfaWomenisnoteconomicallyfreeandself-earning,Shewillhavetodependonherhusbandorsomeoneelseanddependentsareevertrue”.

68
Asaresultofthis,anewperspectivecameintoexistence.Womenwereencouragedtogethighereducationatparwithmen.Facilitieswereprovidedforwomengetnewjobsandenterintoeverywalkoflife.Atthedawnoftheinternationalwomen’syear1975,thePrimeMinisterMrs.IndhiraGandhispokethat,“Sincetimeimmemorialwomenhasbeendiscussedandwrittenaboutmainlyasadecorativeobject.Butwhenshehassteppedoutofthisnice,byandlarge,responsehasbeenoneofcynicismandderisionwomen’sliberationisnotluxuryforIndiabutanurgentnecessitytounablethenationtomoveaheadtoalifewhichmorethansatisfyingmaterially,intellectuallyandspiritually”SixthFive-YearPlanencouragedself-employmentofwomen.Itprovidedapackageofservicestowomenentrepreneurswhowantedtoloveself-employment.InamessagetoIndiacouncilofwomenentrepreneurs,fromlatePrimeMinisterMr.RajivGandhisaid,“Abigeffortisstillrequiredtoensuretheemergenceofwomeninthefieldsofbusinessindustryandentrepreneurship.4.3WOMENENTREPRENEURSHIPINTAMILNADUInTamilNadu,Femalepopulationin49.28percentandtheliteracyrateoftheFemalepopulationis52.29percentasper1991census.Consequentlytheeducatedwomenexactemploymentinthegovernmentdepartments,butthegovernmentcannotprovideemploymenttoallWomen.

69
Hence,itisabsolutelynecessarythatmanyofthemwillhavetofindoutemploymentforthemselves.TakingthisaspectintoconsiderationtheTamilNaduGovernmentstartedentrepreneurshipdevelopmentprogrammerin1991-92tomakewomenstartssmallbusinessunits.Totally800womenweregivingtrainingfortheyears1991-93and1000fortheyear1993-96.Asper2001censusofTamilNaduFemalepopulationis49.68percentandtheliteracyrateortheFemalepopulationis57.13percent.ThoughthemotivationandtraininggivenbytheGovernmentofTamilNadu,Womenarenotwillingtoundertaketherisk.Hence,thestateGovernmentmusttakestetsthroughcompetentagenciestomotivatethewomenfolktostartbusinessventures.4.4ATNATIONALLIVEL4.4.1NationallevelstandingcommitteeonwomenEntrepreneurs(NSE)NationallevelstandingcommitteeonwomenEntrepreneurswasconstitutedunderthechairmanshipoftheMinisteroftheStateforWomenandchildWelfare.ThiscommitteelooksintotheproblemsofwomenEntrepreneursandevolvespoliciesforpromotionofwomenEntrepreneurs.4.4.2NationalallianceofYoungEntrepreneurs(NAYE)NAYEisanationalorganizationofyoungwomenEntrepreneursdevelopments.Thewomen’swingofNAYEwassetupin1975.NAYEgivesimportanttocreatinganewclassofwomenEntrepreneur.

70
4.4.3NationalInstituteforEntrepreneurshipandsmallBusinessDevelopment(NIESBUD)NIESBUDwasestablishedintheyear1983asanapexbodybytheministryofindustry.IthasaspecialcadtomeettherequirementsofwomenEntrepreneurs.Thisinstitutealsopreparestrainingandsandmaterialsconductresearchprojectsandpublishesnewsletter.4.4.4NationalAssociationofWomenEntrepreneursandExecutivesThisisgoverningbodyofnon-projectorganization.Thisbodyactsasclearinghouse.WhichprovidessolutiontotheproblemsfacedbyEntrepreneurs.Italsogivesguidelinestotheirself-developmentandprotection.4.5ATSTATELEVEL4.5.1StateFinancialCorporation(SFC)StateFinancialCorporationhasbeenestablishedindifferentstatesunderSFC’sActofparliamentloanstosmallandmediumscalewomenEntrepreneur.4.5.2SmallIndustriesDevelopmentOrganization(SIDCO)SIDCOisanapexbodywhichimplementingthegovernmentpoliciesregardingthedevelopmentofwomenEntrepreneurs.Itprovides250trainingprogramsto9000Entrepreneursistheyear1978-88.Inadditionwiththisthefollowinginstitutionsarealsoprovideguidelinetowomenentrepreneurs.

71
SmallIndustriesdevelopmentBankofIndia(SIDBI)SmallIndustriesDevelopmentcorporation(SIDCO)4.6ATDISTRICTLEVEL4.6.1DistrictIndustrialcenter(DIC)DICisoperatedineachDistrictunderthesupervisionofDistrictsheads.IfprovidesPrimeMinisterRozgarYojanaProgramtothewomenentrepreneurs.Thedurationoftheprogrammedmaybethree-weektothreemonths. TABLE4.1DETAILSOFPMRYLOANAVAILEDBYWOMENBENEFICIARIES2001-2002to2006-2007(Rs.InLakhs)
YearRecommendedtoBanksSanctionedbyBanksDisbursedbyBankNoAmtNoAmtNoAmt2001-2002444177.84314103.9525492.072002-2003624216.7035893.04327111.172003-2004759250.26385110.7534595.042004-20051040317.79583150.77531140.592005-20061313351.65741176.68673155.692006-2007upto08-02-071099371.61714194.29652181.29Total52451677.313050819.452360658.72SOURCE:DIC(DistrictIndustriesCenter)

72
TABLE4.2WOMENENTREPRENEURDEVELOPMENTPROGRAM(WEDP)YearTargetTrained2011-2012100010002012-2013100010002013-2014100010002014-2015100010002015-201614001400SOURCE:DIC(DistrictIndustriesCenter)4.6.2TamilNaduIndustrialInvestmentCorporationLtd.,(TIIC)TIICisoperatedineachdistrict.Itgivesimportanttotechnocrafts,educatedunemployedperson.Itpromotesthebackwardareasandself-employment.4.6.3TamilNaduAdi-DravidaHousingandDevelopmentCorporation(THADCOA)IthassanctionedRs.48lakhstoUnemploymentyouthswhoaretheresidentsofDistrictbelongstobackwardcaste.4.7ATMUNICIPALITYLEVEL4.7.1MahilaUdyamNidhiScheme(MUNS)Underthisschemethepromotershastocontributed10%oftheprojectcost25%softloanwithoutinterestand1%serviceisimposed.MUNSauthoritygivesthebalance65%.TheceilingloanamountisRs.10lakhs.

73
4.7.2MarginMoneyschemeofKVIC(MMS)KhadiandvillageindustriescommissionhasintroducedtheMMSduring1996.ThisSchemeisgivenimportanttoweakersection.ThisSchemeprovides25%theprojectcostasMarginMoney.4.7.3SwarnaJayanthiGramSwarozgarYOJANAUnderthisschemeNABARDprovidesRs.25,000/-asarevolvingfound.InthatamountRs.10,000istreatedasdeposit,whichisinterestfaceandRs.15,000willbetheloanwithinterestunderthisschemethewomenentrepreneurareeligibleforobtainingtheloanamountinordertostartorimprovetheirbusiness.4.7.4RashtriaMahilaKhoshItistheForeignFoundsAgencies,whichprovidesloantothewomenentrepreneursinjointhandwithlocalmunicipalitiesauthority.4.7.5TradeRelatedEntrepreneurshipAssistanceanddevelopmentforwomen(TREAD)TREADisaNon-GovernmentalOrganization,whichprovidesRawmaterialcreatinginfrastructureFacilitiesandbuybackarrangementsfortheFinishedProducts.4.7.6Self-HelpGroupunderNGO’SAccordingto31/05/03.StatisticsinTirunelveliDistrictthereare22NGO’sfunctioned,whichManaged5504.Self-helpgroupthatcontains90416

74
womenentrepreneurs.ThisNGOSProvideguidelinestothewomenentrepreneurswhobelongtoSHGS.4.8BANKSACTASSUPPORTINDUSTITUTIONTheFollowingbanksarealsoprovidestheFinancialSupporttotheWomenentrepreneurs:CommercialBankTheIndustrialDevelopmentBankCanaraBank.StateBankofIndiaIndustrialFinancialCorporationofIndia.4.9CELLFORWOMENENTREPRENEURSGovernmentofIndiaSeveralNationalizedbankshasopenedaspecialcellforentrepreneurswiththeobjectofpromotingtheirbusiness.Thiscellprovidesfinancialassistancethroughfinancialcorporationsuchas.AndraPradeshWomenCo-operativeFinanceCorporationKarnatakaWomenEconomicDevelopmentcorporationGujaratWomenEconomicDevelopmentCorporationIndianCouncilofWomenEntrepreneursDelhi.AssociationofWomenEntrepreneursBangalore.WomenEntrepreneurscellalsogivennationalandotherawardstothesuccessofthewomen.

75
4.10EXPERTENTREPRENEURMrs.SumatiMorarji(ShippingCorporation)Mrs.KiranMajomtharshaw(BioconCompany)Mrs.NeenaMalthotra(Export)andMrs.ShahnazHussians(Beautyclinic)aresomeexemplarnamesofsuccessfulandaccomplishedwomenentrepreneurinourcountry.FurthersincetheinceptionoftheNationalAwardstosmallEntrepreneursinstitutedin1983,10WomenEntrepreneurshavereceivedspecialrecognitionawards.Theyattributedtheirsuccesstotheiruntiringhardwork.Perseverance,determinenation,Confidenceinthem.Addedtotheseweremenbehindeverysuccessfulwoman.4.11PROBLEMSOFWOMENENTREPRENEURSININDIAWomenEntrepreneursfaceseveralproblemsinourcountry.SomerecentwomenEntrepreneur’sresearchindicatesthatseveralwomenarebeingentrepreneursespeciallythemiddleclasswomenduetopullandpushoftraditionalandchangingvalue.Thebiggestproblemsofawomenentrepreneurarethatsheisawoman.Forthatreasonaloneshehasfacingthefollowingproblem.4.11.1DualRoleWomenhavetoplayadualrole,asahousewifeandasincomeearners.InspiteofSocio-culturalchangeswomenhavetodischargemostof their dutiesashousewifeandmother.Thesepreventthemfromstartingownbusinessunit.

76
4.11.2UnrecognizedsectorsMajorityofthewomenentrepreneursareengagedintheunrecognizedsectorslikeagriculture,handicrafts,handloomsandcottagebasedindustries,wheretheincomethatisthewageareverylowandthereisnoguaranteeforanysecurityorfinancialassistance.4.11.3LackofeducationTheoverallLiteracyPercentageamongFemalesisverylowinIndia.Awomanisdiscouragedintheirfamilyitself.EducationprovidesSelf-ConfidenceandKnowledgeofunderStandingtoworld.Duetothislackofeducationsheisnotabletoenterintothebusinessactivityverydeeply.4.11.4GenderissueWomenaretreatedasCaretakeroftheFamilyandnotthebreadwinner.Theyarerestrictedinthenameofculturalandsociallimitwomen’smobilityandacceptabilityinthebusinessworld.4.11.5MaledominatedsocietyWomeninIndiaaremixedlot.Theyarefullydominatedbythemalethroughouttheirlife.BeforethemarriagetheyarethecontrolofFatherandBrother,afterthemarriagetheyarecomeundertheruleofhusbandandmalechildren.Duetothismalechauvinismtheyarenotabletoworkasthey’reeven.4.11.6FamilyInvolvementInIndia,itisalmostonlyawoman’sdutytolookafterthechildren

77
andothermembersoftheFamily.HerinvolvementinFamilyproblemleavesvery

77
littleenergyandtimetocomeoutofhershellandplayasignificantroleintheeconomicdevelopment.4.11.7LackofinformationandexperienceTheLackofinformationandexperiencemakesitverydifficultforhertoselecttechnologymarketandlocationandalsototakeproblemsrelatedtolabourandFinance.Withoutproperknowledgeofsurroundinghowcansheenterintothebusiness?4.11.8LackofFinanceFinanceisthelifebloodofthebusinessconcern.Withoutmoneyonecanrunthebusiness.Iftheyborrowmoneyfrombanks,theywillfacetheproblemofsubmittingcollateralsecuritytoauthority.Houseorproprietyismostlyinthenameofthemaleparties.Womenmayhavejewellerybuteventhattheycan’tgiveassecuritywithouttheconsentofmalemembersoftheFamily.Asaresultoftheaboutfactorswomenentrepreneursarefrequentlyindebttomiddlemenormoneyleaderswhoproviderawmaterialorcreditathighratesofinterest.Thisreasonpullsdowntheirsuccessfulbusinessactivitytovalley.4.11.9LackofRisk-BearingCapacityWomenaretreatedastheweakersectionthroughoutherlifetime.Shehasprotectedfromthefamilymembersfromfacinganyriskorproblems.Thereforeshehasnoconfidencetobeartheriskallalone.Thebusinessisfullyriskedbearingone.Thenhowcanshebeanentrepreneur?

78
4.11.10 LackofMotivationandInducementInourcountrythereisnotmotivationorinducementtothewomenwhohavetheideatogeneratinganythingasanewonewithoutmotivationorencouragementnowomencanseeherfaceintheentrepreneurshipMirror.4.11.11 AbsenceofEntrepreneurialAptitudeManywomentakethetrainingbyattendingtheEntrepreneurshipDevelopmentprogrammes.Involvementofwomeninthesmall-scalesectorisonly7percent.4.11.12 MarketingProblemsWomenentrepreneurscontinuouslyfacetheproblemsinmarketingtheirproducts.Oneoftheproblemsinthisareaismainlymaledominationandevenwomenwithadequateexperiencefailtomakeafaçade.4.11.13 CreditFacilitiesThoughwomenconstituteabout50percentofpopulationinthesocietybutthepercentageofsharecapitalislessthan5percentinsmall-scaleenterprises.4.11.14 ShortageofRawmaterialWomenentrepreneursencountertheproblemsofshortageofrawmaterials.Thefailureofmanywomen,Co-operationsin1971engagedinbasketmakingweremainlybecauseoftheinadequateavailabilityofforest-basedrawmaterials.

79
4.11.15 HeavycompetitionManyofthewomenenterpriseshaveimperfectorganizationalsetup.Buttheyhavetofaceseverecompetitionfromorganizedindustries.4.11.16 HighcostofProductionHighcostofproductionunderminestheefficiencyandstandsinthewayofdevelopmentandexpansionofwomen’senterprises.Governmentassistanceintheformofsubsidies,whichhelpthemtoovercomethedifficultsituation.4.11.17 SocialBarriersWomenentrepreneursinIndiaarealwaysseenwithsuspiciouseyes,particularlyinruralareas,theyfacemoresocialbarriers.Notonlythis,Somanycastesandreligiondominatewithoneanotherandhinderswomenentrepreneurs.4.11.18 ProblemsofMiddlemanWomenentrepreneurdependonthemiddlemanforthesaleoftheirproductmiddlemenaddtheirownprofitmarginandhencecauseforhighersellingprice.4.11.19 LackofselfConfidenceWomenhavelackofconfidenceandtheyevenhesitatetotakerisks.Theyareconservativeintakingandtheirrisk-bearingcapacityisalsoless.4.11.20 CompetitionWomenarealwaysconsideredtobeweakersexsincetimeimmemorial.Buttherealityisthatthesexisbiologicallydetermined(not

80
changeable)while

80
genderissociallyconstructed.Sothefirststepforrealizingwomen’sdevelopmentistocreategenderawarenessoverthefollowing.Recognitionofwomen’sspecialneeds.Understandingwomenasadisadvantagedgrouprelativetomenandaccesstofactorsofproduction.Workingtowardsincreasedqualityandempowermentofwomen.4.11.21 LimitedMobilityWomenentrepreneursarehandicappedbytheirinabilitytotravelfromoneplacetoanotherforbusinessreasons.Further,thehumiliatingattitudeofgovernmentofficials,i.e.licensingauthorities,laborofficers,salestaxofficialsetc.,makelifemiserableforwomenandforcethemtogetoutofthebusinessincertaincases.4.12REQUIREMENTSFORSUCESSFULWOMENENTREPRENEURSWehaveveryfewwomenentrepreneursinIndia.Thewomenentrepreneurswhenencouragedandmotivatedcansuccessfullycontributetothevalueadditiontotheeconomyinanumberofways.Thefollowingaretheessentialprerequisitesforwomenentrepreneurtobecomesuccessful.4.12.1HardworkAwomenneedstoworkmuchharderthanaman.Atotalmentalandphysicalinvolvementisneededespeciallywhenthewomenisakingpinofherbusiness.

81
4.12.2EmotionalMaturityAwomenentrepreneurmostlyshouldn’tallowherpersonalbiasandprejudicestoinfluenceherbusinessdecisions.Sheneedstoinfluenceherbusinessdecisions.Sheneedstobelevelheadedandraiseaboveallthesesetbacks.4.12.3FlexibilityAwomenentrepreneurshouldbehighlysensitivetochangeandabilitytoplan.Sheshouldbeaversatileperson.Possesstheprudenceoffinancemanager,diplomacyofpersonalmangerandthedoggednessofsaleswomen.4.12.4Risk-bearingAwomenentrepreneurshouldbecapableoftakingcalculatedriskandshouldnotspeculate.Sheshouldstudythemarketsituationempowerprofitabilityindifferentlinesofbusiness,products,machineryandfinancebeforetakingafinancialdecision.4.12.5AggersivenessShehastobeaggressiveattimes,aggressiveness,ifpositivelyused,providesthrusttowardsgrowthandachievement.Aggressivecharacterhelpsnsurvivinginamale-dominatedsphereofentrepreneurship.4.12.6AccessibilitytoinformationAllpossibleaccesstoinformationshouldbeprovidedforwomenentrepreneurs.Governmentagencies,associationofwomenentrepreneurs,NGO’sanduniversitiesshouldassumeresponsibilitiesinthisregard.

82
4.12.7SeparatepublicationSeparatepublicationshouldbebroughtoutanddistributedtowomenentrepreneursonsubsidizedrateinordertocreateawarenessandencouragethemtoavoidofthebenefitsofferedtothem.Mediashouldbeusedtogivemaximuminformationforpromotingthecauseofwomenentrepreneurs.4.12.8100%financeBanksandfinancialinstitutionsshouldoffer100percentloanswithoutcollateralsecuritytoqualifiedtechnocrats.Similarly,termloansandworkingcapitalloansshouldbesanctionedliberallyondifferentialterms.Italsosuggestedthatacertainpercentagebereservedforwomeninthevariousself-employmentschemeslaunchedbytheGovt.4.12.9AccesstotechnologyAccesstotechnologyislowforwomenentrepreneurs.Duetolackofinformationandfinancetheycannothavepropertoolsandequipmentstoimprovetheproductsettingupofspecialinstitutionsatthestatelevelwouldhelptoupgradetheirskillandacquirenewtechno-managerialknowledgesothattheycouldgoforinnovativetechnologiesofproduction.4.12.10 SimpleformalitiesEffortsshouldbemadetosimplifytheprocedures,formalities,rulesandregulationsetc.,inmattersregardingregistrationandgettingassistancefromdifferentdepartmentsandgovernmentagencies.

83
4.12.11 Womenco-operativesTomeettheseverecompetitionheldoutbybigandsmallbusinesswomenco-operativesmaybeformedtomarkettheproducts.4.12.12 VocationalEducationThegovernmentshouldprovideeducation,particularlyvocationalandtechnicaleducationtogirls.Thecurriculumshouldberestructuredtoincludesmall-scaleindustry,entrepreneurialdevelopmentetc.,4.12.13 EntrepreneurshipmotivationatschoollevelThegirlsattheschoollevelshouldbeinspiredtoadoptentrepreneurship.Generallywomendreamtobecomejobseekersratherthanjobmakers.Tomotivatethewoman,aco-ordinateeffortshouldbemadeamongtheeducationalinstitutions,governmentdepartmentsandthebusinessworld.4.13BUSINESSUNITSTheresearchbasedonsomebusinessthatismentionedasbelowPettyshopmentionedthatshopwhichcontainssmallitemslikematchbox,candles,snacksatlowcost,beedi,cigarette,safariitemsetc.,Processingunitmeansthefooditemslikevada,pappad,pickles,thosa,idlymakingintheroadsideorinsmallhats.Servicewithincludesbeautyparlor,courierserviceetc.,Commercialunitmeansthebusiness,whichlikeXeroxandtailoringshopthatmanagedbythewoman.Perishableitemslikefruits,vegetables,andgreenssellingintheroad-sidesandinthemarketbythewoman.

