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1. Participatory Approach (PA) By: MR HERO Associate Professor Nassoro TCCD to DCD HOMBOLO

2. Participatory approach (PA) Chinese Philosopher Lau Tse embodies the essence of the participatory approach to community development in the following poem . "Go and meet your people, live and stay with them, love them, work with them. Begin with what they have, plan and develop from what they know, and in the end, when the work is over, they will say: "we did it ourselves"(Dennis, 1977).

3. Participatory Approach Cont … Participation evokes involvement of the community in the decision making process of implementation of development projects (Maser, 1997). According to Oakely (1991) the term participation refers to harnessing the existing physical, economic and social resources of rural people in order to attain the objectives of community development programs and projects. Paul (1987) also refers participation as the shift and a self-transformational process and learning by practice.

4. Participatory development Approach in Broad sense Participatory development is broadly understood as an active involvement of people in making decisions about implementation of processes, programs and projects that affect them (Slocum, Wichhart , Rocheleau , & Thomas- Slayter , 1995 ). The basic element of participatory development is to view the term participation as the exercise of people’s power in thinking and acting, and controlling their action in a collaborative framework. Accordingly, the key concept of participatory development includes the collaborative effort of people, taking initiatives by themselves in terms of their own thinking and deliberations (Rahman, 1993; Oakley, 1991).

5. Participatory Approach According to Waishbord (2001) participatory theories criticized the modernization paradigm on the ground that it promoted a top-down ethnocentric and paternalistic view of development. They argued that the strategic model proposed a conception of development associated with a western vision of progress. The top-down approach of persuasion models implicitly assumed that the knowledge of governments and agencies was correct, and that indigenous populations went either ignorant or had incorrect beliefs.

6. Participatory Approach cont … The main essence of participatory development theory is an active involvement of people in making decisions about implementation of processes, programs and projects, which affect them. Participatory development approaches view the term “participation” as the exercise of people’s power in thinking, acting, and controlling their action in a collaborative framework.

7. Purpose of Participatory Approach Identification of the felt needs of the people Bring forth consensus Empowerment of local disadvantaged groups Integration of local knowledge systems into project design Two-way learning process between the project and local people Political commitment and support Accountability in local governance

8. Rationale and principles of participatory approach The rationale behind the emergence of the participatory development approach is that the participation and involvement of beneficiary groups develop and strengthen the capabilities of beneficiary groups in development initiatives . This is empowering, and leads to self-transformation and self-reliance thereby ensuring sustainability.

9. Principles of the participatory approach includes (Dennis, 1997 ) Inclusion, Equal partnership, Transparency, Sharing power, Sharing responsibility, Empowerment, Cooperation

10. Advantages of a Participatory Planning Approach Feelings of ownership, B roader range of perspectives and ideas due to wide range of participation, Identification of aspiration of people in real sense, Provides opportunity to all to have their say, Fosters trust amongst individuals, community and organizations, Reflects the mission and goals of grass roots and community-based organizations, Embodies the ideas of collaboration , inclusiveness, and empowerment, Finally, It respects everyone's intelligence, values everyone's ideas and experience, and affords everyone a measure of control.

11. Disadvantages of Participatory A pproach Participatory process takes longer, Members may contradict with the idea of experts, One determined individual can wreck the whole process, Difficult to assure that all the right people get to the table, A few misplaced words, or one or a small number of key people losing interest can upset the whole process,

12. Tools of Participatory Rapid Rural Appraisal (RRA): RRA can be defined as a qualitative survey methodology using a multi ‐ discipline team to formulate problems for research and development. It involves external experts teaming up with local community in a process of knowledge sharing. Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA): Participatory rural appraisal evolved from rapid rural appraisal ‐ a set of informal techniques used by development practitioners in rural areas to collect and analyze data. PRA is a label given to a growing family of participatory approaches and methods that emphasize local knowledge and enable local people to make their own appraisal, analysis, and plans. This tool is efficient in terms of both time and money. PRA work intends to gather enough information to make the necessary recommendations and decisions.

13. Tools of PRA Other tools common in PRA are : Semi-structured interviewing, Focus group discussions Preference ranking, Mapping and modeling, Seasonal and historical diagramming.

14. Key Tenets of PRA Participation . Local people's input into PRA activities is essential to its value as a research and planning method and as a means for diffusing the participatory approach to development .              Teamwork . To the extent that the validity of PRA data relies on informal interaction and brainstorming among those involved, it is best done by a team that includes local people with perspective and knowledge of the area's conditions, traditions, and social structure and either nationals or expatriates with a complementary mix of disciplinary backgrounds and experience. A well-balanced team will represent the diversity of socioeconomic, cultural, gender, and generational perspectives.            Flexibility . PRA does not provide blueprints for its practitioners. The combination of techniques that is appropriate in a particular development context will be determined by such variables as the size and skill mix of the PRA team, the time and resources available, and the topic and location of the work.             Optimal ignorance . To be efficient in terms of both time and money, PRA work intends to gather just enough information to make the necessary recommendations and decisions.           

15. Key Tenets of PRA cont … Flexibility . PRA does not provide blueprints for its practitioners. The combination of techniques that is appropriate in a particular development context will be determined by such variables as the size and skill mix of the PRA team, the time and resources available, and the topic and location of the work.             Optimal ignorance . To be efficient in terms of both time and money, PRA work intends to gather just enough information to make the necessary recommendations and decisions.            Triangulation . PRA works with qualitative data. To ensure that information is valid and reliable, PRA teams follow the rule of thumb that at least three sources must be consulted or techniques must be used to investigate the same topics.

16. References Dennis M. (1977). Ineffability in the Lao Tzu: the taming of a dragon. Journal of Chinese Philosophy, 4 (1977), pp. 357-82. Maser C, (1997). Sustainable community development, principles and concepts. USA. St. Lucie Press . Oakley, P. (1991). Projects with people: The practice of participation in rural development. Geneva, International Labour Office. Paul, S. (1987). Community participation in development projects: The World Bank experience. Washington, The World Bank. Rahman, MDA. (1993). People’s self development: Perspectives on participatory action research. London, University Press Ltd . Slocum, Wichhart , Rocheleau & Thomas- Slayter , (1995). Power, processes and participation: Tools for change. London. Intermediate Technology Publications. Waisbord , S. (2001). Family tree of theories, methodologies and strategies in development communication: convergence and differences. http://www.comminit.com/stsilviocomm/sld-2891.html (Accessed on September, 22, 2003)

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