project planning- MANAGEMENT NOTES (1).pptx

research on project planning and mgt

1. Management Notes Dr. Flora Mutwiri

2. Definition of Terms What is Management? The term “Management” is defined as the art of getting things done through and with people informally organized groups. Management has also been defined as the process of planning, organizing, leading and controlling the efforts of organizational members and using all other resources to achieve the stated organizational goals. In relation to HS setting, management can be defined as a field of study concerned with the operation of health organizations for the purpose of achieving the expected gaols. The operations and functions include planning, organizing, directing, controlling, and staffing ( Erven , 1999).

3. Management can be defined in a number of ways: Social Context definition : Management means getting work done through others mainly people or other organisational resources. It is a process by which managers influence the actions of subordinates in order to achieve organisational goals. This process involves techniques which managers use to coordinate the activities of other people. However, managers rarely perform these activities themselves but their main task is to oversee these activities being performed by the subordinates. .

4. Sociologists’ definition : Sociologists define management as a class and status system. In the social set-up, people can be said to belong to various classes, for example, rich or poor, educated or uneducated, employed or unemployed and so on. The increase in complexity of relationships in modern society demands that managers become elite. The class of managers comprises of very educated people who possess a lot of knowledge and experience and are highly regarded in the society.

5. Economists’ definition: To an economist, management is one of the factors of production, others being land, labour and capital. Management is a factor that coordinates other factors of production to achieve optimal results. This implies that managerial functions from an economist’s point of view determine the profitability and productivity of other factors of production.

6. Specialists in Administration definition : These people view management as a system of authority or power. Managers include a small group of people who determine the actions of subordinate workers. Management would develop consistent policies and procedures for dealing with subordinates (working group).  Those scholars who focus on functions of a manager define management as a process of planning, organising, staffing, directing and controlling of human and non-human resources of an organisation towards achievement of set goals and objectives.

7. Several scholars have defined management using different approaches as follows; William Sprigged: Management is that function of an enterprise which concerns itself with the d irection and control of the various activities to attain business objectives. Sir Charles Reynolds : Management is “the process of getting things done through others”. Elmore Peterson and E. G. Plowman : Management is a technique by means of which the purpose and objectives of a particular human group are determined, clarified and effected. James D. Mooney: Management is the art of directing and inspiring people.

8. John F. Mee : Management is the art of securing maximum results with a minimum effort so as to secure maximum prosperity for the employer and employee, and give the public the best possible service. Dalton E. McFarland : Management is the process by which managers create, direct, maintain and operate purposive organisations through systematic, co-ordinated and co-operative human effort. Koontz and O’Donnell: Management is the creation and maintenance of an internal environment in an enterprise where individuals, working in groups, can perform efficiently and effectively toward the attainment of group of goals. It is the art of getting the work done through and with people in formally organised groups. Bateman: Management is the process of working with people and resources to accomplish organisational goals.

9. From these definitions, we can conclude that management refers to all those activities which are concerned with; Formulation of objectives, plans and policies of the collective enterprise. Assembling men, money, materials, machines and methods for their accomplishment. Directing and motivating the employees at work. Coordinating the physical and human resources. Supervising and controlling performance. Securing maximum satisfaction for both employer and employee and providing the public with the best possible services

10. Meaning of social organization   social organization  is a pattern of  relationships  between and among individuals and  social groups Characteristics of social organization can include qualities such as sexual composition, spatiotemporal cohesion,  leadership ,  structure , division of labor , communication systems, and so on. [3][4] Because of these characteristics of social organization, people can monitor their everyday work and involvement in other activities that are controlled forms of human interaction. These interactions include: affiliation, collective resources, substitutability of individuals and recorded control. These interactions come together to constitute common features in basic social units such as family, enterprises, clubs, states, etc. These are social organizations. [5

11.  Many people belong to various social structures—institutional and informal. These include clubs, professional organizations, and religious institutions.  To have a sense of identity with the social organization, being closer to one another helps build a sense of community.   While organizations link many like-minded people, it can also cause a separation with others not in their organization due to the differences in thought. Social organizations are structured to where there is a hierarchical system.  A hierarchical structure in social groups influences the way a group is structured and how likely it is that the group remains together.