84
4.14THIRUNELVELIDISTRICTPROFILEThischapterisdevotedtopresentthevitalaspectsanduniquefeaturesofTirunelveliDistrict,thestudyarea.Itisexpectedtothrowadequatelightonthegeographical,natural,social,conomicandcommercialanddemographicaspectsofthisdistrict.IntroductionTirunelveliDistrictwasformedonSeptember1,1790TirunelveliDay)bytheEastIndiaCompany(British)andnameditasTirunelvelidistrictthoughtheirheadquarterswasfirstlocatedinPalayamkottaitheadjacentcity,wheretheyhadtheirmilitaryheadquartersduringtheiroperationsagainstthePalayakars.TherearethreereasonsattributedfornamingthedistrictafterTirunelveli.TheprimeoneisthatithasbeenservingasthemaincityofthedistrictandthesecondoneisthatithasbeencalledcalledasTirunelveliSeemaiundertheNayaksandNawabs.FinallyitservedasthesouthcapitalintheperiodofPandyanKingdom.BothTirunelveliandPalayamkottaigrewasthetwincitiesofthedistrict.TirunelveliDistrictenjoysthebenefitoftheearlyshowersofsouthwestmonsoonandofthelaterrainsofthenorth-eastmonsoon.ThedistrictischieflyirrigatedbyriversrisinginWesternghats.Thedamsandanaicutsconstructedon89.TheTirunelveliSthalapuranaprescribesatraditionfortheoriginofthenameTirunelveli.ThepuranicversiongoesthatoneVedasarma,astaunch

85
devoteeofShiva,onhispilgrimagefromtheNorthtotheSouthwasinvitedbyLordShivainhisdreamtohisabodeonthebanksofthesacredriverTamiraparani.Thedelighteddevoteecameto'Sindupoondhuraionthebanksoftheriverandstayedtherewithhisfamily.OncetherewasafaminewhichforcedVedasarmatocollectpaddybywayofbeggingandcontinuinghisdailyprayers.OnedayhespreadoutthepaddytodryundertheSunbeforetheLord,andwentforhisablutionsinTamiraparani.HeprayedtotheLordforrainwhichhethoughtcouldbearemedyforthefamine.Hisprayerwasansweredandwhenhewasbathing,athunderstormbroke-outanditrainedheavily.Vedasarmarushedtotheplacewherehehadspreadthepaddy.Hewitnessedamiracle.Despiterainaroundthearea,thepaddythathehadspreaddidnotgetevenasingledropofrainanddidnotgetsoaked.SincethenaccordingtothepuranatheTowniscalledas“Tiru-nel-veli”(Sacredhedgedpaddy).OriginoftheDistrictOnacquisitionfromtheNawabofArcotin1801,theBritishnameditasTinnevellydistrictthoughtheirheadquarterswasfirstlocatedinPalayamkottaitheadjacenttown,wheretheyhadtheirmilitaryheadquartersduringtheiroperationsagainstthePalayakars.TworeasonsmaybeattributedfornamingitafterTirunelveli.Oneisbecause,itwasandisthechieftownofthedistrictandtheotheristhatitwasalreadycalledasTirunelveliSeemaiundertheNayaksandNawabs.BothTirunelveliandPalayamkottaigrewasthetwintownsofthedistrict.

86
GeographicalDataTheTirunelveliDistrictislocatedintheworldmap,between08o8’and09o23’latitudeand77o09’and77o54’longitude.Thetotalgeographicalareaofthedistrictis6,823sq.km.BoundariesThedistrictissurroundedbytheStateofKerala,GulfofMannarandthedistrictsofVirudhunagar,ThoothukudiandKanniyakumari.LandCategoryAreainHectaresWet79,668Dry3,58,151AssessedWaste39,274UnassessedWasteDry57,696Poramboke25,456Forestlands1,22,055Total6,82,300MineralResourcesLimestoneItisavailableatseveralplacesinthedistrict.ThemajorpartcomesfromthecrystallinelimestonedepositoccurringnearRamayanpatti,TalaiyuthuandPadmaneri.Atotalreserveof4.06milliontonneslimestoneuptoadepthof15.2meterinRamayanpattibandand5.08milliontonnesup to a depth of 15.25meterinTalaiyuthubandhasbeenestimated.Thelimestoneavailablehere

87
containCalciumOxide(CaO)from34.97to55.49percent,MagnesiumOxide(MgO)from0.31to7.24percent.ThePadmaneribandconsistsofsixlimestonelenseswithanaggregatestrikelengthofabout800meter.Theaveragewidthis4.75meter0.199milliontonnesofcementgradelimestoneisestimatedfromthisband.TheSingikulambandextendsoverastrikelengthof17km.Itcontainssevenlimestonelenseswithanaggregatestrikelengthofabout6.4km.andaveragewidthof13meter.About3.160milliontonnesofcementgradelimestoneisestimatedfromthisband.SixbandsofgoodqualitylimestoneoccurnearPandapuliand4,34,000tonnesoflimestonesuitableforthemanufactureofcementandchemicalindustrieshavebeenestimated.SulphidesLighttracesofsulphidesoccurinandaroundPattankaduandMunradaippu.Thismineralisofnoeconomicimportance.Ilmenite-GarnetSandsOccurrenceofredgarnetsandsinthebedsoftheriverNambiarandUvarihasbeenrecorded.Theproportionofgarnetis75percentintherichdepositsand45percentinthesurfacesands.LocalconcentrationoflimenitesandsarenoticednearVijayapattiandKuttankuli.

88
ForestThetotalareaoftheforestofthedistrictis1,22,055ha.ofwhich81700ha.issetapartforTigerreserveofMundanthuraiandKalakadu.TheentireforestofthedistrictstretchesalongtheWesternghats.Varioustypesofforestsfromluxurianttropicalwetevergreenforeststosouthernthornscrubforestsoccurinthedistrict.Owingtoitsdiversegeographicalfactors.TheforestsinthedistrictaretechnicallyclassifiedasSouthernhilltoptropicalevergreenforests,WestCoasttropicalevergreenforests,Southernmoistmixeddeciduousforests,Ochlandrareedforests,CarnaticumbrellathornforestsSouthernEuphorsiascrubandSouthernthornscrub.DistrictFormationTirunelveliDistrictwasformedintheyear1790bytheEastIndiaCompany,latercameunderthedirectcontroloftheBritishCrownQueenVictoria.ThenameTirunelvelihasbeencomposedfromthethreeTamilwordsi.e.‘Thiru–Nel–Veli’meaningSacredPaddyHedge.witheffectfrom20.10.1986thedistrictwasbifurcatedandnewTuticorinDistrictwasformed.TirunelveliDistricthavinggeographicalareaof6759sq.kms,intheSoutheasternportionofTamilNaduistriangularinshape.Itliesbetween8°.05’and9°.30’oftheNorthernlatitudeand77°.05’and78°.25’ofEasternlongitude.ThedistrictislocatedinthesouthernpartofTamilNaduandsurroundedbyVirudhunagarDistrictonthenorth,WesternGhatsontheWest,Kanniyakumari

89
Districtonthesouth,TuticorinDistrictontheEast.ThelifelineofthedistrictisTamiraparaniriverwhichfeedsthedistrictandquenchesthethirstofresidents.DistrictAdministrationThedistrictadministrationisheadedbytheDistrictCollectorwithhisofficeatthedistrictcollectorate.TheresponsibilitiesoftheDistrictCollectorincludemaintenanceoflaw&order,coordinatingvariousdevelopmentandwelfareactivitiesinthedistrict,etc.TheCollectorisassistedbytheDistrictRevenueOfficerinmattersoflandrevenue,landmatters,publicdistributionsystem,etc.andbytheProjectOfficer,DistrictRuralDevelopmentAgencyforvariousdevelopmentschemes.OtherofficerswhoassisttheCollectorinhisworkarePersonalAssistant(General),PersonalAssistant(Development),AdditionalPersonalAssistant(Land),PersonalAssistant(Agriculture),PersonalAssistant(SurveyandLandRecords),PersonalAssistant(NoonMealProgramme),PersonalAssistant(SmallSavings),SpecialDeputyCollector(PGRC),PersonalAssistant(Accounts),AssistantDirector(Panchayats),AssistantDirector(Audit),AssistantDirector(Mines),SpecialDeputyCollector(Stamps),AssistantDirector(TownPanchayats),DistrictAdi-DravidarandTribalWelfareOfficer,DistrictBackwardclasswelfareOfficer,PublicRelationsOfficer,DistrictSupplyOfficer,AssistantCommissioner(Excise)andInspectionCellOfficer.

90
DetailsofotheradministrativesetupinTirunelveliDistrictisasfollows:No.ofFirkas60No.ofVillages559No.ofVillagePanchayats425No.ofTownPanchayats36No.ofMunicipalities7No.ofMunicipalcorporation1DistrictAbstract DistrictAbstract1.Area:6823Sq.Kms2.Population:3322644MaleFemaleTotal1642403168024133226443.No.ofRevenueDivisions:3-Tirunelveli,CheranmadeviandTenkasi4.No.ofTaluks:155.No.ofRevenueVillages:5596.No.ofPanchayatUnions:197.No.ofVillagePanchayats:4258.No.ofTownPanchayats:369.No.ofMunicipalities:710.No.ofCorporation:1–Tirunelveli11.No.ofParliamentaryconstituencies:2-TirunelveliandTenkasi

91
12.No.ofAssemblyconstituencies:10219-Sankarankoil(SC)AC,220-Vasudevanallur(SC)AC,221-KadayanallurAC,222-TenkasiAC,223-AlangulamAC,224-TirunelveliAC,225-AmbasamuthiramAC,226-PalayamkottaiAC,227-NanguneriAC,228-RadhapuramAC13.No.OfPollingStations:293114.No.OfParts:292915.Voterason29.04.2016:MaleFemaleOthersTotal12154621249476622465000ClimateConditionsTemperatureInthedaytimethecoastalregionsarecoolerthantheinteriorpartsbyaboutadegreeinsummerandsouthwestmonsoonseasonsandwarmerbyonetotwodegreesduringtherestoftheyear.FromaboutthemiddleofFebruary,temperatureincreasessteadily.InMaywhichisusuallythehottestmonthintheinterior,themeandailymaximumtemperatureis37.1degreeCelsius.TheweatherisquitehotinMayandJuneandthemaximumtemperaturesometimesreaches45degreeCelsius.WiththeonsetofthesouthwestmonsoonbytheendofMayorbeginningofJune,thereissomedropintemperature.ByaboutthemiddleofOctober,bothdayandnighttemperaturesdecreaseappreciably.TheperiodfromNovembertoJanuaryisthecoolestpartoftheyearwiththemeandailymaximumtemperatureofabout30to31degreeCelsiusintheinteriorparts.Themeandailyminimuminthesemonthsisabout22to23degreeCelsiusinthedistrictingeneral.

92
HumidityTherelativehumidityingeneral,duringtheyear,isbetween55and65percentintheinteriorpartsofthedistrict,exceptduringthenortheastmonsoonseason,whenitisover65percent.Thecoastalpartsarecomparativelymorehumid.CloudinessDuringthemonthsofAprilandMay,theskiesbecomeheavilycloudedandthreateningintheafternoonsonmanydayswhenthunderstormsfollow.Inthesouthwestandnortheastmonsoonseasons,theskyisheavilycloudedorovercast.WindsGenerallylighttomoderateinstrength.BetweenMayandSeptemberwindsaremainlynorthwesterlyorwesterlyFromOctobertoFebruarywindsaremainlynortheasterlyornortherlyRainfallMainrainyseasonisfromOctobertothemiddleofJanuary.Duringthissouthwestmonsoonseasontherainfallismoreinthewesternpartsofthedistrict.Novemberisgenerallytherainiestmonth.

93
Theheaviestrainfallin24hoursrecordedinthedistrictwas371.5mmatSivagirion29/10/1929.Theaveragerainfallinthedistrictis814.8mmperannum.ComparativeStatementofRainfallofthisdistrictinmmaregivenbelow:MonthNormal19961997199819992000January50.222.302.392.676.6737.47February30.235.340.003.0066.68143.97March41.36.4014.560.000.8024.04April59.898.1268.9811.1326.9320.65May38.023.3672.53103.3535.3416.96June29.635.004.9023.6239.6955.23July26.431.447.5153.388.119.39August23.323.6310.8845.073.3995.86September30.235.1125.204.6241.7174.09October166.0230.34290.6767.75193.9324.78November208.271.00436.83188.26188.17186.00December111.6116.97156.71290.2142.30137.72TotalRainfall814.8729.011091.96793.06653.72826.16

94
MonthNormal20012002200320042005January50.280.166.400.5836.574.92February30.226.5475.83104.2516.6227.50March41.39.5329.30100.725.8268.17April59.8118.7991.000.7891.15180.49May38.026.7382.9129.55135.0225.46June29.624.434.1220.1859.1620.28July26.429.585.1419.199.5380.50August23.310.8035.6815.4826.1219.91September30.222.0313.6610.34101.4832.77October166.0141.32213.12185.84220.0984.68November208.2195.97241.82256.57260.55248.45December111.679.5217.8556.8932.37178.36TotalRainfall814.8765.40816.83900.37994.48971.49

95
MonthNormal20062007200820092010January50.254.4924.809.288.8937.16February30.21.803.5283.3NIL0.08March41.3124.237.44377.1931.6340.48April59.825.51131.64103.472.0136.91May38.035.9510.974.9424.0739.4June29.628.6087.7810.3221.3829.67July26.426.8046.4935.2259.9460.56August23.325.3833.1172.0025.9718.43September30.263.0479.7020.6330.5677.53October166.0361.28187.03345.6126.59107.56November208.2287.23181.90183.1431.59293.38December111.619.31126.1694.78153.29168.53TotalRainfall814.81179.66920.541339.76985.93873.6

96
MonthNormal20112012201320142015January50.225.2640.542.1957.204.75February30.246.3729.0398.509.2413.48March41.34035.95142.1460.3071.80April59.86565.1224.9436.28133.36May38.04.259.8225.72206.5593.09June29.663.312.31103.927.8856.32July26.422.0815.6846.5812.9813.15August23.323.4312.6628.3552.5210.55September30.214.938.3541.0538.4571.62October166.0311.84304.4157.01391.66234.59November208.2275.7144.8256.66316.91448.89December111.679.52100.286.80150.89269.47TotalRainfall814.8971.69768.87913.861340.861421.07

97
MonthNormal20162017201820192020January50.24.85February30.26.31March41.3April59.8May38.0June29.6July26.4August23.3September30.2October166.0November208.2December111.6TotalRainfall814.8

98
DISTRICTMAP
TOURISMTourismisatravelforrecreationalorLeisurepurposes.TheWorldTourismOrganizationdefinestouristsaspeoplewhotraveltoandstayinplacesoutsidetheirusualenvironmentfornotmorethanoneyearforleisure,businessandotherpurposesnotrelatedtotheexerciseofanactivityremuneratedfromwithintheplacevisited.Tourismisamajorgrowthengineforeconomicdevelopmentintermsofprovidingemploymentanderadicationofpoverty.Theeconomicsignificanceoftourismintermsofemployment,income,foreignexchangeearningsandregionaldevelopmentisamajordrivingforcetoplacetourismappropriatelyindevelopment.Theeconomicliberalization,open-sky

99
aviationpolicy,luxurycruises,improvedsurfacetransport,touristtrains,increasedbusinesstravelande-bookingfacilitieshavecreatedaparadigmchangeinthetourismsector.Fromamereserviceindustry,tourismhastransformedintoamajorrevenuegeneratingindustry.AboutTirunelveliTirunelvelianancientcityisabout2000yearsoldandisatownofhoarytradition.TamirabaraniRiverflowsheregivespridetothecity.TirunelveliisthecapitalofTirunelveliDistrict.Thisdistrictwasformedon1stSeptember1790..ItistwincitynamelyTirunelveliandPalayamkottai.PalayamkottaihasbeenevenreferredasOxfordofSouthIndia.Thefreedomfightersof18thto20thcenturyVeeraPandiayaKattabomman,PulithevanVeeranAzhagumuthuKoneV.O.ChidambaramVeeranSundaralingamSubramaniaBharathiarandVanachinathanwereborninTirunelveliDistrict.HenceTirunelveliDistrictwasplacedfirstforfreedomstruggletoquittheBritishdynasty.ThegreenpaddyfieldsfedbytheTamirabaraniRiverandthetallpalmgrovesaddaverdantdimensiontothelandscapeofTirunelveliDistrict.Thisdistrictisfamousforpalmsugarcandyandpalmleafhandicrafts.SwamyNellaiapper-KanthimathiTempleThistempleissituatedintheheartofthecity.ThisisatwintemplededicatedtoSivaandParvathi.RarejewelstheGoldenlilytank,Musicalpillars,thehallofthousandpillarsandabundanceofsculpturesinstoneandinmortar

10
areworthseeing.EveryyearCarFestivalwillbeheldinthistemple.Thedistrictadministrationannouncedlocalholidayforthisfestival.UvariItislocatedontheseashoreoftheBayofBengal.ItisonthewayfromTiruchendurtoKanyakumari.40kmsfromKanyakumari,43kmsfromTiruchendurand72kmsTirunelveli.ItistwinvillagenamelyNadarUvariandAnthonyUvari.NadaruvarionthehighwayhasLordSivatempleofSuyambulingaswamy.AftervisitingTiruchendurTemplesomanytouristsarevisitingthistempleandweek-endandholidaysthetouristflowishigh.KrishnapuramVishnuTempleItis13kmsonthewaytoTiruchendur.ThetemplehereisdedicatedtoLordVishnuandthepresidingdeityisThiruvenkatanathar.Anumberofthelifesizeminutecarvedstonesculptureswithintricateworkmenshipadorned.Oneshouldnotmisstovisitthistemplesincethistempleisatreasurehouseoftemplearts.SthalapuranamofthistemplegoesbacktotheKumarappaKrishnappaNayak’sregime,whoruledthispartofthecountryasachieftainin18thcentury.TheminutecarvedstonesculpturefoundinThirumanamandapamandArgamanadapamaresuperb.Elephantandcowwithoneface,karnan,Arjunan,Bheema,Ddharma,Manmathanwithsugarcanebowhavingtinyholeincurvedrockpipe,Rathidevi,veerabathrarstandinginsinglelegetc.theImportantiseachandeverysculpturesaremadeinmonolithi.Everystoneisaliveartwork.

10
ThirukutralanatharTempleatCourtallamThistemplecontainsmanyinscriptionsaboutCholaandPandyakings.LessthanahalfkilometerfromhereisasmalltemplecalledChitraSabha(HallofPictures)dedicatedtoLordNatarajaanddecoratedwithpaintingsofruraldeitiesanddevotees,puranicstoriesandreligiousevents.ThesabhaisoneofthefivesabhaswhereLordNatarajaperformedthecosmic-dance.ThePandyakingsusedworshiphere.KurukkuthuraiMuaruganTempleLordMurugatemplehereonthebankoftheTamiraparaniriverisbeautifullycarvedoutofarockknownasThiruvuruvamalai.ItissaidthatthesamerockwasusedforcarvingthetempleofLordMurugaatTiruchendurin1653.VaikasiVisakam(may-June)isapopularfestivalcelebratedhere.Wherelakhsofdomestictouristscongregatetowitnessthefestival.Manymarriagesaresolemnizedhereevennow.TenkasiItis54kmsfromTirunelveliand5kmfromCourtrallam.SriLokambikaKasiViswanathaSwamytempleissituatedintheheartofthetown,builtin15thcentury.ItisknownasSouthVaranasi.Thistemplerichininscriptions,andremarkableexcellentminutestonecarvedlifesculptures.ShenbagatreeisthesithalaVrikshaofthetemple.Thetempleis554feetinlengthand318feetwidth,172feettempletowerwasbuiltin1456bykingParakiramaPandian.

