Prokaryotes and eukaryotes

Prokaryotes and eukaryotes cell and its diifferenc

1. Prokaryotes and eukaryotes By: Mrs. Mali Dhanashri R. Assistant professor, GES’s Sir Dr. M. S. Gosavi College of Pharmaceutical Education and Reseach

2. Cell structure All living organisms can be sorted into one of two groups. Prokaryotes and the Eukaryotes. Prokaryotes ( pro  = before;  karyon – = nucleus). All prokaryotic organisms are unicellular e.g. Bacteria Eukaryotes ( eu  = true;  karyon – = nucleus). Eukaryotic organisms unlike prokaryotic can be unicellular or multicellular. Animal cells, plant cells, fungi

3. Prokaryotes Simplest type of cell. Oldest type of cell appeared about four billion years ago. Largest group of organisms Unicellular organisms that are found in all environments. Lack a cell nucleus or any membrane-encased organelles prokaryotes into two groups- Bacteria, and Archaea Archaea - unique life form Capable of living indefinitely in extreme environments such as hydrothermal vents or arctic ice.

4. Characteristics Single cell (unicellular) organism Do not have a nuclear membrane. Circular shaped genetic material dispersed throughout cytoplasm ( nucleoid) DNA is a single loop Do not have membrane-bound organelles Simple internal structure. Smaller in size when compared to Eukaryotes.

5. prokaryotic cell parts Cell Plasmid: All the membrane surrounding and protecting the cell Cytoplasm: All of the material inside a cell except the nucleus Flagella and pili: Protein-based filaments found on the outside of some prokaryotic cells Nucleoid: a nucleus-like region of the cell where genetic material is kept a small molecule of DNA that can reproduce independently Ribosomes: particles that synthesize proteins

6. Cell wall: made of peptidoglycan, comprised of sugars and amino acids, and many have a polysaccharide capsule An extra layer of protection, helps the cell maintain its shape, and prevents dehydration. Capsule: enables the cell to attach to surfaces in its environment. Some prokaryotes have flagella, pili, or fimbriae. Flagella are used for locomotion, Pili are used to exchange genetic material during a type of reproduction called conjugation.

7. Shapes of Prokaryotes Cocci = spherical (round) Bacillus = (rod shaped) Spirilla = helical (spiral)

8. Eukaryotes Appeared approximately one billion years ago Generally more advanced than prokaryotes More complex internal structure Nuclear membrane surrounds linear genetic material (DNA) several different parts Coverings known as cell membranes. Larger than prokaryotes in size .

9. EUkaryotic cell parts Cell membrane: Outer covering Nucleus: membrane-bound nucleus contains Genetic material Chromosomes: Structure of nucleic acids and protein which carry genetic information in the form of genes Mitochondria: powerhouse of the cell

10. Endoplasmic reticulum: may be smooth: builds lipids and carbohydrates may be rough: stores proteins made by attached ribosomes Golgi Complex: takes in sacs of raw material from ER sends out sacs containing finished cell products Lysosomes: sacs filled with digestive enzymes digest worn out cell parts digest food absorbed by cell

11. Similarities between prokaryotic and eukaryotic Both types of cells have cell membranes (outer covering of the cell) Both types of cells have ribosomes Both types of cells have DNA Both types of cells have a liquid environment known as the cytoplasm

12. differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic Sr. No Characteristic Prokaryotic Eukaryotic 1. Nuclear membrane Absent Present 2. Nucleolus Absent Present 3. Chromosome Single circular More than one, Linear 4. Mitotic division Absent Present 5. Deoxyribonucleoprotein Absent Present 6. Pinocytosis Absent Present

13. Sr. No Characteristic Prokaryotic Eukaryotic 7. Outer fillament Pili and fimbriae(for adhesion), flagella for propulsion cillia and flagella(for movement) 8. Cell size 0.5-100μm 10-150μm 9. Reproduction Asexual (binary fission) Sexual (mitosis & meiosis) 10 . Lysosomes Absent Present 11. Golgi apparatus Absent Present 12. Endoplasmic reticulum Absent Present 13. Chloroplasts Absent May be Present

14. Sr.No Characteristic Prokaryotic Eukaryotic 14. Sterols Absent Present 15. Pseudopodia Absent Present 16. Cell wall Present,contain peptidoglycan Present (Plant) Peptidoglycan absent 17. Ribosomes 70S, distributed in the cytoplasm 80S in endoplasmic reticulum, 70S in mitochondria and chloroplasts 18. Locomotor organelles simple fibril multifibrilled 19. Example Bacteria, rickettsiae , chlamydiae , actinomycetes Fungi, protozoa, algae, plants, animals

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