Pronouns-verbtenses-summaryT.ReginaDraft.docx

A basic grammar summary draft

1. Subject
Pronouns
Object
Pronouns
Reflexive Pronouns
Singular Plural Singular Plural Singular (+self) Plural
(+selves)
First
Person
I We Me Us myself ourselves
Second
Person
You You You You Yourself Yourselves
Third
person
He They Him Them himself Themselves
She Her herself
It It Itself
Possessive Pronouns Possessive Adjectives
Singular Plural Singular Plural
First
Person
mine ours my our
Second
Person
yours yours your your
Third
person
his its theirs his its their
hers hers

2. Verb tense – Auxiliary verb to be
Pronouns Past Present Future
Singular I
You
Was
Were
Am
Are
Will
(Main verb / be )
Third
person
Singular
He
She
It
Was
Was
Was
Is
Is
Is
Plural We
You
They
Were
Were
Were
Are
Are
Are

3. Countable and uncountable nouns

6. Plural Nouns Pronunciation and Spelling Rules
Pronounce /s/ Pronounce /z/ Pronounce /IZ/
If a noun ends in a voiceless sound in it’s
singular form, you must add ‘s’ at the
end and pronounce It
like /s/
If a noun ends in a voiced sound in it’s
singular form, you must add ‘s’ at the
end and pronounce It like
/z/
If a noun ends in a /s, z, x, sh, ch, tch/
sound in it’s singular form, you must add
es at the end and pronounce It
like /IZ/
If a noun ends in a /s/ sound but it is
written with an ‘e’ at the end you must
only add the s and pronounce it /IZ/
Cake - cakes Apple - apples Fish - fishes
Mop - mops Banana - bananas Fox - foxes

9. Verb Tenses Past POSITIVE Present POSITIVEFuture POSITIVE
Simple
Regular Verbs:
Subj. pron. + main
verb in simple form +
ed

∙
I studied English.

∙
He did study English.
Subj. pron. + main
verb in simple form …

∙
I study English.
Will: Subj. pron. +
verb to be in future
(will) + main verb in
simple form +….

∙
I will study
English later
this afternoon.
Irregular Verbs:
Subj. pron. + main
verb in irregular form
in past

∙
He ran fast.

∙
He did run fast.
If the pronoun is in third
person singular an s or
es must be added to the
verb.

∙
She studies
English.
∙
It sounds
loud.
Going to
Subj. pron. + verb to
be in present + going
to + main verb in
simple form

∙
They are going
to study English
next
year.
Continuous
Subj. pron. + verb to
be in past + main
verb in simple form +
ing
Subj. pron. + verb to
be in present + main
verb in simple form +
ing
Subj. pron. + verb to
be in present +
going to + be + main
verb + ing

10. ∙
He was running.

∙
I am studying English.

∙
I am going to be
studying English
next Friday at
4pm.

Verb Tenses Past NEGATIVE Present NEGATIVE Future NEGATIVE
Simple
Regular Verbs:
Subj. pron. + did not
(didn’t) + main verb
in simple form

∙
I didn’t study English.
Subj. pron. + do not
(don’t) + main verb
in simple form …

∙
I don’t study English.
Will: Subj. pron. +
verb to be in future +
not + main verb in
simple form

∙
I won’t study
English later this
afternoon.
Irregular Verbs:
Subj. pron. + did not
(didn’t) + main verb
in simple form

∙
He didn’t run fast.
If the pronoun is in
third person singular
the
auxiliary verb will
be does + not
(negative)
Going to
Subj. pron. + verb to
be in present + not +
going to + main verb
in simple form

11. ∙
She doesn’t run fast.

∙
It doesn’t sound
loud.

∙
They aren’t going
to study English next
year.
Continuous
Subj. pron. + verb to be
in past + not + main
verb in simple form +
ing

∙
He was not running.
Subj. pron. + verb to
be in present + main
verb in simple form +
ing

∙
I am not studying
English.
Subj. pron. + verb to be
in present + not + going
to + be + main verb +
ing

∙
I am not going to be
studying English
next
Friday at 4pm.