10
Thenthetempletowerwasdamagedin1924duetothunderanditwasrebuiltbySivanthiAdithanwithheightof163feet.ThirumalaiKovilTheMurugantempleissituatedonasmallhillsurroundedbywesternghatsintheborderofKerelastate.atpanpoli,ThepresidingdeityofthetempleiscalledasThirumalaikumarasamy.ThereisonemoregoddesstemplewithinthistemplecalledThirumalaiAmman.Thishilltempleissurroundedbylotofcoconutplantationsandsmallvillage,sotheviewfromthetopwillbegreat.Itis12kmfromTenkasiand7kmsfromSenkottai.TirukkurungudiItis45kmsfromTirunelveli,10kmsfromValliyoor,12kmsfromNanguneriAfamousVishnutemplehereisatreasurehouseoftempleartsandarchitecture.Therearenumerousminutelycarvedstonesculpturesandpanels.ThepresedingdeityisSriAzhagiyanambi.Malainambetemplewhichis8kmsfromThirukkurungudianditisafinepicnicspot.Fallshereattract pilgrimsthroughouttheyear.ThepresidingdeityofthehilltempleisThirumalainambi.ThirupudaimarudurItis40KmsfromTirunelveli.AthalanathartempleandNarumpoonathartempleonthebanksofriverTamiraparani,attractstouristsmainlybecauseofscenicbeauty.Thestonesculpturesarelegendofthetemplesareinteresting.The

10
fourstyledoftemplearchitectureviz.Pandiya,Chera,CholaandVijayanagarabeautifytheglorioustempleThiruvenkatanathapuram(Mela)VishnutempleThemelaThiruvenkatanathapuramtemple’ssanctumsanctorumhasLordSrinivasadeity.Itislocated10kmsouthwestofTirunelveliinthebanksofriverTamirabarani.ThistempleplaceisalsocalledThirunankovil.Timing5.30A.M.to12.30Pm.and4.P.M.to9.P.M.SriSorimuthuAiyanarTemple(KaniKudyiruppu)ThistemplesituatedatKarayarnearPapanasampresidingdityisSorimuthuAiyanar.Bommakka,ThimmakkaandBoodhathar.Itisin60kmsfromTirunelveli.NearestRailwaystationisAmbasamudram.ThistempleisunderthecontrolofZaminSingampattisamasthanam.AdiAmmavasaiiscelebratedinagrandmanner,thousandsofpeoplegatheredhere.SankarankovilThistempledepictstheconceptofHariandHarabeingoneGod.ThereisadeitybythenameSankaraNarayanan,whicharehalfLordShivaandtheotherhalfLordVishnu.Also,thereisanotherdeity,namedAvodaiambalorGomathiAmbal.ThesacredsandavailableinGomathiAmbaltemple,whichisbelievedtocurethediseases.Twiceinayearsunraysfall in the pedestal. The 125 feettempletowerhasminutelycarvedstonesculptures.Thereisafamousfestival

10
AdiThabasuinthemonthofJunewhichisobservedinthistemple.ThistemplewasbuiltbyUkramaPandiyanin900AD.Itis56kmsfromTirunelveli.AyikudiSriBalasubramaniasamytempleThistempleissituatedinThenkasiTaluk,,onthebanksofHanumanNadinearKutralamisAriyarkudiorAryaKuti–'theabodeofnoblepeople',popularlyknownasAyikudi,isthisbeautifultempleforYoungBalaMurugaPeruman,.UtsavarMurthyofthistempleisMuthukumaraswamy,standingnexttoapeacockonaPadmapeetam.BoththeMoolavar&UtsavaMurthysaresobeautifulthatthedarshanofKarunamurthiBalaMurugaisatreattoallthebhaktaswhovisitthistemple.SkandaShashtiSooraSamharafestival,ChithiraiVishu,VaigasiVishakam,MasiMakam,Thaipusamarespecialfestivalsofthistemple.ChurchesHolyTrinityCathedralTheHolyTrinityCathedralasmall,elegantandbeautifulChurchwasbuiltin1826byRevRheniusandopenedtopublicforworshipon26June1826.Thissmallchurchwithanoblongedificemeasuring64ft.by30ftstillservesasanucleusforthismassiveCathedralwhichdevelopedinlateryears.VengaMudaliarhaddonated168acresofpunjailandforthemaintenanceofthisChurch.Manyrenovationsandadditionsweremadetothisstructure.Intheyear1845,atallstatelysteepleof158feetsoaringintotheskieswasaddedbyRev.Pettiltandhasmadethechurchalandmarkalloverthedistrict.Thischurchis

10
locallywellknownas"OosiGopuram"asalandmark.TheresonantbellgiftedbyfriendsinEnglandandinstalledin1850hasunfailinglychimedthehours,callingthefaithfultoworshipovertheyearsandtheclocksetinthetowerisrelieduponbytheentiretownasitsbelovedBigBen.Manyimprovements,extensionsandrenovationworkshavetakenplacesubsequently.In1940BishopStephenNeilraiseditsstatusastheHolyTrinityCathedral.Painting,flooringandotherextensionsweremadeinthefollowingyears.ThisChurchisinvolvedinmanysocialserviceslikepayingvisittohospitals.ThisChurchplaysavitalrolenotonlyinspiritualupliftmentofitspeoplebutalsointhematerialupliftmentlikeprovidingeducation,distributingfreefoodandclothingandhelpingthemintheconstructionoftheirhousesetc.KappalmadhachurchorSelvaMathachurchUvariAsmallchurchforSt.MarywhichwasunderthecontrolofpastorsofGoamissionexistedhere.Incourseoftime,in1903,thischurchwasconvertedintoaschool.Onimportantoccasionsasperthewishesofthepeople,festivalswereconductedandprayerswereofferedtoher.Therewasacustomamongtheyoungmaidenstogotothenunneryinthenightandsleepthere.OnonesuchoccasiontheysawabrightlightsurroundingthisSelvamathastatueeventhoughnobodylitacandle.ManypeopleofUvariwitnessedthislightwhichwasthereforoveranhour.Thisincidentoccurredon18thSeptemberwhichiscelebratedasafestival.PeopleusedtokeepthisstatueinachariotandcomearoundthistowntobestowtheblessingofMarytothepeopleofUvari.Duetoseaerosion

10
theoldchurchgotdamaged.Thereforethepeopledecidedtoconstructanew

10
churchforwhichthefoundationstonewaslaiddownbyFr.Thomasin1970,25thJanuaryandtheworkwasfinishedon1974.Thischurchdesignedasaship,iscalledKappalMathachurchafteritsdesign.Itisbeautifulchurchfacingthebluesea.Thewavesrollingnearthischurchgivesusanimpressionthatthisshipshapedchurchissailingontheseawhichisafeasttoeyes.MosquesAthankaraiPallivasalThepilgrimcentre,AthankaraiPallivasalislocatedinbetweenThiruchendurandKanyakumarionthecoastroad,about46kmsfromThirunelveli.TheshrinehastwodomesofSufisaintswhowerebelievedtograntalldesiresofdevotees.OnedomeisdedicatedtoSyedAliFathimaandanothertoHazrathSheikMohammed.DuringthefestivalheldinSeptember,thousandsofdevoteesgatherheretopaytheirhomageandseekblessings.PottalpudurDarghaThecentreofattractionofthisplaceistheoldestdarghabuiltaroundtheyear1674.ThisdarghaattractsnotonlytheMuslimsbutHindusandChristiansalsoinequalnumbers.ThishasbeenbuiltadoptingHindutemplepattern.Iftheprayersofthepilgrimsareanswered,theypaytheirofferings,throughthedarghainlargenumbersduringKanthurifestivalwithgreatreverence.Inthisdarghawherethelebbaisactaspriest,customsalmostsimilartothatofHindusarefollowedintherituals.Hereholyashesobtainedfromtamarindbark,ghee,andflowerscallednerchai

10
aredistributedtothedevotees.

10
ForthisAndavar,sheepandfowlsarebroughtbyalltheclassesofpeopleandsacrificedbeforehimastheydobeforethelocalAmmandeities.Nowrefinedpeopleofferfruitsfortheirworshipratherthanfowlsandsheep.SandalpasteispreparedinapotonalargescaleduringthetimeofthekanthuriandissenttotheHinduvillageofRavanasamudram,fromwhereitisbroughtbacktothisdarghawithgreatpomp.ThisisofferedtotheAndavar.Afterwardsthissandalpasteisdistributedtotheeagerlyawaitingcrowdwithoutdiscriminationastocaste,creedorreligion.Thisstandsasanexampleofcommunalharmonyandsecularism.ThisDargahisconsideredasapiousandasacredoneequaltotheNagoredarghaandonlynexttoBaghdadbythepeopleofthisplace.DamsAdavinainarDamandParkTheadavinainarreservoirislocatedatthefootoftheWesternGhatsinMekkaraivillageofShenkottaiTalukinTirunelvelidistrict.ItislocatednearcourtralamandAchanikoilinKeralastate.Courtrallamvisittouristarealsopayvisitthisdam.Here,asmallfallsisavailable.GadanaNathiDam&ParkGadanaNathiReservoirislocatedatthefootofthewesternGhatsinsivasailmvillagenearAlwarkurichiwhichisoneoftheimportanttouristplacesofTirunelvelidistrict.Nowadaysmanytouristsvisitthedamandpark.Duringthecourtallamseasonandsabarimalaiseasonmorenumberoftouristsvisitthisplace.

10
ManimutharDamManimutharDamisaround47kmwestofTirunelveliandisanidealpicnicspot.Itisahalfmile-longdamandthewaterisheldonthreesidesbymountains.RamanathiDam&ParkRamanathireservoirislocatedatthefootoftheWesternghatsinKadayamvillageofAmbasamudramTalukinTirunelveliDistrict.Itisoneoftouristplaceinthisdistrict.Nowalotoftouristsarevisitingthedamandpark.GundarReservoirandFallsItis70kmsfromTirunelveli.TheGundarReservoirislocatedatehefootoftheWesternGhatsnearthetownsofCourtrallamandSenkottai.ItisanimportanttouristplaceinThirunelveliDistrict.AlargenumberofdomestictouristsonthewaytoCourtrallamvisitsthisdamandpark.Thisdamsiteisnotedforitssalubriousclimateandatmosphere.Just1kmfromGundarDamtoWesternGhats,abeautifulfallsisthere.Toreachthisparticularfalls,onlyfourwheeldrivevehicleissuitable.PapanasamDamPapanasamDamislocatedinTirunelveliDistrictofTamilNadu.ItwasbuiltduringtheBritishruleandis5.4mwide,265mlongand240mhigh.ThePapanasamdamisalsoknownastheTambiraparaniRiverDamandhasatotalcatchmentareaof147sqkm.Boatingispossibleinthelakebutswimmingis

10
strictlyprohibitedasitispopulatedwithcrocodiles.Attheendofthelakethereisatunnelthroughwhichwaterflowstoanotherriverandanothernewdam.Thedamisaround10kmwestofAmbasamudramandisanhour’sdrivefromCourtrallam.WaterFallsCourtallam-SpaofSouthCourtallamisthemostfamoustouristspotinthedistrict.Thenaturalwaterfalls,pleasantweatherandintermittentdrizzlingreallygivesanunusualcharmtothevisitors.Therapturoussceneofthefallsgetsheightenedbycoolbreeze.Usually,theseasonisinbetweenMaytoSeptember.Thewaterfallsdownineightplaceswithvaryingforcedependsontheheightofthecliff.1.MainFalls2.SmallFalls(Citharuvi)3.FiveFalls(Iyentharuvi)4.Kundarufalls5.TigerFalls(Puliyaruvi)6.OldCourtallamFalls(PalaiyaCoutralam)7.SenbahaDeviFalls(Senbakadavi)8.HoneyFalls(Theanaruvi)9.MilkFalls(Paalaruvi)TheTamilNaduTourismDepartmenthasarrangedfacilitiesforthevisitorstotakebathsatanytime.Allthefalls,exceptHoneyfalls,havebeen

11
properlyilluminated.Onecanbatheatanytimeduringtheday.Thewaterissaidtopossessmedicinalqualitiesoftheherbalplantsgrowninthismountain.Thosesufferingfromrheumaticpains,chronicheadache,andnervedisordergetcuredbyalongstayatCourtallam.BoatingEveryyearduringtheseason(June–September)TamilnaduTourismDevelopmentCorporationarrangesboatingintheMelavannamadailakenearFivefallsroad.AgasthiyarFallsPapanasamFalls,42kmwestofTirunelveli,liesontheTamiraparaniRiver.Thefalls,alsocalledAgastyaFalls,isbelievedtobelocatedattheplacewhereShivaandParvatiappearedbeforethesageAgastya.Papanasammeansabsolutionofsins.Itisanimportantpilgrimcenterwherepeopletakebathinthewaterstorelievethemselvesfromsins.Papavinashweshwara(Shiva)Templeisnearby.ManimutharWaterfallsManimutharFallsisnaturalwaterfallsflowingthroughouttheyearsituatedabovetheManimuthardam.Drivingtherebybikewillbeadventurous.Thefallsnearbyhasapondwhichhasadepthof90feet(27m). It is apicturesqueplace.Itisin35kmfromTirunelvelicity.Therearesomepublic

11
transportservicetogothisplaceonregularintervalsfromKallidaiKurichi,thenearbytown.Abovethisfall’sthepleasanttouristspotKothaiyaristhere.MundanthuraiTigerReserveWildLifeSanctuaryTheMundanthurai-KalakadwildlifesanctuaryinTirunelvelidistrictisdevelopedasaNationalTigerReservefromtheyear1988withatotalareaof817sq.kminthesouthmostwesternghatranges.TheneareststationsareCheranmahadevi,andAmbasamudaramwhichare20kmsand15kmsrespectivelyfromTirunelveli.ThenearestairportsareMaduraiandTrivandrum.OnecanreachthisplacebyroadalsofromAmbasamudaramandKalakad.FrequentbusesareplyingfromAmbasamudaram and Kalakad to this place.Outof817sq.kms.459sq.kmsisincorezoneand358sq.kms.isinbufferzone.Themountainousundulatingtotopographyisthecharacteristicfeatureleadingtotropicaldrydeciduousforestonthelowerslopesandtropicalwetevergreenforestsontheupperreaches.Theclimateisdryhumidandhotatplainsandpleasantcoldinthehigherelevations.Thereserveisthesouthernmosthabitatofthetiger.Otherpredatorslikepanthers,junglecats,civets,dholes,jackals,stripedhyenasarealsofoundhere.Indiaisthehomeof18non-humanprimatespeciesofwhichfiveprimatesoccurinthisreservenamelylion-tailedmacque,slenderloris,Nilgirilangurcommonlangurandbonnetmacaque.OtherendangeredspeciesfoundhereareNilgiritahr,slothbear,Indianbison,Indianelephant,Malabargiantsquirrel,

11
mousedeer,pangolinetc.Inadditiontothatsambarwildboar,spotteddeer,porcupineandmangoosesarealsofoundhere.Wecanalsocomeacrossreptilesandamphibianslikekingcobra,commonkrait,russels,viper,darkpitviper,monitorlizard,gardenlizard,tortoise,crocodilesandrarespeciesoffrogs.Regardingavifaunatherearemorethan80speciesofbirdsfoundinthisregion.Tomentionafewspottedfrequentlyhereareegrets,herons,junglefowl,spurfowl,partridge,quails,emeralddove,minivets,beecaters,sparrows,owls,nightjars,kites,paradiseflaycatchers,andparakeetsetc.Thereare24identifiednaturetrailswhichisspreadoverthereserve.Itgivesathrillingexperiencetotrekkers.ThisTigerReserveisopenonalldaysbetween6a.m.to6p.m.throughouttheyear.HoweverthebestseasonisSeptembertoJanuary.ForestRestHousesanddormitoriesareavailableatMundanthuraiandThalayanai.BirdsSanctuaryatKoonthankulamKoonthankulamBirdSanctuaryorKunthankulamisa1.2933km2(0.4993sqmi)protectedareadeclaredasasanctuaryin1994.ItadjoinsthetinyvillageofKoonthankulaminNanguneriTalukofTirunelvelidistrict,TamilNadu,India.Itisjust38kmawayfromTirunelveli(abustlingtownonthebanksoftheTambaraparaniRiver).8.58102°N77.76123°EItiscomposedofKoonthankulamandKadankulamirrigationtanks,convenientlylinkedbytar

11
road.ThisisthelargestreserveforbreedingwaterbirdsinSouthIndia.Internationalname:KunthangulamBirdSanctuaryAtinyvillageinthefarsouth,KoonthankulaminNanguneriTalukofTirunelveliDistrictisemergingasanewfavouriteofthemigratorybirds.Itisjust38Kms.awayfromTirunelveliandisinthenearbyNanguneriTaluk.Itmaysoonbecatapultedintothelistofpopularwaterbirdsanctuariesinthecountry.Thisvillageissparselypopulated.MigratorybirdsstartcomingbyDecemberendandflyawaytotheirnorthernhomesbyJuneorJulyaftertheylayeggs,hatchthemandtheyoungonesgrowoldenoughto fly with the olderones.About35speciesofbirdsvisitthiscalmbutcongenialvillageforbreeding.ThebirdscalledPaintedstrokesarecomingfromNorthIndiaandEastEuropeanCountriestothisplace.SimilarlytheflamingoeswhichflewinmainlyfromtheRannofKutchhavehatchedandrearedtheiryoungonesinthevillage.Thebirdscomingtotheirbackyardsforfivegenerationsareprotectedvehementlybyvillagersandregardedasharbingersofluck.Theexcretaofbirds–‘guano’iscollectedbyvillagersinsummeralongwithsilttouseasfertilizerintheirfields.Fromchildrentogranniesinthevillageallprotectthem,theirnestsandfledgelings.Chicksfallenaretakencareofintherescuecentretilltheyareabletoflyontheirown.Anybodytroublingthenestsarepunishedinntheirownmethodsofshavingthehead,ormakingtheprocessionondonkey.

11
NavakailayamNineLordSivashrineshighlightasNavagraghaswhichgiveshealthandwealthtothePilgrims.AmongtheninetemplesfouraresituatedinTirunelvelidistrictandrestoftheminThothukudiidistrict.ThefollowingarereferredasNavakailayamshrinesTirunelveli District NavakailayaTemplesPapanasamItis45kmfromTirunelvelijn.PresidingdeityofthetempleisPabavinasaraliasKailasanathaandMothergoddessisUlagammai.RiverTamirabaraniisriverviewofthistemple.AgoodPicnicspot.Fromherejust2kmafamousAgasthiarFallsislocated.CheranmahadeviItis22kmfromTirunelvelipresidingdeityofthetempleisSriAmmainatharaliasKailasanatharandGoddessAawoodainayakiItisalsolocatedonthebankofriverTamirabarani.FrequentcitybusesareavailabletothisplacefromTirunelvelijunction.KodaganallurItis15kmfromTirunelvelionthewaytoCheranmahadeviandthetempleislocatednearNadukallurvillage.PresidingdeityisKailasanatharandGoddessSivakamiammai.CitybusesareavailablefromTirunelveliJunctionBusstand.

