Prospecting and Exploration -

Stages of the life of a Mine

1. Prospecting and Exploration

2. Stages in the life of a Mine Prospecting Exploration Development Exploitation Reclamation

3. Prospecting First stage Search of ores or other valuable minerals Direct prospecting Indirect prospecting

4. Direct Method of discovery Mostly limited to surface deposits Visual examinations of exposure (outcrop) or Loose fragments (float) that have weathered away from the outcrop Geologic studies of the entire area Aerial photography, geologic maps, and structural assessment of an area Looking for geologic evidences Precise mapping and structural analysis Microscopic studies of the samples All these info make the geologist to locate the hidden or surface mineralization

5. Indirect Search Most valuable scientific tools Geophysics: the science of detecting anomalies using physical measurements of: Gravitational, Seismic, Magnetic, Electrical, Electromagnetic Radiometric Variables of earth

6. Indirect Search The methods are applied from air, using aircraft and satellites, or On the surface of the earth and Beneath the earth, using methods that probe below the topography Geochemistry, the quantitative analysis of soil, rock, water samples, and geobotany (plants), The analysis of plant growth patterns

7. Steps of Prospecting Procedure Search reports and technical and published literature Study available geologic and surface maps Study aerial and satellite photographs Prepare photographic map from available information and new aerial data Conduct airborne geophysical survey of area under study Establish base of operation, set up mapping control and organize ground prospecting parties Conduct preliminary geologic, geophysical, and or geochemical surveys Assemble and analyze findings

8. EXPLORATION 2 ND Stage in the life of mine Determines the size and value of a mineral deposit, utilizing techniques more refined than used in prospecting Prospecting and exploration can not be distinguished Explorations shifts to surface and subsurface locations using a number of measurements to obtain a more positive picture of the extent and grade of the ore body

9. EXPLORATION Representative samples are collected for: Chemical analysis Metallurgical analysis X-ray Spectrographic or Radiometric evaluation Samples are obtained by chipping outcrops. Trenching, tunneling and drilling Borehole logs are used to study geology and internal structures

10. EXPLORATON Rotary, percussion or rotary percussive drills are used for exploration Core drilling is important as core gives a lots of info geology, structure, mineralogical composition and physical properties Core is split along its axis: half for analysis and half for further geologic study and record Tonage and grade or richness is calculated The mining costs is estimated and other costs Other factors such as weather, environment, political and social factors are considered All to decide to develop the project or abandoned A feasibility report is prepared

11. Difference between prospecting and exploration Locals: locale shift from air to ground and sub-surface. Airborne geophysics is replaced by ground geophysics Physical samples: indirect searches are transferred to direct. Sub-surface excavations and samples are collected to get actual info. Drilling is carried out in it Data: more substantial information about the target deposit is required. Data are characterized by greater precision, specificity and certainty.

12. Feasibility Report Contains Preface: summary; definitions General: location, climate, topography, history, ownership, land status, transportation etc Environment concerns: present conditions, standards, protective measures, land reclamation, permitting Geologic factors: deposit setting, origin, structure, minerology and petrography Mineral reserves: tonnage, grade Mining plan: development and exploitation

13. Feasibility Report Contains Processing: on-site facilities needed or not Surface and underground plant: location, construction plan Auxiliary and support facilities: power, water supply, road access, waste disposal, housing etc. Staffing: work force or labor and supervisory Marketing: economic survey of supply and demand, price, long-term contracts, substitutes etc. Costs: estimation of direct, indirect, and overall cost of development and exploitation, costs of processing, transportation and smelting etc. Profit projection: profit margin, prices etc.