Verb Tenses
Y/N Questions
Past Present Future

12. Simple
Aux verb to be in past
+ Subj Pronoun +
adjective,etc.

∙
Was I fast?
Aux verb do in past +
Subj Pronoun + main verb
+ …

∙
Did I run fast?
Aux verb (to be/do) in
present + Subj Pronoun
+ adjective,etc.

∙
Is she fast?

∙
Do you run fast?
Will (verb to be in future)
+ subj. pron. + main verb
in simple form +…

∙
Will we study
English later?
If the pronoun is in
third person singular
the
auxiliary verb will
be does

∙
Does she run fast?
Going to
verb to be in present
+ subj. pron. + going
to + main verb in
simple form

∙
Is it going to grow?
Continuous
Verb to be in past +
Subj. pron. + main
verb in simple form +
ing

∙
Was he running?
Verb to be in present
+ Subj. pron. + main
verb in simple form +
ing

∙
Am I studying
English?
Verb to be in present +
subj. pron. + going to +
be + main verb + ing

∙
Are you going to be
studying English
next
year?

13. Coordinating conjunctions
■These conjunctions help to ensure coordination between two sentences, two nouns, two verbs, two adjectives, or two adverbs.
■Use a comma before the conjunction when it’s joining two clauses.
■Don’t use a comma when the conjunction is just adding an option to a list.
Ex: She usually studies in the library, but when it is too busy she goes to a cafe.
Data was gathered through questionnaires and interviews.
Subordinating conjunctions
■It is used to indicate the relationship between a main and a side sentence.
■Use a comma between the two sentences If the conjunction comes at the beginning.
■Don’t use a comma if it comes in between the two sentences.
■Subordinating conjunctions can be defined by grouping them in the form of the condition, cause, and effect, time, purpose, State.
Ex: Because I woke up late this morning, I went to school without eating breakfast.
I went to school without eating breakfast because I woke up late this morning.

15. Subordinating Conjunctions and others
After After tells us about order, sequence. I can pass after the green light is on.
Although Although is used to show two opposite
statements.
Although he speaks seldom, he says meaningful
words.
As As is used to indicate that something
happens during the time when something
is taking place.
Frank watched him as he ambled through the
crowd.
When When is used meaning at the time that. I was driving when my sister was talking to me.
While While is used meaning during the time
that, or at the same time as.
He talked on the phone while I was trying to go to
sleep.
Until Until is used to connect an action to a
point in time
You won't reach your dreams until you try your
best.
Unless Unless means: except the condition that..You don’t need to go unless you want to.
Before Before tells us about order, sequence. Say goodbye before you go.
Because Because is used to show reason She usually eats at home because she likes
cooking.
If If is used to show condition. Let me know if you go to the school.
Since Since is used to show results. Since I see you, I am better.
Whereas Whereas is used to show contrast. She is very funny whereas he is boring.
Besides Besides means in addition to, also. It is a
preposition.
She speaks three languages besides Spanish.
Unlike Unlike means different from, not similar
to.
Jack is completely unlike his father.
Therefore Therefore is used to show the
result/effect of an action.
She came first therefore she got a good seat.
Provided Provided means if or only if. They can listen to music provided they disturb
somebody.

16. Correlative conjunctions
Both ... and Michael can both read and write.
Not only ... but also Not only Mary but also Gabriel is from italy.
Either … or I can have either cola or tea.
So … as Her story isn’t so boring as theirs.
No sooner … than We had no sooner gone to bed than the phone
rang.
The more … the more The more you can dream, the more you can do.
So … that He felt so angry that he threw all the stuff away.
Hardly … when I had hardly closed my eyes when she came.
Such … that She is such a beautiful girl that everyone likes her.
Neither … nor Neither George nor his brother is very tall.
Whether … or He must do it, whether he likes it or not.
As … as He is not singing as loudly as he can.
Rather … than I would rather go out than stay at home today.
Scarcely … when Scarcely had I gone to bed when the doorbell rang.