11
KunnathurItis2kmfromTirunelveliTownrailwaystation.AndalsoveryneartoThiruvengadanathapuramKunnathaurislocatedinsmallhillock.PresidingdeityisKothaiParameswaran.GoddessSivakamasundari.ThoothukudiDistrict NavakailayaTemplesMurappanaduItis17kmfromTirunelveliand40kmfromThoothukudiontheNationalHighways.ItisalsosituatedonthebanksofriverTamirabarni.PresidingdeityisKailasanatharGoddessSivakamiammal.SrivaikundamItis30kmfromTirnelveliand40kmfromThoothukudiitisalsolocatedontheriverTamirabarni.PresidingdeityisKailasanatharGoddessSivakamiammai.ThefirstNavathirupathitempleislocatedhere.ThenthirupperaiItis38kmfromTirunelvelionthewaytoTiruchendur.PresidingdeityisKailasanathar.GoddessAllakiyaponnamalOneoftheNavathirupathitemplealsolocatedhere.RajjapathiItis38kmfromTirunelvelionthewaytoTiruchendurnearThenthirupperai.PresidingdeityisKailasanatharGoddessAlagiyaponnamalandSivakamiammai.

11
SenthapoomangalamItis20kmkmfromThoothukudionthewaytoTiruchendurnearAthoorandPunnakayal.PresidingdeityisKailasanatharGoddessSivakamiAmmai.CitybusavailablefromThoothukudioldbusstand.Personalities/Manimandapams RobertCaldwellMemorialEnglishprotestantmissionaryBishopRoberyCaldwell’shouseatIdaiyankudi,asmallhamletsituatedabout70kmsfromTirunelveli,isnowamemorial.The19thcenturyhousehasbeenrenovatedbythestateGovernment.V.O.C.ManimandapamV.O.Chidambaramthetoweringpersonalityoffreedommovement.Tamilnaduwhopulledcookingoilextractor(Chekku)inCoimbatorejail,wherehewasimprisonedforfightingagainstBritishimperialism.V.O.CBornatottapidaraminThoothukudiDistrict.TamilnaduGovernmentbuiltamanimandapamatTirunelveli.Thereisameditationhall.Inthishall6.5feetheightV.O.Cstatueisinstalled.Thereisalsoamodeloilextractorinstone,whichremindtheV.O.Csacrificesfornationalliberationtask.VanchinathanHewaspopularlyknownasVanchiasanIndianTamilindependenceactivist.HeisbestrememberedforhavingshotdeadAshe,thecollectorofTirunelvelion17thJune1911andhavinglatercommittedsuicide,inorder

11
to

11
evadearrest.VnchinathanwasborninsenkottaitoRaghupathyiyerandRukmaniAmmal.TherailwaystationhassincebeenrenamedVanchiManiyachi.Va.Ve.Su.IyerVanchiwasaclosecollaboratorofVa.Ve.Su.Iyer,anotherfreedomfighterwhosoughtarmstodefeattheBritish.Manjolai-HillStationManjolaiis57kmawayfromTirunelveliandisatanelevationof1162sq.metre.Therearemanyteaplantationsinandaroundthisplace.Ithasmanyteaplantationinandaroundthisplace.BomabayBurmaTeaEstateisfamousinthisarea.About4000peopleareworkingintheseteaplantations.Manjolaiisnoteworthyfortheclimate,sceneryandcalmatmosphere.ThisplacecaneasilybecomparedwithUdhagamandalam,thequeenofHillstationsasfarasthepleasingclimateandpeacefulnaturalatmosphereareconcerned.OnthewaytoManjolaifromManimutharthereisaverybeautifulplacecalledDasanPoolwithplentyoffreshwater,greensandfineclimate.JustaboveManjolai,thereareplaceslikeKakkachiandNalumukkawhicharerealgiftsofthenature.OtherimportanttouristspotsnearManjolaiaretheKakkachiandNalumukku.KrishnapuramSculpturesTheVenkatachalapathytempleatKrishnapuramvillageontheTirunelveli-Tiruchendurmainroadabout12kmfromTirunelveliisoneofthefewspecimensdepictingthearchitecturalmarvelandgrandeur.Itis

11
indeedatreasurehouseofstonesculptures.Manyrareintricatelycarvedsculpturesmade

11
ofgranitestonearefineexhibitsofarchitecturalskill.ThistempleisdedicatedtoLordVenkatachalapathywithhisconsortsSriDeviandBhuDevioneitherside.Thetempleiscompleteinitself,sinceitisfollowingthetempleagamas.ItissaidthatKrishnappaNayakkarofNayakdynastyhadcommissionedsomefamoussculptorsfromVijayanagaramandtheyhaveleftbehindawonderfulcollectionofsculpturesthattellustalesofheroicloveandtragedy.PulithevanPalaceNelkattumsevvalorAvudaiyapuram,situatedinSankarankoiltalukistobewrittenredlettersinthehistoryoftheFreedomMovementofIndiaforitwastheheadquartersofPulithevar,thefirstchieftaininTamilNadutoresisttheBritish.TheauthoroftheTirunelveliDistrictGazetter,H.R.Pate,observesasfollows:"NelkatumsevalischieflymemorableashavingbeenintheeighteenthCenturystrongholdoftheredoubtablePulithevar,whofiguredformanyyearsastheleaderoftheMaravaConfederacyagainstthetroopsoftheNawabandtheCompany.HehadashrewdinsightintothepoliticalsituationofthetimeandwasaveritablethorninthesideoftheNawab'sagents".Pulithevarremainsoneoftheillustriousfiguresinthechequeredhistoryofpalayakkars.Thevivacityofhischaractergavehimanascendancyoverthewesternpalayakkars,whilehisdeterminedresistancetotheNawab'soverlordshipmadehimapotentialenemyoftheWallajahs.He was in fact the

11
principalarchitectofthecoalitionofthepalayakkarsorganisedagainstthe

11
Nawab.TheNawabacknowledgedhisvictorybypresentinghimwithagoldplateandsword.PulithevarisregardedasthefirstsouthIndianruler,whosowedseedbyhisgallantresistancetoexpeltheforeignersfromthesoil.HisservicestothenationishonouredinmanyrespectsandthegovernmentofTamilnaduhaserectedamemorialforhiminNelkattumsevvalwherethereistheremnantsofhispalace.

12
CHAPTER-VANALYSISOFDATAInthischapterthecollecteddatahasbeenanalyzedbyusingvarioustechniquesandmethods.Theresearcherhastoaccomplishthetaskofdrawinginferencesfromthecollectedfactsafterananalyticalandexperimentalstudy. Table5.1Age-wisedistributionofentrepreneursS.NoAge-groupNumberofrespondentsPercent1Upto305020.0231-408835.2341-505220.84Above506024.0Total250100.0Source:PrimarydataTheabovetabledepictsthatamajorityof35.2percentoftheentrepreneursareintheagegroupof31and40,24percentareintheagegroupof50andabove,20.8percentareintheagegroupof41and50and20percentareintheagegroupoflessthan30years.Majorityoftheentrepreneursareintheagegroupof31and40whichisthemajorageforanyonetogoinforincomegenerationinordertodesignthefuturewell.

12
Figure5.1Age-wisedistributionofentrepreneurs

12
Table5.2Gender-wisedistributionoftheentrepreneursS.NoGenderNumberofrespondentsPercent1Male 20080.02Female 5020.0Total250100.0Source:Primarydata
Fromtheabovetableitisunderstoodthat80percentoftheentrepreneursaremaleand20percentoftheentrepreneursarefemale.MajorityoftheentrepreneursaremalewhichistherealityofIndiasituationwithregardtoincomegenerationandsocialinteraction.

12
Figure5.2Gender-wisedistributionoftheentrepreneurs

12
Table5.3MaritalstatusoftheentrepreneursS.NoCategoryNumberofrespondentsPercent1Married22891.22Unmarried187.23Widow 41.6Total250100Source:Primarydata
Thetableaboveprovidesinformationrelatingtothemaritalstatusoftheentrepreneursanditisfoundthat91.2percentoftheentrepreneursaremarried,07.2percentareunmarriedandtheremaining1.6percentiswidows.MajorityoftheentrepreneursaremarriedastheIndiansituationhasmorepushforanyjoborprofessionorothermoneygenerationactivitiesonlyaftermarriage.

12
Figure5.3Maritalstatusoftheentrepreneurs

12
Table5.4EducationalQualificationoftheentrepreneursS.NoCategoryNumberofrespondentsPercent1Illiterate 6626.42Primaryeducation7630.43Secondaryeducation8333.24Highersecondary197.65Graduate62.4Total250100.0Source:PrimarydataItisobservedfromtheabovetablethat33.2percentoftherespondententrepreneurshavepassedthroughsecondaryeducation,30.4percentwithprimaryeducation,26.4percentofthemareilliterateandasmallpercentof7.6and2.4arewithhighersecondaryandgraduationrespectively.Majorityoftheentrepreneursarewithaneducationalqualificationofwithorlessthansecondaryeducation.Fromthisthereisanauthenticproofthateducationalqualificationhasnomajorroletoplaytomakeoneanentrepreneur.

12
Figure5.4EducationalQualificationoftheentrepreneurs

12
Table5.5ReligionoftheentrepreneursS.NoReligionNumberofrespondentsPercent1Hindu 23192.42Christian83.23Muslim 62.44Others 52.0Total250100.0Source:Primarydata
Itisfoundfromtheabovetablethat,92.4percentoftheentrepreneursfollowHinduism,3.2percentfollowsChristianity,2.4percentfollowMuslimreligionand2percentoftherespondentsfollowotherreligions.MajorityoftheentrepreneursfollowHinduism.

12
Figure5.5Religionoftheentrepreneurs

13
Table5.6Caste-wisedistributionoftheentrepreneursS.NoCategoryNumberofrespondentsPercent1SC 187.22ST 197.63BC 14256.84MBC 6224.85Others 93.6Total250100.0Source:Primarydata
Fromtheabovetableitisobservedthat56.8percentoftherespondententrepreneursbelongtobackwardcommunity,24.8percentbelongtoMostBackwardCommunity,7.6percentbelongtoScheduledTribes,7.2percentbelongtoScheduledCasteand3.6percentbelongtoothercastesegments.MajorityoftheentrepreneursbelongtotheBackwardCommunity.

13
Figure5.6Caste-wisedistributionoftheentrepreneurs

13
Table5.7NativityoftherespondententrepreneursS.NoCategoryNumberofrespondentsPercent1Immigrant5923.62Native 19176.4Total250100.0Source:Primarydata
Withregardtothenativityitisobserved76.4percentoftherespondentsarethenativeentrepreneursandtheremaining23.6percentareimmigrantsforthepurposeofbusiness.Thereisahigherpercentoflocalentrepreneurs.

13
Figure5.7Nativityoftherespondententrepreneurs

13
Table5.8NatureofBusinesscarriedonbyentrepreneursS.NoTypeofbusinessNumberofrespondentsPercent1Services6024.02Consumables19076.0Total250100Source:PrimarydataTherearetwomajorcategoriesofbusinesstheyaresaleofconsumergoodsandserviceproducts.a)serviceorientedentrepreneurswhoperformthebusinessofTailoring,Cyclelendingandservicingshops,Flourmills,Ironingshop,vesselslending,Hairdressing,Mechanicshop,Moneylendingandothersimilaractivitiesandb)consumablesbusinessesofTeashop,idlyshop,Pettyshop,Firewoodselling,Fruitssale,Pottery,Flowersale,MuttonandChicken,Fancystores,Electricalstores,Milksocietyandmilkselling,Gemcuttingandothersimilarbusinesses.Itisobservedthatthereare76percentoftheentrepreneurswhocarryonthebusinessofconsumablesandtheremaining24percentoftheentrepreneurscarryonthebusinessbasedontheserviceorientedproducts.

13
Figure5.8NatureofBusinesscarriedonbyentrepreneurs

13
Table5.9YearsofexperienceinthebusinessactivityS.NoPeriodNumberofrespondentsPercent1Lessthanoneyear145.621-2years3514.033-5years4718.845-10years4618.45Above10years10843.2Total250100Source:Primarydata
Theabovetableprovidesinformationthat43.2percentoftheentrepreneurscarryonthebusinessformorethan10year,18.8percentoftheentrepreneurscarryonbetween3and5years,18.4percentofthemcarry onbetween5and10years,14percentcarryonfrom1to2yearsandtheremaining5.6percentdothisforlessthanayear.Majorityoftheentrepreneurscarryonthebusinessformorethantenyears.

13
Figure5.9Yearsofexperienceinthebusinessactivity

13
Table5.10PlacewherefromthebusinessisoperatedS.NoPlaceofbusinessNumberofrespondentsPercent1Roadside15963.62Onstreets4116.43Rentalshop4016.04Governmentshop104.0Total250100.0Source:Primarydata
Asfarastheplaceofbusinessisconcerned63.6percentoftheentrepreneurscarryonthebusinessonroadside,16.4percentcarryonthebusinessthroughstreetvending,16percentdothebusinessinarentalshopand4percentofthemoperateinaGovernmentownedshops.Majorityoftheentrepreneursareroadsidevendors.

13
Figure5.10Placewherefromthebusinessisoperated

14
Table5.11TimespendperdayforbusinessS.NoDurationNumberofrespondentsPercent1Upto3hours62.423-5hours2510.035-8hours8132.44Above8hours13855.2Total250100.0Source:Primarydata
Thetableaboveprovidesinformationaboutthehoursspentperdayentrepreneursforbusinessanditisobservedthat55.2percentoftheentrepreneursdothebusinessformorethan8hours,32.4percentspendbetween5and8hours,10percentoftheentrepreneursspendfrom3to5hoursand2.4percentofthemspendupto3hoursfortheirbusiness.Majorityoftheentrepreneursspendmorethan8hoursadayfortheirbusiness.

14
Table5.12AveragedailynetincomeofanentrepreneurS.NoIncomerangeNumberofrespondentsPercent1UptoRs.505321.22Rs.51-1008534.03Rs.101-1506024.04AboveRs1505220.8Total250100.0Source:Primarydata
Fromtheabovetableitisidentifiedthat34percentoftherespondententrepreneurshaveanaveragedailynetincomeofRs.51and100,24percentofthemhaveincomebetweenRs.101and150,21.2percenthaveincomeuptoRs.50andtheremaining20.8percenthaveincome above Rs.150. Majority oftherespondententrepreneurshavetheirincomerangesbetweenRs.51and100

14
Table5.13TypeofownershipS.NoTypeofbusinessNumberofrespondentsPercent1Individual20280.82Partnership4819.2Total250100.0Source:Primarydata
Fromthetableaboveitisobservedthatthereare80.8percentoftheentrepreneursaresoletradersandtheremaining19.2percentfunctionthroughpartnershipformofbusiness.Majorityoftheentrepreneursfunctionthroughasolesellingtypeofbusiness.

14
Table5.14LegalstatusofthebusinessS.NoParticularNumberofrespondentsPercent1Registered145.62Notregistered23694.4Total250100.0Source:Primarydata
Fromtheabovetableitisfoundthat94.4percentoftheentrepreneursrunthebusinesswithoutanyregistrationformalitiesandtheremaining5.6percenthavetheirbusinessregistered.Majorityoftheentrepreneurshavetheirbusinessunregistered.

14
Table5.15OriginatorofthebusinessS.NoParticularNumberofrespondentsPercent1Byancestors4919.62Byself 18473.63Byothers176.8Total250100Source:Primarydata
Fromtheabovetableitcouldbeobservedthat73.6percentoftherespondententrepreneurshavestartedthebusinessontheirown,19.6percentcarryonthebusinessstartedbytheirancestorsandtheremaining6.8percentcarryofthebusinessstartedbyothers.Majorityoftherespondententrepreneurshavestartedthebusinessontheirown.

14
Table5.16PurposeofbeinginthebusinessactivityS.NoParticularNumberofrespondentsPercent1Deathoffamilyhead114.42HusbandbeingaDrunker10.43Sourceofincomeforfamily21786.84Socialstatus218.4 Total250100Source:Primarydata
Withregardtotheresponserelatingtothepurposeofbeinginthebusinessactivityitisobservedthat86.8percentopinesthatthisisthesourceincomeforfamily,8.4percentfeelitbeingasocialstatus,4.4percentremaininthebusinessduetothedeathofthefamilyheadandtheremaining0.4percentdothebusinessasthehusbandbeingthedrunker.Majority of the respondententrepreneursremaininthebusinessasitissourceofincomeforthefamily.

14
Table5.17ReasonforstartingthistypeofbusinessS.NoParticularsNumberofrespondentsPercent1Profit 13353.22Familiarity40163Noothergo7730.8Total250100Source:Primarydata
Theabovetablegivesthereasonforstartingthisparticulartypeofbusiness.Itisfoundthat53.2percentfeelthatthebusinessisprofitable,30.8percentfeelthatthereisnootherwayforlifeandtheremaining16percentarefamiliarwiththistypeofbusiness.Majorityoftheentrepreneursremaininthebusinessasthereisprofit.

14
Table5.18LevelofsatisfactioninthebusinessS.NoParticularNumberofrespondentsPercent1Satisfied18975.62Dissatisfied6124.4Total250100.0Source:Primarydata
Asfarasopinionaboutbeinginthebusinessitisfoundthat75.6percentfeelsatisfiedandtheremaining24.4percentaredissatisfied.Majorityoftherespondentsfeelsatisfiedtointhebusiness.

14
Table5.19MotivatingfactorforstartingthebusinessS.NoParticularsNumberofrespondentsPercent1Familymembers6425.62Friends 83.23Owninterest17871.2Total250100Source:Primarydata
Whileanalyzingthemotivatingfactorforbusinessitisfoundthat71.2percentopinesthattheirowninterestisthemotivatingfactor,for25.6percentoftherespondentsitisthefamilymembersandfortheremaining3.2percentitistheirfriends.Majorityoftheentrepreneursarethesaidtobeinthistypeofbusinessowingtoselfmotivationandinterest.

14
Table5.20FormaltrainingtodothebusinessParticularsNo.ofrespondentsPercent1Yes7730.82No17369.2Total250100.0Source:Primarydata
Theabovetableprovidesthedetailsrelatingtothetrainingundergonebytheentrepreneursanditisobservedthat69.2percentoftheentrepreneurshavenottakenupanytrainingtodothebusinessandtheremaining30.8percenthaveundergonetraining.Majorityoftheentrepreneurshavenotundergoneanytrainingrelatingtothebusiness.

15
Table5.21AccesstothetraininginstitutionsParticularsNo.ofrespondentsPercent1Governmentsector911.72Privatesector6280.53Service67.8Total77100Source:Primarydata
Ofthe77respondentswhohaveundergonetraining,80.5percentoftherespondententrepreneursweretrainedbyprivatesector,11.7percentaretrainedbygovernmentsectorandtheremaining7.8percentaretrainedbyservicesectororganizations.Majorityoftherespondentsweretrainedbyprivatesectoragencies.

15
Table5.22AccesstoexternalfinancialassistanceParticularsNo.ofrespondentsPercent1Yes 197.62No 23192.4Total250100.0Source:Primarydata
Fromtheabovetableitisfoundthat92.4percentoftherespondententrepreneursdonotgetanyfinancialassistanceandtheremaining7.6percentoftherespondentsgetfinancialassistance.Majorityoftherespondententrepreneursdonotgetanyfinancialsupportfortheirbusiness.

15
Table5.23SourcesoffinancialassistanceS.NoParticularsNumberofrespondentsPercent1Governmentinstitutions842.02Banks 421.03NGO’s 15.44Privateinstitutions631.619100Source:Primarydata
Ofthe19respondententrepreneurswhoenjoythefinancialassistancefortheirbusiness42percentgetthroughthegovernmentinstitutions,31.6percentgetthroughprivateinstitutions,21percentgetthroughthebanksandtheremaining5.4percentaresupportedbyNGO’s.Majorityoftheentrepreneursgettheirfinancialsupportthroughgovernmentinstitutions.