12. Organization can be formal or informal. Informal organizations do not have a clear goal, structure of leadership, official membership, or identified roles. Examples of informal systems would include a group of old classmates, informal social groups, friends, and families. In the formal organization we have clearly structured system with specific and identified goals, plans, management positions, roles, etc. in these organizations. Activities are carried out in stratified manner. Typical organizations have the following characteristics: Title of the organization: its name, logo, symbol, emblem, badge or trade mark, motto, location and address The mission statement and objectives of the organization Expected results and products

13. How are Hospitals and other Public Health Institutions social Institutions?

14. Characteristics of management Management is universal - The basic principle of management is universal in character. Henry Fayol pointed out that the fundamentals of management are equally applicable in different organisations, business, government, military and others. Management is purposeful - Management exists for the achievement of specific objectives. The success of management is measured by the extent to which the desired objectives are attained. Management is a social process - Management is done by people, through people and with people. It is a social process because it is concerned with interpersonal relations. Management is an integrative force - Its essence lies in the coordination of individual efforts into a team effort. As a unifying force, management creates a whole that is more than the sum of individual parts (synergy). It integrates human and physical resources to achieve organisational goals and objectives.

15. Management is multidisciplinary - It deals with behaviour under dynamic conditions. Therefore, it depends upon wide knowledge derived from several disciplines like psychology, statistics, engineering, sociology, and economics and so on. Management is a continuous process - It is dynamic and on-going. Management is intangible - Management is an untouchable and invisible force. It cannot be seen but its presence can be felt everywhere in the form of results. Management is an art as well as a science - It contains a systematic body of theoretical knowledge and it also involves the practical application of such knowledge. It is also a discipline involving specialised training and an ethical code arising out of its social obligations.

16. Importance of management The following facts prove the importance of management: Accomplishment of group goals Management is concerned with conversion of diverse resources – The 4 Ms that is: Men, Machines, Money, Materials, time, and space into a useful enterprise. Efficient running of organisation. Efficiency of an organisation will depend on how far its management has been successful in providing leadership to the subordinate workers, and in involving them mentally and economically in the accomplishment of organisational objectives. Sound organisational structure Management establishes a sound organisation that is in accordance with the desired objectives and the work to be done to accomplish them.

17. What is Leadership? Leadership is the process by which an individual directs, guides influences or controls his/her subordinates behavior towards the achievement of organizational goals. Leadership binds a group together and motivates or influences it towards achievement of organizational goals.

18. Leadership establish directions and it is a strong process for change. It is a the ability to influence others in order to achieve shared goals and objectives ( D’ Souza,1994). Leadership is about predictions

19. Differences between Management, Administration and Leadership The term management, administration and leadership can be used in different ways and interchangeably depending on one’s locality and context definition. Management is a higher order duty of organizational operations. Leadership is a concept that implies an influence relationship to achieve the expected goal. Leadership deals with “higher orders task designed to improve staff, students, and school performance”, hence, it focuses on people ( Amanuel , 2009). Administration implies “lower order duties” because it deals with implementation of directives given by managers.   Administration can be considered as an aspect of the management process (Bush and Bell, 2007).

20. Managers’ work in entities called organisations. An organisation as an entity is a deliberate creature of human beings created with a purpose. It is a platform that is used by people to create and deliver value to their customers in terms of goods and services. This is the single most important factor behind formation of many organisations we see today whether for profit or not for profit. An organisation can also be seen as a situation where two or more people come together to achieve a common goal.

21. It can also be seen as an amalgamation or collection of people’s needs and interests. This means that an organisation represents a collection of many needs and interests which people bring in and expect it to fulfil. An organisation is also a social outfit where people achieve social satisfaction when they interact with other people of different views and opinions. They develop closeness and make friends, some of which are long-lasting