17. Simple Present
*The verbs used in a sentence in simple present with third person singular
nouns or pronouns (He, She, It) must follow the rules below:
Simple form spellingThird person
singular spelling
Pronunciation Examples
1.Most verbs. Just add -s. Check the sound it ends
before adding the s.
If it ends in a voiceless
consonant sound like
(p,t,k,f) the s does a /s/
If it ends in any other
consonant sound that is
not mentioned in rules 2,3
or 4 the s does a /z/
sound.
Be careful with verbs
that end in silent e, just
add -s but think about
the ending sound not
about the spelling, if it
ends in a /t/ sound
the pronunciation will
be /s/ and the e will
stay silent.
Work - works
Eat - eats
Swim - swims
Read - reads
Write - writes

18. 2.Verbs ending in -o
or in sibilant
sounds -s, -z, -x, -
ch, -sh, -tch.
Add -es. /IZ/
Be careful with verbs
that end in silent e, just
add -s but think about
the ending sound not
about the spelling, if it
ends in a /s/ sound,
the pronunciation will
be /IZ/.
Dance - dances
Go - goes
Wash - washes
Buz - buzzes
Catch - catches
Fix - fixes
3.Verbs ending in
consonant + y.
Change the -y to -i and
add -es.
/z/
Spy - spies
Fly - flies
Study - studies
4.Verbs ending in
vowel + y.
The -y stays the same
and just add -s.
/z/
Play - plays
Stay - stays
5.Irregular forms Verbs that end in o like go and do are considered irregular but they follow
rule #2 that says just add -es.
Be - is, have - has.

Positive

19. Negative
Subject pronouns Verb to be (ser o estar)Have (tener) Verb do (hacer)
I Am not Have not / haven’tDo not
You Are not aren’t Have not Do not don’t
He, she, it Is not / isn’t Has not / hasn’t Does not / doesn’t
We Are not Have not Do not
You Are not Have not Do not
They Are not Have not Do not
Regular Verb: I cook rice and beans with lemon.
Irregular Verb: He runs a maratón every year.
He, she and it are pronouns in
third person singular: add s or
es at the end of the verb.
Simple present:
Subject
pronouns
Contractions
Pron + v. to be
Verb to be
(ser o estar)
Contractions
Pron + have
Have
(tener)
Verb do
(hacer)
I I’m Am I’ve Have Do
You You’re Are You’ve Have Do
He, she, it He’s she’s it’s Is He’s She’s It’s Has Does
We We’re Are We’re Have Do
You You’re Are You’re Have Do
They They’re are They’re have do

20. I am walking.
Present continuous:
Present Continous formula:
Subj. Pron. + verb to be + verb +ing (follow
rules depending on the ending of each verb).

21. Regular verb: I cooked rice and beans with lemon.
Irregular verb: He ran a marathon last year.
Positive
Subject pronouns Verb, etc. Have (tener) Do (hacer)
I Was
Had did
You Were
He, she, it Was
We Were
You Were
They were
Simple past

22. Negative
Subject
pronouns
Contractions Verb to
be
Contractions
have
Have (tener)
Do (hacer) Contractions
did
I
No hay
Was
Hadn’t Had not Did not didn’t
You Were
He, she, it Was
We Were
You Were
They were
She wasn’t cooking rice and beans yesterday.
You were dancing last night.
Positive
Subject pronouns
Contractions
Pron + will
Verb, etc.
I I’ll
Will
You You’ll
He, she, it He’ll she’ll it’ll
We We’ll
You You’ll
Simple
future
Past continuous formula:
Subj. Pron. + verb to be in past + verb in
simple form + ing
Past continuous

23. They They’ll

Negative
Subject pronouns
Contractions
will + not
Verb
I
Won’t Will not
You
He, she, it
We
You
They
Auxiliary
verb
will be going to
When to use it
●Predictions
Ex: You will get married and
have ten children.
●Quick decisions:
Ex: I will have another cup of
coffee, please!
●Promises:
Ex: Ok, I will call you tomorrow.
●Plans or intentions:
Ex: I am going to practice hard to
become a rock star.
●Prediction based on clear
signs:
Ex: It is going to rain.
Regular verb: I am going to cook fish for dinner tomorrow.