15
Table5.24OpinionrelatingtohurdlesinrunningthebusinessParticularsNo.ofrespondentsPercent1Yes 2710.42No 22389.6Total250100Source:Primarydata
Fromtheabovetableitcouldbeunderstoodthat89.6percentoftheentrepreneursfeelthatthereisnoprobleminthebusinessandtheremaining10.4percentfeelthatthereisprobleminthebusiness.Majorityoftherespondententrepreneursfeelthatthereisnoprobleminthebusiness.

15
Table5.25OpinionrelatingtohandlingthehurdlesParticularsNo.ofrespondentsPercent1Byown271002Others ----Total27100.0Source:Primarydata
Ofthe27respondentsgivingopinionrelatingtothehandlingofproblems100percentoftherespondententrepreneurshandletheproblemsontheirown.

15
Table5.26InterestinexpandingthebusinessinfutureParticularsNo.ofrespondentsPercent1Yes 18975.62No 6124.4Total250100.0Source:Primarydata
Asfarastheresponserelatingtothefutureplanisconcerned75.6percentoftherespondententrepreneurshaveideaforfutureplanandtheremaining24.4havenoideaforfutureplan.Majorityoftherespondententrepreneurshaveideaforfutureplan.

15
Table5.27OpinionrelatingtoabandoningofthebusinessParticularsNo.ofrespondentsPercent1Yes 239.22No 22790.8Total250100.0Source:Primarydata
Fromtheabovetableitisfoundthat90.8percentoftherespondententrepreneurshavenoopiniontoabandonthebusinessandtheremaining9.2percenthaveideatoabandonthebusiness.Majorityoftherespondentshavenoideatoabandonthebusiness.

15
CHAPTER-VICROSSTABLEANALYSISAnalysisparticularlythecrossanalysisofcomparingtherelationshipofdifferencessupportingorconflictingwithoriginalornewhypothesishasbeenstatisticallytestedtodeterminethevalidityofthedataandtoindicatetheconclusionswhicharesignificantornotsignificant.Twodependentfactorsarecomparedinthisanalysisandtheresultsareshownwithsuitabletableandrelevanthypothesis.Crosstable6.1GenderandNatureofbusinessactivity
GenderNatureofbusinessactivityTotalServiceConsumablesMale52(26%)148(74%)200(100%)Female8(16%)42(84%)50(100%)Total60(24%)190(76%)250(100%)Source:PrimarydataTheabovecrosstableanalyzesrelationshipbetweenthegenderandthenatureofbusinessactivity.Itisobservedthat74percentofmaleand84percentoffemalerespondententrepreneurscarryonthebusinessrelatingtoconsumableitems.Theremaining26percentofmaleand16percentoffemalerespondententrepreneurscarryonthebusinessrelatingtoservices.

15
Majorityoftherespondentscarryonthebusinessrelatingtoconsumableitems.HYPOTHESIS(H0)ThereisnosignificantrelationshipbetweengenderandthenatureofbusinessactivityThetestofhypothesisStatisticalinference:X=21.93df=1P=0.040P<0.05SignificantConclusionFromtheabovetabletheobservedvalueofchi-squareis21.93andthecorrespondingsignificantvalueis0.040whichislessthan0.05,thereisnosignificantassociationbetweenthegenderandthenatureofbusinessactivity.Hencethenullhypothesisisaccepted.

15
Cross-table6.2Maritalstatusandtypeofbusiness
MaritalstatusNatureofbusinessactivityTotalServicesConsumablesMarried53(23.2%)175(76.8%)228(100.0%)Unmarried4(22.2%)14(77.8%)18(100.0%)Widow3(75.0%)1(25.0%)4(100.0%)Total60(24.0%)190(76%)250(100%)Source:PrimarydataTheabovecrosstableanalyzestherelationshipbetweenthemaritalstatusandthenatureofbusinessactivity.Itisobservedthat76.8percentofmarried,77.8percentofunmarriedand1percentofthewidowcarryonthebusinessrelatingtoconsumableitems.Theremaining23.2percentofmarried,22.2percentoftheunmarriedand75percentofthewidowcarryonthebusinessrelatingtoservices.Thebusinessofthemajorityofthemarriedandunmarriedrespondententrepreneursisrelatedtodealingwithconsumables.HYPOTHESIS(H0)Thereisnosignificantrelationshipbetweenmaritalstatusandthenatureofbusinessactivity

16
ThetestofhypothesisStatisticalinference:X=58.06df=2P=0.049P<0.05SignificantConclusionFromtheabovetabletheobservedvalueofchi-squareis58.06andthecorrespondingsignificantvalueis0.049whichislessthan0.05,thereisnosignificantassociationbetweenthemaritalstatusandthenatureofbusinessactivity.However,itistobenotedthatwidowsseemstopreferservicestoconsumableswhiletheothertwocategoriespreferconsumablestoservices.

16
Cross-table6.3Educationallevelandbusinesstype
EducationallevelBusinesstypeTotalServicesConsumablesilliterate10(15.2%)56(84.8%)66(100.0%)Primaryeducation20(26.3%)56(73.7%)76(100.0%)Secondaryeducation23(27.7%)60(72.3%)83(100.0%)Highersecondaryeducation5(26.3%)14(73.7%)19(100.0%)Graduation2(33.3%)4(66.7%)6(100.0%)Total60(24.0%)190(76.0%)250(100.0%)Source:PrimarydataTheabovecrosstableanalyzestherelationshipbetweentheeducationallevelandthenatureofbusinessactivity.Itisobservedthat60percentwithsecondaryeducation,56percentofilliterateandprimaryeducationrespectively,14percentwithhighersecondaryeducationand4percentofthegraduateentrepreneurscarryonthebusinessrelatingtoconsumableitems.Theremaining23percentwithsecondaryeducation,20percentwithprimaryeducation,10percentoftheilliterate,5percentwithhighersecondaryeducationand2percentofthegraduatescarryonthebusinessrelatingtoservices.Thebusinessofthemajorityofthebelowhighschoolqualifiedrespondententrepreneursisrelatedto

16
dealingwithconsumables.

16
HYPOTHESIS(H0)ThereisnosignificantrelationshipbetweentheeducationalqualificationandthenatureofbusinessactivityThetestofhypothesisStatisticalinference:X=58.06df=2P=0.049P<0.05SignificantConclusionFromtheabovetabletheobservedvalueofchi-squareis58.06andthecorrespondingsignificantvalueis0.049whichislessthan0.05,thereisnosignificantassociationbetweentheeducationallevelandthetypeofbusiness.However,itistobenotedthatwidowsseemstopreferservicestoconsumableswhiletheothertwocategoriespreferconsumablestoservices.

16
Crosstable6.4Religionandbusinesstype
ReligionBusinesstypeTotalServicesConsumablesNumberPercentNumberPercentN%Hindu4921.218278.8231100Christian225.0675.08100Muslim583.0116.76100Others480.0120.05100Total6024.019076.0250100Source:PrimarydataTheabovecrosstableanalyzestherelationshipbetweentheReligionandthetypeofbusiness.Itisobservedthat78.8percentofHindus,75percentofChristians20percentofothersand16.7percentofMuslimscarryonthebusinessrelatingtoconsumableitems.Fromtheremaining83percentoftheMuslim,80percentofothers,25percentofChristiansand21.2percentofHinduscarryonthebusinessrelatingtoservices.GreatmajorityoftheChristians(75%)areinvolvedin‘consumables’business.Thecaseisoppositeinthecaseofotherreligiousentrepreneurswhereingreatmajorityaredoing“services”business.

16
HYPOTHESIS(H0)ThereisnosignificantrelationshipbetweenthereligionandthenatureofbusinessactivityThetestofhypothesisStatisticalinference:X=211.66df=3P=0.000P<0.05SignificantConclusionFromtheabovetabletheobservedvalueofchi-squareis211.66andthecorrespondingsignificantvalueis0.000whichislessthan0.05,thereisnosignificantassociationbetweenthereligionandthetypeofbusiness.Hencethenullhypothesisisaccepted.

16
Crosstable6.5Genderandyearsofexperienceinbusiness
GenderLessthan1year1-2years3-5years6-10yearsAbove10yearsTotal
MaleN12(6)29(14.5)35(17.5)34(17.0)90(45.0)200(100)FemaleN2(4)6(12)12(24)12(24)18(36)50(100)TotalN14(5.6)35(14)47(18.8)46(18.4)108(43.2)250(100)Source:PrimarydataTheabovetableanalyzesthegenderandyearsofexperienceinbusinessitisobservedthatoutof200malerespondents45percentareinthebusinessformorethan10years,17.5percentareinthebusinessbetween3and5years,17percentareinbusinessfor6to10years,14.5percentareinbusinessforabout2yearsandtheremaining6percentareinbusinesslessthanayear.Outof50femalerespondents36percentareinthebusinessforabove10years,24percenteacharein3to5yearsand6to10years,12percentareinthebusinessfor1to2yearsandtheremaining4percentareinbusinessforlessthanayear.Majorityoftherespondententrepreneursofmaleandfemaleareinthebusinessformorethan10years.

16
HYPOTHESIS(H1)Thereisasignificantrelationshipbetweenthegenderandtheyearsofexperienceinthebusiness.ThetestofhypothesisStatisticalinference:X=317.8df=4P=0.52P<0.05NotSignificantConclusionFromtheabovetabletheobservedvalueofchi-squareis317.8andthecorrespondingsignificantvalueis0.52whichismorethan0.05,thereisnosignificantassociationbetweenthegenderandtheyearsofexperienceinbusiness.Hencethealternativehypothesisisrejected.

16
Crosstable6.6Maritalstatusandyearsofexperienceinbusiness
MaritalstatusLessthan1year1-2years3-5years6-10yearsAbove10yearsTotal
Marriedn(%)12(5.3)29(12.7)43(18.9)42(18.4)102(44.7)228(100)Unmarriedn(%)2(11.1)4(22.2)3(16.7)4(22.2)5(27.8)18(100)Separatedn(%)0(0)2(50)1(25)0(0)1(25)4(100)Totaln(%)149(5.6)35(14)47(18.8)46(18.4)108(43.2)250(100)Theabovetableanalyzesthemaritalstatusandtheyearsofexperienceinbusiness.Itisobservedthatamongthe228marriedentrepreneurs44.7percentareinthebusinessformorethan10years,18.9percentwith3to5years,18.4percentwith6to10years,12.7percentwith1to2yearsandtheremaining5.3percentwithlessthanayearofexperience.Outof18unmarriedrespondententrepreneurs27.8percentareinthebusinessformorethan10years,22.2percentareinthebusinessfrom6to10yearsand1to2yearsrespectively,16.7percentareinthebusinessfrom3to5yearsand11.1percentwithlessthanayear.Thereare4separatedrespondentsand50percentofthemareinbusinessfor1to2yearsand25percentofthemareinthebusinessfrom3to5andabove10yearsrespectively.Majorityoftherespondentsareinthebusinessformorethan10years.

16
HYPOTHESIS(H0)ThereisnosignificantassociationbetweenmartialstatusandyearsofexperienceinthebusinessThetestofhypothesisStatisticalinference:X=85.13df=8P=0.38P<0.05NotSignificantConclusionFromtheabovetabletheobservedvalueofchi-squareis85.13andthecorrespondingsignificantvalueis0.38whichismorethan0.05,thereisnosignificantassociationbetweenthemaritalstatusandtheyearsofexperienceinbusiness.Hencethenullhypothesisisrejected.

16
Crosstable6.7Educationallevelandyearsofexperienceinbusiness
EducationallevelBusinessdurationTotalLessthan1year1-2years3-5years6-10yearsAbove10yearsIlliterateN%1(1.5)8(12.1)11(16.7)12(18.2)34(51.5)66(100)PrimaryN%7(92)11(14.5)12(15.8)15(19.7)31(40.8)76(100)HighschoolN%4(4.8)14(16.9)19(22.9)13(15.7)33(39.8)83(100)HighersecondaryN%0(0)2(10.5)4(21.1)5(26.3)8(42.1)19(100)GraduationN%2(33.3)0(0)1(16.7)1(16.7)2(33.3)6(100)N%14(5.6)35(14)47(18.8)46(18.4)108(43.2)250(100)
Source:PrimarydataFromtheabovetableitisobservedthat51.1percentoftheilliteratesareinthebusinessformorethan10years,18.2percentwith6to10years,16.7percentwith3to5years,12.1percentwith1to2yearsandtheremaining1.5percentwithlessthanayearofexperienceinthebusiness.Incaseof76respondententrepreneurswithprimaryeducationitisobservedthat40.8percentwithabove10years,19.7with6to10years,15.8percentwith3to5years14.5percentwith1to2yearsandtheremaining9.2percentwithlessthanayearofexperienceinthebusiness.Asfaras83respondententrepreneurswith highschoolleveleducationitisidentifiedthat39.8percentarewithabove10years,22.9arewith3to5years,16.9arewith1to2years,15.7arewith6to10years

16
andtheremaining4.8percentarewithlessthanayearofexperienceinthefield

17
ofbusiness.Incaseofhighersecondaryeducationitisfoundthatoutof19respondententrepreneurs42.1percentarewithmorethan10years,26.3 percentarewith6to10years,21.1percentarewith3to5yearsandtheremaining10.5percentwith1to2yearsofexperience.Majorityoftherespondentshaveexperienceinthefieldofbusinessformorethan10years.HYPOTHESIS(H1)Thereisasignificantassociationbetweeneducationlevelandyearsofexperienceinthefieldofbusiness.ThetestofhypothesisStatisticalinference:X=187.29df=16P=0.28>0.05NotSignificantConclusionFromtheabovetabletheobservedvalueofchi-squareis187.29andthecorrespondingsignificantvalueis0.28whichismorethan0.05,thereisnosignificantassociationbetweentheeducationalqualificationandtheyearsofexperienceinbusiness.

17
CrossTable6.8ReligionVsyearsofexperience
Religion BusinesstimedurationTotalBelow1year1-2years2-5years5-10yearsAbove10yearsHinduN12(5.2)31(13.4)46(19.9)40(17.3)102(44.2)231(100.0)ChristianN0(0)3(37.5)1(12.5)1(12.5)3(37.5)8(100.0)MuslimN0(0)0(0)0(0)4(66.7)2(33.3)6(100.0)OthersN2(40.0)1(20.0)0(0)1(20)1(20)5(100.0)TotalN14(5.6)35(14.0)47(18.8)46(18.4)108(43.2)250(100.0)Source:PrimarydataTheabovetableanalysestherelationshipbetweenthereligionandyearsofexperienceinthefieldofbusiness.Outof231respondentsbelongingtoHindureligion44.2percentarewithabove10years,19.9percentwith2to5years,17.3percentwith5to10years,13.4percentwith1to2yearsandtheremaining5.2percentwithbelowoneyearofexperience.Outofthe8Christianrespondents,37.5percentoftherespondentshave1to2andabove10yearsofexperiencerespectivelyand12.5percenthave3to5and5to10yearsrespectively.Outof6Muslimrespondents66.7percenthave5to10yearsand33.3percenthaveabove10yearsofexperience.

17
Ontheothercategory5respondents40percenthavelessthanayearexperienceandtheremainingthreesegmentshave20percenteach.Withoutanyreligiousdiscriminationmajorityoftherespondentshavemorethan10yearsofexperienceinbusiness.HYPOTHESIS(H1)Thereisasignificantassociationbetweenreligionandyearsofexperienceinthefieldofbusiness.ThetestofhypothesisStatisticalinference:X=267.56df=12P=0.008>0.05SignificantConclusionFromtheabovetabletheobservedvalueofchi-squareis267.56andthecorrespondingsignificantvalueis0.008whichislessthan0.05,thereisasignificantassociationbetweenthereligionandtheyearsofexperienceinbusiness.Hencethealternativehypothesisisaccepted.

17
CrossTable6.9GenderVsplaceofbusiness
Gender PlaceofbusinessTotalRoadsideOnstreetsRentedshopGovernmentshopMaleN126283610200%63.0%14.0%18.0%5.0%100.0%FemaleN33134050%66.0%26.0%8.0%0%100.0%TotalN159413610250%63.6%16.4%16.0%4.0%100.0%Source:Primarydata
Fromtheabovetableitisobservedthatoutofthe200malerespondententrepreneurs63percentcarryonthebusinessontheroadside,18percentfromtherentedshop14percentonstreetsandtheremaining5percentinthegovernmentshops.Outofthefemalerespondententrepreneurs66percentcarryontheirbusinessonroadside,26percentonstreetsandtheremaining8percentfromarentedshop.Withoutanygenderdiscriminationmajorityoftherespondentscarryontheirbusinessonroadside.

17
HYPOTHESIS(H1)Thereisasignificantassociationbetweengenderandtheplaceofbusiness.ThetestofhypothesisStatisticalinference:X=85.69df=3P=0.036>0.05SignificantConclusionFromtheabovetabletheobservedvalueofchi-squareis85.69andthecorrespondingsignificantvalueis0.036whichislessthan0.05,thereisasignificantassociationbetweenthegenderandtheplaceofbusiness.Hencethealternativehypothesisisaccepted.

17
CrossTable6.10EducationallevelVsplaceofbusinessEducationallevel PlaceofbusinessTotalRoadsideOnstreetsRentedshopGovernmentshopIlliterateN48(72.7)11(16.7)5(7.6)2(3.0)66(100.0)PrimaryeducationN42(53.3)15(19.7)18(23.7)1(1.3)76(100.0)HighschoolN56(67.5)9(10.8)14(16.9)4(4.8)83(100.0)HighersecondaryN11(57.9)5(26.3)2(10.5)1(5.3)19(100.0)GraduationN2(33.3)1(16.7)1(16.7)2(33.3)6(100.0)TotalN159(63.3)41(16.4)40(16.0)10(4.0)250(100.0)
Source:PrimarydataFromtheabovetableitisobservedthat72.7percentoftheilliteraterespondententrepreneurscarryontheirbusinessonroadside,16.7percentonstreets,7.6percentfromtherentedshopandtheremaining3percentoftherespondentsoperatefromgovernmentshops.Incaseoftheentrepreneurswithprimaryeducation42percentoperateonroadside,23.7percentfromtherentedshop,19.7percentonstreetsandtheremaining1.3percentoperatefromgovernmentshops.Asfarastherespondentswithhighschool67.5percentoperatefromroadside,16.9percentfromarentedshop,10.8percentonstreetsandtheremaining4.8percentfromagovernmentshop.Incaseofrespondententrepreneurs

17
withhighersecondaryeducationitisidentifiedthat57.9percent

17
operateonroadside,26.3percentonstreets,10.5percentonarentedshopandtheremaining5.3percentofthemoperateinagovernmentownedbuilding.Incaseofgraduaterespondents33.3percentoftheentrepreneursoperateonroadsideandgovernmentshopsrespectively,16.7percentoperateonstreetsandrentedshopsrespectively.Majorityoftheentrepreneursamidsttheireducationalqualificationoperateonroadside.HYPOTHESIS(H1)Thereisasignificantassociationbetweentheeducationallevelandtheplaceofbusiness.ThetestofhypothesisStatisticalinference:X=26.847df=12P=0.008>0.05SignificantConclusionFromtheabovetabletheobservedvalueofchi-squareis26.847andthecorrespondingsignificantvalueis0.008whichislessthan0.05,thereisasignificantassociationbetweentheeducationallevelandtheplaceofbusiness.Hencethealternativehypothesisisaccepted.

17
CrossTable6.11CommunityVsplaceofbusinessCommunity PlaceofbusinessTotalRoadsideOnstreetsRentedshopGovernmentshopSCN8(44.4)6(33.3)2(11.1)2(11.1)18(100.0)STN10(52.6)0(0)5(26.3)4(21.1)19(100.0)BCN88(62.0)26(18.3)26(18.3)2(1.4)142(100.0)FCN5(55.6)0(0)3(33.3)1(11.1)9(100.0)OtherN48(77.4)9(14.5)4(6.5)1(1.6)62(100.0)TotalN159(63.6)41(16.4)40(16.0)10(4.0)250(100.0)Source:PrimarydataTheabovecrosstableprovidesinformationrelatingtothecommunity andtheplaceofbusiness.IncaseoftheScheduledcasterespondententrepreneurs44.4percentcarryonthebusinessonroadside,33.3percentonstreetsand11.1percenteachinrentedandgovernmentshopsrespectively.Asfar as theScheduledtribesareconcerned,52.6percentcarryonthebusinessonroadside,26.3percentinarentedshopandthe21.1percentingovernmentshops.Inrelationtothebackwardcommunity62percentcarryonthebusinesson roadside,18.3percentonroadsideandrentedshopsrespectivelyandtheremaining1.4percentingovernmentshops.Asfarastheforwardcommunity

17
respondentsareconcerned55.6percentcarryonthebusinessonroadside,33.3percentintherentedshopsandtheremaining11.1percentfrom the government ownedshops.Incaseoftheothercategoryrespondents77.4percentdotheirbusiness

17
onroadside,14.5percentonstreets,6.5percentfromtherentedshopsandtheremaining1.6percentinthegovernmentownedshops.Amidstcommunitytheybelongmajorityoftherespondententrepreneurscarryonthebusinessonstreetsandroadside.HYPOTHESIS(H1)Thereisasignificantassociationbetweenthecommunityandtheplaceofbusiness.ThetestofhypothesisStatisticalinference:X=392.22df=12P=0.000>0.05SignificantConclusionFromtheabovetabletheobservedvalueofchi-squareis392.22andthecorrespondingsignificantvalueis0.00whichislessthan0.05,thereisasignificantassociationbetweenthecommunityandtheplaceofbusiness.Hencethealternativehypothesisisaccepted.

17
CrossTable6.12GenderVsincome
Gender IncomeTotalRs5051-100101-150Above150MaleN36(18.0)64(32.0)56(28.0)44(22.0)200(100.0)FemaleN17(34.0)21(42.0)4(8.0)8(16.0)50(100.0)TotalN53(21.2)85(34.0)60(24.0)52(20.8)250(100.0)Source:Primarydata
Theabovetablegivesrelevantinformationrelatingtothegenderandincome.32percentofmaleentrepreneurshaveincomebetweenRs.51and100,28percenthaveRs.101to150,22percenthaveaboveRs.150astheirincomeandtheremaining18percenthaveincomeofRs.50.Asfarasthefemalerespondentsareconcerned42percenthavetheirincomebetween51and100,34percenthaveRs.50,16percenthaveincomeofaboveRs.150andtheremaining8percenthaveRs.50astheirincome.BesidesgendermajorityoftherespondentshavetheirincomerangesbetweenRs.51and100.

18
HYPOTHESIS(H1)Thereisasignificantassociationbetweenthegenderandtheincome.ThetestofhypothesisStatisticalinference:X=133.66df=3P=>0.04SignificantConclusionFromtheabovetabletheobservedvalueofchi-squareis133.66andthecorrespondingsignificantvalueis0.04whichislessthan0.05,thereisasignificantassociationbetweenthegenderandincome.Hencethealternativehypothesisisaccepted.

18
CrossTable6.13TimespentforbusinessVsincomeTimespentforbusiness IncomeTotalRs5051-100101-150Above150Upto3hoursN6(100.0)0(0)0(0)0(0)6(100.0)3-5hoursN9(36.0)7(28.0)3(12.0)6(24.0)25(100.0)5-8hoursN18(22.2)38(46.9)17(21.0)8(9.9)81(100.0)Above8hoursN20(14.5)40(29.0)40(29.0)38(27.5)138(100.0)TotalN53(21.2)85(34.0)60(24.0)52(20.8)250(100.0)Source:PrimarydataTherelationshipbetweenthetimespentandtheincomeiscorrelatedinthetableanditisobservedthat100percentoftherespondententrepreneurswhospendupto3hoursearnanincomeofRs.50.Inrelationtothetimeof3to5hoursitisfound36percentearnRs.50,28percentearnRs.51to100,24percentearnaboveRs.150andtheremaining12percentearnbetweenRs.101and150.Asfarasthetimeof5to8hours,itisobservedthat46.9percentearnanincomeofRs.51to100,22.2percentearnuptoRs.50,21percentearnbetweenRs.101and150andtheremaining9.9percentearnmorethanRs.150.Incaseofthetimespentabove8hoursitisfoundthat29percentoftherespondentsearn51to100and101to150respectively,27.5percentearnabove150andtheremaining14.5percentearnuptoRs.50.

18
HYPOTHESIS(H1)Thereisasignificantassociationbetweenthetimespentandtheincome.ThetestofhypothesisStatisticalinference:X=44.127df=9P=>0.00SignificantConclusionFromtheabovetabletheobservedvalueofchi-squareis44.127andthecorrespondingsignificantvalueis0.00whichislessthan0.05,thereisasignificantassociationbetweenthetimespentandtheincome.Hencethealternativehypothesisisaccepted.

18
CrossTable6.14EducationalqualificationVsTypeofBusinessEducationalstatusBusinesstypeTotalRegisteredNotRegisteredIlliterate1(1.5%)65(98.5%)66(100%)Primaryeducation4(5.3%)72(94.7%)76(100%)Secondaryeducation7(8.4%)76(91.6%)83(100%)Highersecondaryeducation1(5.3%)18(94.7%)19(100%)Graduation1(16.7%)5(83.3%)6(100%)Total14(5.6%)236(94.4%)250Source:PrimarydataTheeducationalqualificationandtheregistrationstatusoftherespondentsareanalyzedintheabovetableanditisobservedthat98.5percentoftheilliteraterespondentshavenotregisteredandtheremaining1.5percenthaveregisteredtheirbusiness.Incaseoftheentrepreneurswithprimaryeducation94.7percenthavenotregisteredandtheremaining5.3percenthaveregisteredtheirbusiness.Incaseoftheentrepreneurswithsecondaryeducation91.6percenthavenotregisteredandtheremaining8.4percenthaveregistered.Inrelationtotherespondentswithhighersecondaryeducation94.7percenthavenotregisteredandtheremaining5.3percenthaveregisteredtheirbusiness.Outofthegraduaterespondententrepreneurs83.3percenthavenotregisteredandtheremaining16.7percenthaveregistered.Majority of the respondent

18
entrepreneursbeyondtheireducationalstatushavenotregisteredtheirbusiness.

18
HYPOTHESIS(H1)Thereisasignificantassociationbetweentheeducationalqualificationandthetypeofbusiness.ThetestofhypothesisStatisticalinference:X=218.19df=12P=>0.040SignificantConclusionFromtheabovetabletheobservedvalueofchi-squareis218.19andthecorrespondingsignificantvalueis0.040whichislessthan0.05,thereisasignificantassociationbetweentheeducationalqualificationandthetypeofbusiness.Hencethealternativehypothesisisaccepted.

18
Crosstable6.15EducationVsSatisfactiontowardsbusiness
EducationSatisfactiontowardsbusinessTotalSatisfiedDissatisfiedIlliterateN45(68.2%)21(31.8%)66(100%)PrimaryeducationN55(72.4%)21(27.6%)76(100%)HighschooleducationN67(80.7%)16(19.3%)83(100%)HighereducationN17(89.5%)2(10.5%)19(100%)GraduationN5(83.3%)1(16.7%)6(100%)TotalN189(75.6%)61(24.4%)250(100%)Source:PrimarydataTheabovecrosstabledealswiththeeducationandthesatisfactionlevelanditisobservedthatincaseofilliteratesrespondententrepreneurs68.2percentaresatisfiedandtheremaining31.8percentaredissatisfied.Inrelationtotheentrepreneurswithprimaryeducation72.4percentaresatisfiedandtheremaining27.6percentaredissatisfied.Asfarastherespondentswithhighschooleducation80.7percentaresatisfiedandtheremaining19.3percentarenotsatisfied.Fromamongtherespondententrepreneurswithhighersecondarylevelofeducation89.5percentaresatisfiedandtheremaining16.7percentarenotsatisfied.Outofthegraduaterespondententrepreneurs83.3percentaresatisfiedandtheremaining16.7percentaredissatisfied.Beyondtheeducationallevelmajorityoftherespondentsfeelsatisfiedtodothebusiness.

18
HYPOTHESIS(H1)Thereisasignificantassociationbetweentheeducationallevelandthesatisfactiontowardsthebusiness.ThetestofhypothesisStatisticalinference:X=57.57df=4P=>0.218NotSignificantConclusionFromtheabovetabletheobservedvalueofchi-squareis57.57andthecorrespondingsignificantvalueis0.218whichismorethan0.05,thereisnosignificantassociationbetweentheeducationallevelandsatisfactioninbusiness.Hencethealternativehypothesisisrejected.

18
Crosstable6.16GenderVsMotivatingfactor
GenderMotivatingfactorTotalFamilyFriends&relativesSelfMaleN45(22.6)7(3.5)147(73.9)199(100.0)FemaleN19(38.0)0(0)31(62.0)50(100.0)TotalN64(25.7)7(2.8)178(71.5)249(100.0)Source:PrimarydataTheabovecrosstableprovidesinformationrelatingtothegenderandthemotivatingfactorforthebusiness.Itisobservedthat73.9percentofthemaleentrepreneurswereselfmotivatedtodothebusiness,22.6percentweremotivatedbythefamilymembersandtheremaining3.5percentweremotivatedbyfriendsandrelativestodothebusiness.Inrelationtothewomenentrepreneurs62percentofthemwereselfmotivatedtodothebusinessandtheremaining38percentweremotivatedbythefamilymembers.Inbothcasesmajorityoftheentrepreneurshaveselfmotivationtodothebusiness.

18
HYPOTHESIS(H1)Thereisasignificantassociationbetweenthegenderandthemotivatingfactor.ThetestofhypothesisStatisticalinference:X=62.27df=2P=>0.044SignificantConclusionFromtheabovetabletheobservedvalueofchi-squareis62.27andthecorrespondingsignificantvalueis0.044whichislessthan0.05,thereisasignificantassociationbetweenthegenderandmotivatingfactorinbusiness.Hencethealternativehypothesisisaccepted.

18
Crosstable6.17EducationVstraining
EducationTrainingTotalYesNoIlliterateN16(24.2%)50(75.8%)66(100%)PrimaryeducationN24(31.6%)52(68.4%)76(100%)HighschooleducationN29(34.9%)54(65.1%)83(100%)HighersecondaryeducationN7(36.8%)12(63.2%)19(100%)GraduationN1(16.7%)5(83.3%)6(100%)TotalN77(30.8%)173(69.2%)250(100%)Source:PrimarydataTheabovecrosstablecomparestheeducationalqualificationandtheiropinionrelatingtotraining.Itisfoundthat75.8percentoftheilliterateentrepreneurshavenottakenupanytrainingandtheremaining24.2percenthaveundergonetrainingtodothebusiness.Inrelationtotheentrepreneurswithprimaryeducationitisfoundthat68.4percenthavenottakenupanytrainingandtheremaining31.6percenthavetakenuptrainingtodothebusiness.Asfarasthehighschoolleveleducatedentrepreneursareconcerned65.1percentofthemhavenottakenanytrainingand34.9percenthaveundergonetrainingtodothebusiness.Inrelationtotheentrepreneurswithhighersecondaryeducationitisobservedthat63.2percenthavenottakenanytrainingandtheremaining36.8percenthavetakenuptrainingtothebusiness.Incaseofthegraduate

19
entrepreneurs83.3percenthavenottakenupanytrainingandtheremaining16.7percenthavetakenuptrainingtodothebusiness.Inallthefourcasesmajorityoftheentrepreneurshavenottakenupanytrainingtodothebusiness.HYPOTHESIS(H1)Thereisasignificantassociationbetweentheeducationallevelandthetraining.ThetestofhypothesisStatisticalinference:X=29.08df=4P=>0.573NotSignificantConclusionFromtheabovetabletheobservedvalueofchi-squareis29.08andthecorrespondingsignificantvalueis0.573whichismorethan0.05,thereisanosignificantassociationbetweentheeducationallevelandtraining.Hencethealternativehypothesisisrejected.

19
Crosstable6.18EducationVsFutureplan
EducationFutureplanTotalYesNoIlliterateN46(69.7%)20(30.3%)66(100%)PrimaryeducationN54(71.1%)22(28.9%)76(100%)HighschooleducationN69(83.1%)14(16.9%)83(100%)SecondaryeducationN15(78.9%)4(21.1%)19(100%)GraduationN5(83.3%)1(16.7%)6(100%)TotalN189(75.6%)61(24.4%)250(100)Source:PrimarydataTheabovetablecomparestheeducationallevelandthefutureplanandasfarasilliterateentrepreneursareconcerned69.7percenthaveanideaforfutureplanandtheremaining30.3percenthavenoideaforfutureplan.Inrelationtotheprimarylevelofeducation71.1percentoftheentrepreneurshavefutureplanintheirbusinessendeavourandtheremaining 28.9 per cent have no ideaforfutureplan.Asfarasthehighschoolleveleducatedentrepreneursareconcerned83.1percenthaveideaforfutureplanandtheremaining16.9percenthavenosuchidea.Inrelationtothehighersecondaryschoolleveleducatedentrepreneursareconcerned78.9percenthaveideaforfuture

19
planandtheremaining21.1percentnosuchplan.Asfarasthegraduateleveleducated

19
entrepreneurs83.3percenthaveideaforfutureplanandtheremaining16.7percenthavenoideaforfutureplan.Ingeneral75.6percentoftheentrepreneurshaveideaforfutureplanandtheremaining24.4percenthavenoideaforfutureplan.HYPOTHESIS(H1)Thereisasignificantassociationbetweentheeducationallevelandthefutureplan.ThetestofhypothesisStatisticalinference:X=49.62df=4P=>0.291NotSignificantConclusionFromtheabovetabletheobservedvalueofchi-squareis49.62andthecorrespondingsignificantvalueis0.291whichismorethan0.05,thereisnosignificantassociationbetweentheeducationallevelandfutureplan.Hencethealternativehypothesisisrejected.

Source:Primary
193
Table6.19SocialconstraintsofentrepreneursConstraints10987654321TotalRankLackofselfconfidence230369448112264150801536171721/250=6.88IIAbsenceoffamilyencouragement25028856136721709210244431253/250=5.01VIIIPrejudice42072184189901751007550251380/250=5.52VNoriskbearingcapacity3009080140602804012064321196/250=4.78IXDominationofmoneylenders30081320301120701003040391401/250=5.60IVLackofexposure200270352105901051004548411356/250=5.42VIProblemsinpublicrelation4201081601826014513610840212180/250=8.72IFearofsocialsecurity08036096217198014860100191278/250=5.11VII

Source:Primary
Lackofeconomicfreedom1203421281402760164905808826/250=3.30XFearofcreditsaleandrecovery1802701762382301554010520051419/250=5.68III250025002500250025002500250025002500250025000

194
Fromthistableitcouldbeunderstoodthatthemajorsocialconstraintsoftheruralentrepreneursareprobleminpublicrelationfollowedbylackofselfconfidence,fearofcreditsaleandrecoveryfollowedbydominationofmoneylenders,prejudice,lackofexposure,fearofsocialsecurity,absenceoffamilyencouragement,noriskbearingcapacityandlackofeconomicrecovery.Themostimportantproblemistheproblemofpublicrelationsandlackofselfconfidence.

Source:Primary
195
Table6.20FinancialConstraintsofEntrepreneursFinanceisthelifebloodofanyenterprise.Ithastobeavailableattherighttimeinrightquantity.Availabilityofadequatefinancialsupportacceleratesthesuccessofanenterprise.Thedreamsoftheentrepreneurswillnotcometrueiftheyareunabletomobilizetheneededfinance.TherankgivenbytherespondentstothetenfinancialconstraintsencounteredbythemaregivenbelowConstraints10987654321TotalRankShortageoffixedcapital800243192987225120948311638/250=6.56IShortageofworkingcapital230261128147228125883960331339/250=5.36IINegativeattitudeofbanks081320147144481841763/250=3.05VDelayinsanctioningloan1008109872751627124485/250=1.94IXInadequatesizeofloan20036464981080801840896/250=3.59IVInabilitytoprovidesecurity040564493650322744671/250=2.68VIIRigidrepaymentschedule20032419207275641800945/250=3.79III

Source:Primary
Ignoranceofbanking08164245025045202482/250=1.93XRedtapism3000256010825329240754/250=3.02VIlackofaccountingskills400009802048046576/250=2.30VIII

19
factorandlackofselfconfidencewasloadedsecond,fearofcreditsaleand
SocialConstraintsofEntrepreneursInthistabletherotatedmatrixdimensionreductionisusedtofindthemostimportantsocialconstraintsoftheruralentrepreneurs.Thefirstfiveloadedfactorswereselectedforthefurtheranalysis.Table6.21RotatedComponentMatrix
a
SocialConstraintsComponent12345Lackofselfconfidence-.480.899.091-.302.313Absenceoffamilyencouragement-.662.364-.689.183-.624Prejudice.379-.486.735.124.861Noriskbearingcapacity.317-.672-.003.773.580Dominationofmoneylenders.230.203.147.882.137Lackofexposure.231.637.585.183.518Problemsinpublicrelation.667.267-.543-.288-.351Fearofsocialsecurity-.352-.027.190-.521.709Lackofeconomicfreedom-.703.282-.020-.278.043Fearofcreditsaleandrecovery.121-.660.838-.225-.262
ExtractionMethod:PrincipalComponentAnalysis.RotationMethod:VarimaxwithKaiserNormalization.a.Rotationconvergedin3iterations.Source:PrimarydataThetablerevealsthatproblemsinpublicrelationsloadedmoreinthe

19
factorandlackofselfconfidencewasloadedsecond,fearofcreditsaleand
first

19
Source:Primary
recoverywasthethirdfactor,dominationofmoneylenderswasloadedfourthandprejudicewasthelastfactoramongthefiveloadedfactors.Thosefivefactorswereconsideredforthefurtheranalysis.FinancialConstraintsofEntrepreneursThistablerevealsthemostinfluencedfactorswhicharerestrictingtheruralpeopletobecomeentrepreneurs.Andtherotatedmatrixwasadaptedtoselectfivefactorsfromthetenfinancialconstraints.Table 6.22ComponentMatrix
a
FinancialConstraintsComponent12345Shortageoffixedcapital.807-.745.000-.347.432Shortageofworkingcapital.743.722-.098.329-.363Negativeattitudeofbanks.706-.522.352.489.812Delayinsanctioningloan.378-.584.374.552.271Inadequatesizeofloan.113.656.457.601-.121Inabilitytoprovidesecurity-.640.244.478-.426.134Rigidrepaymentschedule-.365.529.757.109.745Ignoranceofbanking.101.090.583.014-.080Redtapism.520-.014-.027.188.713lackofaccountingskills.549-.099.311-.223-.240ExtractionMethod:PrincipalComponentAnalysis.a.1componentsextracted.

19
Thetablerevealsthatshortageoffixedcapitalisthemainfactorwhichrestricttheruralpeopletobecomeentrepreneursandfollowedbyshortageofworkingcapital,rigidrepaymentschedule,inadequatesizeofloanandnegativeattitudeofbanksstoodnextandrestricttheruralpeopletobecomeentrepreneurs.