24. Irregular verb: He will run after the ball.
Future continuous: I will be drinking water after going to the gym.

Nota – Simple past:
You can’t use double past in a sentence, this means that if an auxiliary verb
like: do is in past (did) you must write the main verb in its simple form.

∙
He did ran fast. He did run fast.

∙
Did he studied English? Did he study English?
Future continuous
formula:
Subj. Pron. + verb to be in future +
verb in simple form + ing

25. Start by thinking about what you like doing in your free time. You may not even realise that some of your free-time activities are
actual hobbies. How would you finish the following sentences?
→ In my free time, I like… (+ gerund, the -ing form)
→ I spend a lot of time doing / making / practising / working on…
→ You can also use any of the following structures – just be careful about grammar:
→ I’m (really) keen on + noun or gerund
→ I’m (really / totally) into + noun or gerund
→ I’m (very / keenly) interested in + noun or gerund
→ I have a keen interest in + noun of gerund
→ I’m enthusiastic about + noun or gerund
→ I’m passionate about + noun or gerund
To give a few personal examples: I’m really keen on country music. I’m totally into reading horror fiction. I’m keenly interested in
shortwave radio. I’m enthusiastic about travelling. I have a keen interest in hiking and trekking.
Then you can continue by giving a short explanation – why you enjoy that particular activity. Assuming it is something enjoyable,

26. there’s a number of adjectives with a positive meaning that you can use, such as:
I like that activity, because it’s… interesting, relaxing, fun, creative, social, imaginative….
→ You can also use the verb make + me + adjective or bare infinitive (infinitive without to), to say what effect that activity has on you:
Example: It makes me happy. It makes me want to learn more. It makes me excited.
→ The verb keep can also be used in some cases, followed by an adjective:
Example: It keeps me fit. It keeps me healthy. It keeps me informed.
→ You can use the Present Perfect Continuous tense to say how long you’ve been doing it until now (have been + -ing); use since to say
when you first started doing that activity:
Example: I’ve been listening to shortwave radio since the early 1990s. I’ve been doing yoga since 2004.
→ Or, if you’re talking about a past hobby, one you no longer have, one of the best structures you can use is used to + bare infinitive. It
implies that it was a habit of yours, something you did a lot, but no longer do:
Example: I used to play volleyball in high school. I used to take meditation classes. I used to write poetry.
Now, depending on what your hobby is (or was), you might need more specific vocabulary to describe any details (in case of
sports, think about the words for the equipment you use; if it’s arts and crafts, which tools and materials you need, etc).
HOMEWORK (Assigned August 16th done by August 23rd)
Now I will give you a brief writing assignment. In the comments section below, post a paragraph about a hobby or a free-time
activity of yours, answering the following questions: What is it? How long have you been doing it? Why do you enjoy it?

27. It’s only fair that I do it first. So, here it goes: This is an example for you:
I really enjoy listening to shortwave radio. It’s an unusual hobby and not many people do it nowadays, which is part of the fun. I’ve
been doing it for many years, since the early 1990s. You do need some equipment, but it’s nothing special or very expensive: all
you need is a decent shortwave radio receiver. I used to do it a lot more, but now I don’t have so much free time. I love it because
listening to international radio broadcasters keeps me informed and entertained. You can learn a lot and hear programmes in many
different languages. Keeping in touch with other shortwave radio enthusiasts is a lot of fun, so this can also be a very social
hobby.