19
Source:Primary
SocialConstraintsandEducationalQualificationTheprimemotiveoftheeducationistochangethecharacterandtheattitudeofthepeople.Thistableexamineswhethertheeducationchangesthemindsetoftherespondentsordoesnotplayanyroleintheselectionofentrepreneurshipastheircareer.H0:thereisnosignificantdifferencebetweenthesocialconstraintsandtheeducationalqualificationoftherespondents.Table6.23ANOVAParticularsSumofSquaresDfMeanSquareFSig.ProblemsinpublicrelationBetweenGroups11.26743.7565.001.002WithinGroups154.714245.751Total165.981249LackofselfconfidenceBetweenGroups22.49447.4987.480<.01WithinGroups206.5022451.002Total228.995249FearofcreditsaleandrecoveryBetweenGroups44.910414.97015.315<.01WithinGroups201.357245.977Total246.267249
DominationofmoneyBetweenGroups15.16545.0553.098.028WithinGroups336.0922451.632

19
Source:Primary
lendersTotal351.257249
PrejudiceBetweenGroups5.52141.8401.515.212WithinGroups250.2932451.215Total255.814249

20
SincethePvalueislessthan0.05,thenullhypothesisisrejected.Hencethereisasignificantdifferencebetweenproblemsinpublicrelationsandtheeducationalqualificationoftherespondents.SincethePvalueislessthan0.05,thenullhypothesisisrejected.HencethereisasignificantdifferencebetweenLackofselfconfidenceandtheeducationalqualificationoftherespondents.SincethePvalueislessthan0.05,thenullhypothesisisrejected.HencethereisasignificantdifferencebetweenFearofcreditsaleandrecoveryandtheeducationalqualificationoftherespondents.SincethePvalueislessthan0.05,thenullhypothesisisrejected.HencethereisasignificantdifferencebetweenDominationofmoneylendersandtheeducationalqualificationoftherespondents.SincethePValueismorethan0.05,thenullhypothesisisaccepted.Hencethereisnosignificantdifferentbetweentheprejudiceandtheeducationalqualificationoftherespondents.

20
Source:Primary
SocialConstraintsandCasteThecasteplaysavitalroleintheinvolvementofpeopleinanyactivity.Meanvarianceofthedifferentrespondentswithdifferenteducationalqualificationisexaminedinthistable.H0:thereisnosignificantdifferencebetweenthesocialconstraintsandthecasteoftherespondents.Table6.24ANOVAParticularsSumofSquaresDfMeanSquareFSig.ProblemsinpublicrelationBetweenGroups16.31943.2644.449.001WithinGroups149.662245.734Total165.981249LackofselfconfidenceBetweenGroups46.98649.39710.533<.01WithinGroups182.009245.892Total228.995249FearofcreditsaleandrecoveryBetweenGroups52.492410.49811.052<.01WithinGroups193.774245.950Total246.267249DominationofmoneylendersBetweenGroups34.34146.8684.421.001WithinGroups316.9162451.554Total351.257249BetweenGroups16.09643.2192.865.016

20
Source:Primary
PrejudiceWithinGroups229.1852451.123Total245.281249

20
SincethePvalueislessthan0.05,thenullhypothesisisrejected.Hencethereisasignificantdifferencebetweenproblemsinpublicrelationsandthecasteoftherespondents.SincethePvalueislessthan0.05,thenullhypothesisisrejected.HencethereisasignificantdifferencebetweenLackofselfconfidenceandthecasteoftherespondents.SincethePvalueislessthan0.05,thenullhypothesisisrejected.HencethereisasignificantdifferencebetweenFearofcreditsaleandrecoveryandthecasteoftherespondents.SincethePvalueislessthan0.05,thenullhypothesisisrejected.HencethereisasignificantdifferencebetweenDominationofmoneylendersandthecasteoftherespondents.SincethePvalueislessthan0.05,thenullhypothesisisrejected.HencethereisasignificantdifferencebetweenPrejudiceandthecasteoftherespondents.

20
Source:Primary
SocialConstraintsandExperienceH0:thereisnosignificantdifferencebetweenthesocialconstraintsandtheexperienceoftherespondents.Table6.25ANOVAParticularsSumofSquaresDfMeanSquareFSig.
ProblemsinpublicrelationBetweenGroups14.75644.9196.700<.01WithinGroups151.225245.734Total165.981249LackofselfconfidenceBetweenGroups2.3634.788.716.543WithinGroups226.6322451.100Total228.995249
FearofcreditsaleandrecoveryBetweenGroups10.14543.3822.923.035WithinGroups238.3552451.157Total248.500249
DominationofmoneylendersBetweenGroups7.80342.6012.251.084WithinGroups238.0252451.155Total245.829249

20
Source:Primary
PrejudiceBetweenGroups29.68049.8939.453<.01WithinGroups215.6012451.047Total245.281249

20
SincethePvalueislessthan0.05,thenullhypothesisisrejected.Hencethereisasignificantdifferencebetweenproblemsinpublicrelationsandtheexperienceoftherespondents.SincethePvalueismorethan0.05,thenullhypothesisisaccepted.HencethereisnosignificantdifferencebetweenLackofselfconfidenceandtheexperienceoftherespondents.SincethePvalueislessthan0.05,thenullhypothesisisrejected.HencethereisasignificantdifferencebetweenFearofcreditsaleandrecoveryandtheexperienceoftherespondents.SincethePValueismorethan0.05,thenullhypothesisisaccepted.Hencethereisnosignificantdifferentbetweenthedominationofmoneylendersandtheexperienceoftherespondents.SincethePValueislessthan0.05,thenullhypothesisisrejected.Hencethereisasignificantdifferentbetweentheprejudiceandtheexperienceoftherespondents.

20
Source:Primary
SocialConstraintsandPlaceofBusinessH0:thereisnosignificantdifferencebetweenthesocialconstraintsandtheplaceofbusinessoftherespondents.Table6.26ANOVAParticularsSumofSquaresDfMeanSquareFSig.
ProblemsinpublicrelationBetweenGroups12.89734.2995.785.001WithinGroups153.084246.743Total165.981249LackofselfconfidenceBetweenGroups27.56539.1889.397<.01WithinGroups201.431246.978Total228.995249FearofcreditsaleandrecoveryBetweenGroups22.71437.5716.908<.01WithinGroups225.7862461.096Total248.500249
Dominationofmoneylenders
BetweenGroups6.71132.2371.927.126WithinGroups239.1182461.161Total245.829249
PrejudiceBetweenGroups1.7583.586.496.686WithinGroups243.5232461.182Total245.281249

20
SincethePvalueislessthan0.05,thenullhypothesisisrejected.Hencethereisasignificantdifferencebetweenproblemsinpublicrelationsandtheplaceofbusinessoftherespondents.SincethePvalueislessthan0.05,thenullhypothesisisrejected.HencethereisasignificantdifferencebetweenLackofselfconfidenceandtheplaceofbusinessoftherespondents.SincethePvalueislessthan0.05,thenullhypothesisisrejected.HencethereisasignificantdifferencebetweenFearofcreditsaleandrecoveryandtheplaceofbusinessoftherespondents.SincethePValueismorethan0.05,thenullhypothesisisaccepted.Hencethereisnosignificantdifferentbetweenthedominationofmoneylendersandtheplaceofbusinessoftherespondents.SincethePValueismorethan0.05,thenullhypothesisisaccepted.Hencethereisnosignificantdifferentbetweentheprejudiceandtheplaceofbusinessoftherespondents.

20
Source:Primary
SocialConstraintsandDailyNetIncomeH0:thereisnosignificantdifferencebetweenthesocialconstraintsandtheDailynetincomeoftherespondents.Table6.27ANOVAParticularsSumofSquaresDfMeanSquareFSig.
ProblemsinpublicrelationBetweenGroups28.630314.31521.574<.01WithinGroups137.351246.664Total165.981249LackofselfconfidenceBetweenGroups2.56231.2811.171.312WithinGroups226.4332461.094Total228.995249
Fearofcreditsaleandrecovery
BetweenGroups1.7193.860.721.487WithinGroups246.7812461.192Total248.500249
DominationofmoneylendersBetweenGroups6.99733.4993.032.050WithinGroups238.8312461.154Total245.829249BetweenGroups34.706317.3517.05<.01

20
Source:Primary
Prejudice38WithinGroups210.5752461.017Total245.281249

20
SincethePvalueislessthan0.05,thenullhypothesisisrejected.HencethereisasignificantdifferencebetweenproblemsinpublicrelationsandtheDailynetincomeoftherespondents.SincethePvalueismorethan0.05,thenullhypothesisisaccepted.HencethereisnosignificantdifferencebetweenLackofselfconfidenceandDailynetincomeoftherespondents.SincethePvalueismorethan0.05,thenullhypothesisisaccepted.HencethereisnosignificantdifferencebetweenFearofcreditsaleandrecoveryandDailynetincomeoftherespondents.SincethePValueismorethan0.05,thenullhypothesisisaccepted.HencethereisnosignificantdifferentbetweenthedominationofmoneylendersandDailynetincomeoftherespondents.SincethePValueislessthan0.05,thenullhypothesisisrejected.HencethereisasignificantdifferentbetweentheprejudiceandtheDailynetincomeoftherespondents.

20
Source:Primary
FinancialConstraintsandEducationalQualificationH0:thereisnosignificantdifferencebetweenthefinancialconstraintsandtheeducationalqualificationoftherespondents.Table6.28ANOVAParticularsSumofSquaresDfMeanSquareFSig.
ShortageoffixedcapitalBetweenGroups12.89744.2995.785.001WithinGroups153.084245.743Total165.981249
ShortageofworkingcapitalBetweenGroups27.56549.1889.397<.01WithinGroups201.431245.978Total228.995249
RigidrepaymentscheduleBetweenGroups5.38941.7961.536.206WithinGroups240.8772451.169Total246.267249
InadequatesizeofloanBetweenGroups27.21149.0705.766.001WithinGroups324.0462451.573Total351.257249

20
Source:Primary
NegativeattitudeofbanksBetweenGroups26.69348.8988.000<.01WithinGroups229.1212451.112Total255.814249

21
SincethePvalueislessthan0.05,thenullhypothesisisrejected.HencethereisasignificantdifferencebetweenShortageoffixedcapitalandtheeducationalqualificationoftherespondents.SincethePvalueislessthan0.05,thenullhypothesisisrejected.HencethereisasignificantdifferencebetweenShortageofworkingcapitalandeducationalqualificationoftherespondents.SincethePvalueismorethan0.05,thenullhypothesisisaccepted.HencethereisnosignificantdifferencebetweenRigidrepaymentscheduleandeducationalqualificationoftherespondents.SincethePValueislessthan0.05,thenullhypothesisisrejected.HencethereisasignificantdifferentbetweenInadequatesizeofloanandeducationalqualificationoftherespondents.SincethePValueislessthan0.05,thenullhypothesisisrejected.HencethereisasignificantdifferentbetweentheNegativeattitudeofbanksandtheeducationalqualificationoftherespondents.

21
Source:Primary
FinancialConstraintsandCasteH0:thereisnosignificantdifferencebetweenthefinancialconstraintsandthecasteoftherespondents.Table6.29ANOVAParticularsSumofSquaresDfMeanSquareFSig.
ShortageoffixedcapitalBetweenGroups13.40944.4708.861<.01WithinGroups103.906245.504Total117.314249ShortageofworkingcapitalBetweenGroups2.0324.677.667.573WithinGroups209.0922451.015Total211.124249RigidrepaymentscheduleBetweenGroups22.71447.5716.908<.01WithinGroups225.7862451.096Total248.500249
InadequatesizeofloanBetweenGroups6.71142.2371.927.126WithinGroups239.1182451.161Total245.829249NegativeattitudeofbanksBetweenGroups1.7584.586.496.686WithinGroups243.5232451.182Total245.281249

21
SincethePvalueislessthan0.05,thenullhypothesisisrejected.HencethereisasignificantdifferencebetweenShortageoffixedcapitalandthecasteoftherespondents.SincethePvalueismorethan0.05,thenullhypothesisisaccepted.HencethereisnosignificantdifferencebetweenShortageofworkingcapitalandcasteoftherespondents.SincethePvalueislessthan0.05,thenullhypothesisisrejected.HencethereisasignificantdifferencebetweenRigidrepaymentscheduleandcasteoftherespondents.SincethePValueismorethan0.05,thenullhypothesisisaccepted.HencethereisnosignificantdifferentbetweenInadequatesizeofloanandcasteoftherespondents.SincethePValueismorethan0.05,thenullhypothesisisaccepted.HencethereisnosignificantdifferentbetweentheNegativeattitudeofbanksandthecasteoftherespondents.

21
Source:Primary
FinancialConstraintsandExperienceH0:thereisnosignificantdifferencebetweenthefinancialconstraintsandtheexperienceoftherespondents.Table6.30ANOVAParticularsSumofSquaresDfMeanSquareFSig.
ShortageoffixedcapitalBetweenGroups14.75644.9196.700<.01WithinGroups151.225245.734Total165.981249
ShortageofworkingcapitalBetweenGroups2.3634.788.716.543WithinGroups226.6322451.100Total228.995249
RigidrepaymentscheduleBetweenGroups10.14543.3822.923.035WithinGroups238.3552451.157Total248.500249
InadequatesizeofloanBetweenGroups7.80342.6012.251.084WithinGroups238.0252451.155Total245.829249

21
Source:Primary
NegativeattitudeofbanksBetweenGroups29.68049.8939.453<.01WithinGroups215.6012451.047Total245.281249

21
SincethePvalueislessthan0.05,thenullhypothesisisrejected.HencethereisasignificantdifferencebetweenShortageoffixedcapitalandtheexperienceoftherespondents.SincethePvalueismorethan0.05,thenullhypothesisisaccepted.HencethereisnosignificantdifferencebetweenShortageofworkingcapitalandexperienceoftherespondents.SincethePvalueislessthan0.05,thenullhypothesisisrejected.HencethereisasignificantdifferencebetweenRigidrepaymentscheduleandexperienceoftherespondents.SincethePValueismorethan0.05,thenullhypothesisisaccepted.HencethereisnosignificantdifferentbetweenInadequatesizeofloanandexperienceoftherespondents.SincethePValueislessthan0.05,thenullhypothesisisrejected.HencethereisasignificantdifferentbetweentheNegativeattitudeofbanksandtheexperienceoftherespondents.

21
Source:Primary
FinancialConstraintsandPlaceofBusinessH0:thereisnosignificantdifferencebetweenthefinancialconstraintsandtheplaceofbusinessoftherespondents.Table6.31ANOVAParticularsSumofSquaresDfMeanSquareFSig.
ShortageoffixedcapitalBetweenGroups11.60633.8693.666.013WithinGroups217.3892461.055Total228.995249ShortageofworkingcapitalBetweenGroups42.308314.10314.244<.01WithinGroups203.958246.990Total246.267249RigidrepaymentscheduleBetweenGroups48.479316.16010.994<.01WithinGroups302.7782461.470Total351.257249
InadequatesizeofloanBetweenGroups11.92733.9763.358.020WithinGroups243.8882461.184Total255.814249NegativeattitudeofbanksBetweenGroups1.0563.352.624.600WithinGroups116.258246.564Total117.314249

21
SincethePvalueislessthan0.05,thenullhypothesisisrejected.HencethereisasignificantdifferencebetweenShortageoffixedcapitalandtheplaceofbusinessoftherespondents.SincethePvalueislessthan0.05,thenullhypothesisisrejected.HencethereisasignificantdifferencebetweenShortageofworkingcapitalandplaceofbusinessoftherespondents.SincethePvalueislessthan0.05,thenullhypothesisisrejected.HencethereisasignificantdifferencebetweenRigidrepaymentscheduleandplaceofbusinessoftherespondents.SincethePValueislessthan0.05,thenullhypothesisisrejected.HencethereisasignificantdifferentbetweenInadequatesizeofloanandplaceofbusinessoftherespondents.SincethePValueismorethan0.05,thenullhypothesisisaccepted.HencethereisnosignificantdifferentbetweentheNegativeattitudeofbanksandtheplaceofbusinessoftherespondents.

21
Source:Primary
FinancialConstraintsandDailyNetIncomeH0:thereisnosignificantdifferencebetweenthefinancialconstraintsandtheDailynetincomeoftherespondents.Table6.32ANOVAParticularsSumofSquaresDfMeanSquareFSig.
ShortageoffixedcapitalBetweenGroups28.630314.31521.574<.01WithinGroups137.351246.664Total165.981249
ShortageofworkingcapitalBetweenGroups2.56231.2811.171.312WithinGroups226.4332461.094Total228.995249
RigidrepaymentscheduleBetweenGroups1.7193.860.721.487WithinGroups246.7812461.192Total248.500249
InadequatesizeofloanBetweenGroups6.99733.4993.032.050WithinGroups238.8312461.154Total245.829249
NegativeBetweenGroups34.706317.35317.058<.01

21
Source:Primary
attitudeofbanksWithinGroups210.5752461.017Total245.281249

21
SincethePvalueislessthan0.05,thenullhypothesisisrejected.HencethereisasignificantdifferencebetweenShortageoffixedcapitalandtheDailynetincomeoftherespondents.SincethePvalueismorethan0.05,thenullhypothesisisaccepted.HencethereisnosignificantdifferencebetweenShortageofworkingcapitalandDailynetincomeoftherespondents.SincethePvalueismorethan0.05,thenullhypothesisisaccepted.HencethereisnosignificantdifferencebetweenRigidrepaymentscheduleandDailynetincomeoftherespondents.SincethePValueismorethan0.05,thenullhypothesisisaccepted.HencethereisnosignificantdifferentbetweenInadequatesizeofloanandDailynetincomeoftherespondents.SincethePValueislessthan0.05,thenullhypothesisisrejected.HencethereisasignificantdifferentbetweentheNegativeattitudeofbanksandtheDailynetincomeoftherespondents.

21
CHAPTER-VIIFINDINGSANDSUMMARY7.1FINDINGS1.Majorityoftherespondentsareintheagegroupof31and40whichisthemajorageforanyonetogoinforincomegenerationinordertodesignthefuturewell.2.MajorityoftherespondentsaremalewhichistherealityofIndiasituationwithregardtoincomegenerationandsocialinteraction.3.MajorityoftherespondentsaremarriedastheIndiansituationhasmorepushforanyjoborprofessionorothermoneygenerationactivitiesonlyaftermarriage.4.Majorityoftherespondentsarewithaneducationalqualificationofwithorlessthansecondaryeducation.Fromthisthereisanauthenticproofthateducationalqualificationhasnomajorroletoplaytomakeoneanentrepreneur.5.MajorityoftherespondentsfollowHinduism.6.MajorityoftherespondentsbelongtotheBackwardCommunity.7.Thereisahigherpercentoflocalentrepreneurs.

22
8.Therearetwomajorcategoriesofbusinesstheyaresaleofconsumergoodsandserviceproducts.a)serviceorientedentrepreneurswhoperformthebusinessofTailoring,Cyclelendingandservicingshops,Flourmills,Ironingshop,vesselslending,Hairdressing,Mechanicshop,Moneylendingandothersimilaractivitiesandb)consumablesbusinessesofTeashop,idlyshop,Pettyshop,Firewoodselling,Fruitssale,Pottery,Flowersale,MuttonandChicken,Fancystores,Electricalstores,Milksocietyandmilkselling,Gemcuttingandothersimilarbusinesses.9.Itisobservedthatthereare76percentoftheentrepreneurswhocarryonthebusinessofconsumablesandtheremaining24percentoftheentrepreneurscarryonthebusinessbasedontheserviceorientedproducts.10.Majorityoftherespondentscarryonthebusinessformorethantenyears.11.Majorityoftheentrepreneurscarryonthebusinessonroadside.12.Majorityoftheentrepreneursspendmorethan8hoursadayfortheirbusiness.13.MajorityoftherespondentshavetheirincomerangesbetweenRs.51and10014.Majorityoftheentrepreneursfunctionthroughasolesellingtypeofbusiness.15.Majorityoftheentrepreneurshavetheirbusinessunregistered.

22
16.Majorityoftherespondententrepreneurshavestartedthebusinessontheirown.17.Majorityoftherespondentsremaininthebusinessasitisasourceofincometothefamily.18.Majorityoftheentrepreneursremaininthebusinessasthereisprofit.19.Majorityoftherespondentsfeelsatisfiedinbeinginthebusiness.20.Majorityoftheentrepreneursarethesaidtobeinthistypeofbusinessowingtoselfmotivationandinterest.21.Majorityoftheentrepreneurshavenotundergoneanytrainingrelatingtothebusiness.22.Majorityoftherespondentsweretrainedbyprivatesectoragencies.23.Majorityoftherespondententrepreneursdonotgetanyfinancialsupportfortheirbusiness.24.Majorityoftheentrepreneursgettheirfinancialsupportthroughgovernmentinstitutions.25.Majorityoftherespondententrepreneursfeelthatthereisnoprobleminthebusiness.26.Majorityoftherespondententrepreneurshaveideaforfutureplan.27.Majorityoftherespondentshavenoideatoabandonthebusiness

22
28.Problemsinpublicrelationsisthefirstsocialfactorandlackofselfconfidenceisloadedsecondwhichlimitstherespondentstobecomeentrepreneurs.29.Shortageoffixedcapitalisthemainfinancialfactorwhichrestricttheruralpeopletobecomeentrepreneursandfollowedbyshortageofworkingcapital.30.ThereisasignificantdifferencebetweenLackofselfconfidence,FearofcreditsaleandrecoveryandDominationofmoneylendersandtheeducationalqualificationoftherespondents.31.Thereisnosignificantdifferentbetweentheprejudiceandtheeducationalqualificationoftherespondents.32.Thereisasignificantdifferencebetweenproblemsinpublicrelations,Lackofselfconfidence,Fearofcreditsaleandrecovery,DominationofmoneylendersandPrejudiceandthecasteoftherespondents.33.Thereisasignificantdifferencebetweenproblemsinpublicrelations,Fearofcreditsaleandrecoveryandprejudiceandtheexperienceoftherespondents.34.ThereisnosignificantdifferencebetweenLackofselfconfidenceandthedominationofmoneylendersandtheexperienceoftherespondents.

22
35.Thereisasignificantdifferencebetweenproblemsinpublicrelations,LackofselfconfidenceandFearofcreditsaleandrecoveryandtheplaceofbusinessoftherespondents.36.Thereisnosignificantdifferentbetweenthedominationofmoneylendersandprejudiceandtheplaceofbusinessoftherespondents.37.ThereisasignificantdifferencebetweenproblemsinpublicrelationsandprejudiceandtheDailynetincomeoftherespondents.38.ThereisnosignificantdifferencebetweenLackofselfconfidence,FearofcreditsaleandrecoveryanddominationofmoneylendersandDailynetincomeoftherespondents.39.ThereisasignificantdifferencebetweenShortageoffixedcapital,Shortageofworkingcapital,InadequatesizeofloanandNegativeattitudeofbanksandtheeducationalqualificationoftherespondents.40.ThereisnosignificantdifferencebetweenRigidrepaymentscheduleandeducationalqualificationoftherespondents.41.ThereisasignificantdifferencebetweenShortageoffixedcapitalandRigidrepaymentscheduleandthecasteoftherespondents.42.ThereisnosignificantdifferencebetweenShortageofworkingcapital,InadequatesizeandNegativeattitudeofbanksandcasteoftherespondents.

22
43.ThereisasignificantdifferencebetweenShortageoffixedcapital,Rigidrepaymentschedule,andNegativeattitudeofbanksandtheexperienceoftherespondents.44.ThereisnosignificantdifferencebetweenShortageofworkingcapitalandInadequatesizeofloanandexperienceoftherespondents.45.ThereisasignificantdifferencebetweenShortageoffixedcapital,Shortageofworkingcapital,RigidrepaymentscheduleandInadequatesizeofloanandtheplaceofbusinessoftherespondents.46.ThereisnosignificantdifferentbetweentheNegativeattitudeofbanksandtheplaceofbusinessoftherespondents.47.ThereisasignificantdifferencebetweenShortageoffixedcapital,RigidrepaymentscheduleandNegativeattitudeofbanksandtheDailynetincomeoftherespondents.48.ThereisnosignificantdifferencebetweenShortageofworkingcapitalandInadequatesizeofloanandDailynetincomeoftherespondents.

22
7.2SUGGESTIONFORIMPROVEMENT1.TotheEntrepreneursa.Anassociationcanbeformedandmeetatacentralplaceonaregularbasistodiscusstheirneeds,problemsandachievements.b.Thelackofsavinghabitsistherootcauseofproblemsandhencetheyshouldbeanawarenessamongtheentrepreneurstoincreasethesavingsandreduceexpendituresparticularlyatthetimeofsurplus.c.Asthereispoorinventorymanagementtheentrepreneursmusttakeeveryefforttoreducewastagesintheirproduces.d.Thereispooreducationandlackofexposureinfinancialmanagementpracticeandmaintenanceofaccountsthatleadtoimproperplanninganddevelopmentintheirbusiness.Thiscouldbesolvedthroughpropertrainingprogrammes.e.Asmajorityofthemarestreetvendorsandthustheymustattempttoorganizethemselvesforadvicerelatingtodothebusiness,forfinancialrequirementsandtomeetthegovernmentofficialsfortheirrequirements.f.Theentrepreneursmustestablishthemselveswellparticularlyonpublicrelationsasitprovidesknowledgeontheavailabilityofthesupportbybankandothergovernmentagencies.

22
2.TotheGovernmenta.Thegovernmentandotheragenciesshouldconductprogrammestoidentifythepotentialitiesoftheruralentrepreneurs.b.Sincetherespondentsfeelthattheproceduresarecomplicatedinbanksforloans,theprocedureandformalitiesofthebankshouldbesimplifiedandtherequireddocumentsshouldbeminimizedwithregionallanguage.c.Byproperrefreshingofknowledgethroughentrepreneurshipdevelopmentprogrammestheconstraintsoflackofexposuremaybeeliminated.d.Regulartrainingprogrammeswillhelptheentrepreneurstodevelopselfconfidence,self-esteem,assertiveness,courageandrisktaking.e.Thetrainingprogramofthegovernmentmusthelptheentrepreneurstobenefitoutoftheirstrengthsandovercometheirweaknesses.f.Theactivitiesoftheentrepreneurshippromotionalagenciescouldbelinkedtopanchayatsforeasyaccessandavailabilityofschemestoentrepreneurs.7.3SUMMARYTheruralentrepreneurshipinTiruchirappallidistrictisdominatedbymarriedmaleagedbetween31and40withaverylesslevelofliteracy.

22
MostofthembelongtothebackwardcommunityandfollowHinduismandaredoingbusinessformorethantenyears.Therearetwomajorcategoriesofbusiness

22
namelythesaleofserviceproductsandconsumergoods.a)serviceproductsincludeTailoring,Cyclelendingandservicingshops,Flourmills,Ironingshop,vesselslending,Hairdressing,Mechanicshop,Moneylendingandothersimilaractivitiesandb)consumablesincludeTeashop,idlyshop,Pettyshop,Firewoodselling,Fruitssale,Pottery,Flowersale,MuttonandChicken,Fancystores,Electricalstores,Milksocietyandmilkselling,Gemcuttingandothersimilarbusinesses.Itisobservedthatthereare76percentoftheentrepreneurscarryonthebusinessofconsumablesandtheremaining24percentofthemdothebusinessrelatingtoserviceorientedproducts.Majorityofthemaretheroadsidevendorsandspendatleast8hoursadaytoearnanincomeuptorupeesonehundreddaily.Majorityoftheentrepreneurshavestartedthebusinessontheirownowingtoselfmotivationandinterestwiththeirownminimumcapitalinvestment,andthusitisaformofsolesellingbusinesswithoutfollowinganyregistrationproceduresoftheGovernment.Thereisnopropertrainingorfinancialsupportprovisionsfromthegovernmentagencies.SomeprivateagenciesparticularlytheNGOsontheirownprovidesometraining.Withalltheseproblemstheentrepreneursfeelthatitisasourceofincometothefamilyandisreasonablyaprofitableone.Hencetheyhavesomefutureplantoexpandtheirbusiness.

i
BIBLIOGRAPHY1.LeonWalras–EntrepreneurialDevelopment,p.1.32.2.Dr.C.B.GuptaandDr.N.P.Srinivasan-EntrepreneurialDevelopment,p.4.3.BernaJ(1960)“IndustrialEntrepreneurshipinMadrasState”,Asiapublishinghouse,Mumbai.4.BhattacharyaandAkouri(1975),“ProfileofasmallIndustryEntrepreneurs”SEDME.5.SharmaK.L(1976),EntrepreneurialDevelopment,p.1.32.6.SeetharamuA.S.(1981),Womeninorganizedmovement,Abhinarpublication,NewDelhi.7.LalithaDevi,1982,“StatusandemploymentofwomeninIndia”.8.SurtiandSarupriya(1983),PsychologicalfactorsEffectingWomenEntrepreneurs,“Somefindings”,IndianJournalofSocialWork,44(3)9.SinghandGupta(1984)PotentialWomenEntrepreneurs–TheirProfilevisionandMotivation,ResearchSerialManagementDevelopmentInstitute,published,1990.10.SatishTanejaandS.L.Gupta–EntrepreneursDevelopment,p.5.

ii
11.S.C.Jain,1985,WomenandTechnology,HindustanPublishingCorporation,NewDelhi.12.SinghN.P.(1986),“SuccessfulWomenEntrepreneurs”theJournalofEntrepreneurship2(2)Sage,publications,NewDelhi.13.GulabSingh(1987)DevelopmentofEntrepreneurshipamongRuralWomanOverview,SEDME15(2)June.14.GraceG(1987)“Femaleentrepreneurssocialandpsychologicalvariableasrelatedtobusinesscharacteristics,Dissertationabstract,International,June,1987.15.NadkaraniA.Sulochana,Asocio-EconomicstudywithreferencetoPunecitythesis,SNDTUniversity,Bombay.16.Shah,Itina,FosteringWomenEntrepreneurship,Researchreportserial-3,NationalInstituteofEntrepreneurshipandSmallBusinessDevelopments,NewDelhi–1990.17.NadarajanR.WomenEntrepreneursinTamilNadu,Astudythesis,UITIE,Bombay.18.Indira.K.(1990)WomenEntrepreneursintheslumsofHydrabadandSecandrabadserialchange.19.KamalaSingh(1992),WomenentrepreneurAshishpublishinghouse,NewDelhi.

iii
20.LamGenney(1993)“Womenwhoaretheirbosses,thestraighttimes”.21.B.ReginaPapa,(1993),“WomenEntrepreneurshipTechnology,Karaikudi,AlagappaUniversityPress.22.SinghK.P.(1993)WomenEntrepreneurTheirProfileandMotivation,TheJournalofEntrepreneurship,2(1)Jan-JuneSagePublication,NewDelhi.23.DavidJ.Leuis(1996),“UnderstandingRuralEntrepreneurshipinaBangladeshVillageIndividualRoles(or)StructuresSmallEnterprisesDevelopment–Vol.17,No.4.24.G.Thenmozhi(1996),AStudyonWomenEntrepreneurshipinCoimbatoreDistrictUnpublishedPh.Dthesis.25.MeeraBal(1996),“WomenEntrepreneursintheEuropeanUnion,SouthernEconomy,Vol.38,June-15,(p.11-13).26.Dr.V.Balau,Sep-1998,ThirdConcept,Vol.12,No.139,p.41.27.SinghandSyal,GroupEntrepreneurshipforwomenentrepreneurshipandBusinessRowatPublication,Jaipur,1998.28.H.AnithaandA.S.Laxmisha(1999)WomenEntrepreneurshipinIndia,SouthernEconomyVol.28June-15,pp.11-13.29.Bhatia.B.S,“NewIndustrialEntrepreneur:TheirArguesandProblems”,JournalofGeneralManagement,2(1),August

iv
1974,pp.69-70.

iv
30.Hadiman,“DynamicsofIndustrialEntrepreneur”,AsishPublishingHouse,NewDelhi,1985,p.155.31.SubbiandShobhaReddi(1985),“SuccessfulEntrepreneurship-AStudy”,Productivity,26(1),1985,pp21-27.32.NandiAsish,“EntrepreneurialCulturesandEntrepreneurialMen”,EconomicandPoliticalWeekly,8(47),November1973,pp.98-106.33.Annadurai.M,DilBaghKaurandSharma.V.K,“RuralEntrepreneurship:AStudyamongRuralPeopleinTamilNadu”,Ashigam,15(122),1994,pp.53-62.34.Rani.C,“PotentialWomenEntrepreneurs”inKalbagh,(ed.),WomeninEnterpriseandProfession,DiscoveryPublishingHouse.35.Sharma.R.CandSingh.A.K,“DeterminationofEntrepreneurshipinAgriculture”,Productivity,35(3),October-December1994,pp.536-539.36.Patel.M.M,“RoleofEntrepreneurshipinagriculturalDevelopment”,Kurushetra,43(1),1995,pp.41-44.37.Nanda.Y.C,“LinkingbanksandSelfHelpGroupsinIndiaandNon-GovernmentalOrganisation:LessonLearnedandFutureProspects”,NationalBankNewsReview,15(3),1999,pp.1-9.

v
38.Neelaveni.S,Rambabu.PandVenkataramaiah.P,“AnanalysisoftheDevelopmentalPrioritiesofFarmWomeninAgribusinessManagement(ABM)”,TheAndhraAgricultureJournal,47(3&4),2000,p.245-248.39.Sarwade.W.KandBalashebAmbedkar,“RetailTradeStructureinRuralArea”,IndianJournalofMarketing,Vol.30(8-10),August-October2000,pp.26-36.40.NomeshKumar.NandNarayanaSwamy.B.K,“EntrepreneurialBehaviourofFarmersAdoptingSustainableAgricultureinIndia”,MysoreJournalofAgriculture,36(1),January-March2002,pp.87-90.41.AjithSingh,AmandipKaurandAnjanaKabra,“ParticipationofRuralYouthinAgriculturalandAlliedactivities”,RuralIndia,66(9),September2003.42.Manipal“SocialDevelopmentofRuralWomeninIndia”,Kurukshetra,Vol.52,No.9,July2004.43.Marshall.A,PrinciplesofEconomics,8
th
Edition,McMillanCo,NewYork,1949.44.Knight.H.F,RiskUncertaintyandProfit,8
th
Edition,ImpressionHeightenMifflinCo.,NewYork,1957.45.Sharma.K.N,“AStudyofEntrepreneursinKanpurCity”,ResearchCellBulletin,A.No.4,1970.

vi
46.GovindappaG.T,ManojkumarandHalasagi.S,“EntrepreneurshipinAgro-processingIndustry-ACaseStudy”,NationalBankNewsReview,12(4),January-March,1996,pp.26-34.47.AravindhaandRenuka,“Womenentrepreneurs-anExploratoryStudy”,PublicOpinion,47(5),February2002,pp.27,28.48.RachanaChattopadhyayandAnjaliGhosh,“PredictingEntrepreneurialSuccess:ASocio-PsychologicalStudy”,TheJournalofEntrepreneurship,11(1),January-June2002,pp.21-31.49.DilBaghKaur,Annadurai.MandSharma.V.K.,“RuralWomenEntrepreneur”,Abhigyan,20(4),January-March2003,pp.27-31.50.PoonamSinha,“WomenEntrepreneurshipintheNorthEastIndianMotivation,SocialSupportandConstraints”,IndianJournalofIndustrialRelations,Vol.38,No.8,April2003.51.ArchanSood(April2004),“Sustainableruraldevelopment–FocusesinWomen”,Kurushetra,Vol.52,No.6,pp.30.52.Wagh.S.P,“EntrepreneursClub:AMovementofNewIndustrialWorld”,Sedme,24(4),December1997,pp.55-59.53.NeelamYadav,SarojKashyapandAshaRani,“WorkingWomenandtheirConstraints-AComparativeStudy”,IndianJournalofSocialResearch,39(1),January-March1998,pp.41-51.

vii
54.ShillaNanguandChawla.A.S,“theNon-financialServicesrequiredbySmallandMicro-Enterprises(SMEs)”,IndianManagementStudies,5(2),October2001,pp.53-69.55.ArchanaSinha,“TypesofSHGsandtheirwork”,SocialWelfare,February2002,p.1456.Vasumathi.A,Govindarajalu.S,Anuradha.E.KandAmutha.R,“StressandCopingStylesofanEntrepreneur:AnEmpiricalStudy”,JournalofManagementResearch,33(1),April2003,pp.43-50.57.GeorgeHebertanEvans.Jr.,TheentrepreneurandeconomictheoryAmericanEconomyReview,1949,p.338.58.GangadharaRao,N.,EntrepreneurshipandGrowthofenterpriseinIndustrialEstates,DeepandDeepPublications,NewDelhi,1986,p.17.59.Richard.A.Paterson,EntrepreneurshipandorganizationinPaul.C.NystornandWilliamA.Starbunch(e.d)HandbookofOrganizationalDesign,Vol.I.,OxfordUniversityPress,1981,p.67.60.Dr.Zu.Khairoowala“EntrepreneurialDevelopmentItsConceptsandGrowth”MaheenandMahreenPublication1989p.i-ii61.S.B.Srivastav,“APracticalGuidetoIndustrialEntrepreneurs”,SultanChandofsons,NewDelhi,1981p.1

viii
62.HarveyLiberstein,“EntrepreneurshipandDevelopment”,TheAmericanEconomicReview,VolVIIINo.2,May1969,p.75.63.JosephA.Schumpeter:TheTheoryofEconomicDevelopmentCambridgeMass;HarvardUniversityPress1959p.78.64.RuddarDattandSundram,K.P.M.,IndianEconomyS.ChandandCc.,NewDelhi,1984,p.144.65.Memoria.,C.B.,OrganizationandFinancingofIndustriesinIndia,KitabMahal,Allahabad,1971,pp.310-311.

ix
ASTUDYONRURALENTREPRENEURSHIPINTIRUNELVELIDISTRICTQUESTIONNAIRE1.Name2.Age3.Gender4.MaritalStatus5.EducationalQualification6.Religion7.Caste8.Nativity9.NatureofBusiness10.YearsofExperience11.PlaceofBusiness12.TimeSpent13.DailyNetIncome14.TypeofOwnership15.LegalStatus16.OriginofBusiness17.PurposeofBeinginBusiness18.ReasonforStartingthisTypeofBusiness19.LevelofSatisfactionintheBusiness20.Motivatingfactorforstartingthebusiness

x
21.Formaltrainingtodothebusiness22.Accesstothetraininginstitutions23.Accesstoexternalfinancialassistance24.Sourcesoffinancialassistance25.Opinionrelatingtohurdlesinrunningthebusiness26.Opinionrelatingtohandlingthehurdles27.Interestinexpandingthebusinessinfuture28.Opinionrelatingtoabandoningofthebusiness29.SocialConstraintsofentrepreneurs30.FinancialConstraintsofEntrepreneurs

Project on rural development.pdf

About This Presentation

Slide Content

Tags

Categories

Download

Quick Actions

Statistics

Related Slideshows

Project on rural development.pdf

About This Presentation

Slide Content

Slide 1

Slide 2

Slide 3

Slide 4

Slide 5

Slide 6

Slide 7

Slide 8

Slide 9

Slide 10

Slide 11

Slide 12

Slide 13

Slide 14

Slide 15

Slide 16

Slide 17

Slide 18

Slide 19

Slide 20

Slide 21

Slide 22

Slide 23

Slide 24

Slide 25

Slide 26

Slide 27

Slide 28

Slide 29

Slide 30

Slide 31

Slide 32

Slide 33

Slide 34

Slide 35

Slide 36

Slide 37

Slide 38

Slide 39

Slide 40

Slide 41

Slide 42

Slide 43

Slide 44

Slide 45

Slide 46

Slide 47

Slide 48

Slide 49

Slide 50

Slide 51

Slide 52

Slide 53

Slide 54

Slide 55

Slide 56

Slide 57

Slide 58

Slide 59

Slide 60

Slide 61

Slide 62

Slide 63

Slide 64

Slide 65

Slide 66

Slide 67

Slide 68

Slide 69

Slide 70

Slide 71

Slide 72

Slide 73

Slide 74

Slide 75

Slide 76

Slide 77