Protected areas

Protected areas are those in which human occupation or at least the exploitation of resources is limited.
The definition that has been widely accepted across regional and global frameworks has been provided by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) in its categorization guidelines for protected areas.
There are several kinds of protected areas, which vary by level of protection depending on the enabling laws of each country or the regulations of the international organizations involved.
The term "protected area" also includes
Marine Protected Areas, the boundaries of which will include some area of ocean, and
Trans boundary Protected Areas that overlap multiple countries which remove the borders inside the area for conservation and economic purposes.

1. West Bengal University Of Animal And Fisher Sciences Faculty Of Fishery Sciences SUBMITTED TO : PROF.S.K.ROUT Dept. of AEM , WBUAFS SUBMITTED BY : Debiprasad Kantal M.F.Sc-1 st year M/F/2018/09 PROTECTED AREAS

2. Protected areas are those in which human occupation or at least the exploitation of resources is limited. The definition that has been widely accepted across regional and global frameworks has been provided by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) in its categorization guidelines for protected areas. There are several kinds of protected areas , which vary by level of protection depending on the enabling laws of each country or the regulations of the international organizations involved. The term "protected area" also includes Marine Protected Areas, the boundaries of which will include some area of ocean, and Trans boundary Protected Areas that overlap multiple countries which remove the borders inside the area for conservation and economic purposes.   Introduction

3. Definition of protected areas The IUCN definition of a protected area is   “A clearly defined geographical space, recognized, dedicated and managed, through legal or other effective means, to achieve the long-term conservation of nature with associated ecosystem services and cultural values” The term protected area refers to a very wide range of land and water management types that have some value for biodiversity and landscape conservation. Countries around the world have extensive systems of protected areas which vary considerably, depending on national needs and priorities, and on differences in legislative, institutional and financial resources.

4. History of protected areas The earliest types of protected areas for the conservation of resources can be traced back to around 200 BC when land owned by royalty was designated as private hunting reserves In 1962 , the First Conference on National Parks was held and the first UN List of National Parks and Equivalent Reserves that amalgamated all of the world’s protected areas was produced.   During the 1970s , several global multilateral environmental agreements were adopted such as the  World Heritage Convention , the  Convention on Wetlands of International Importance and the Birds Directive in the European Union. These agreements are still highly regarded today and form the basis of the legal structures that protect some of the most important areas of biodiversity. During the 1980s , several regional frameworks for the protection of biodiversity were adopted such as the  Barcelona Convention  for the protection of Mediterranean areas. The adoption of the Convention of Biological Diversity in 1992 set internationally agreed targets for increasing the global area covered by protected areas.    

5. What is a National Park ? An area, whether within a sanctuary or not, can be notified by the state government to be constituted as a National Park, by reason of its ecological, faunal, floral, geomorphological, or zoological association or importance , needed to for the purpose of protecting & propagating or developing wildlife therein or its environment . No human activity is permitted inside the national park except for the ones permitted by the Chief Wildlife Warden of the state under the conditions given in CHAPTER IV, WPA 1972 .   There are 104 existing national parks in India covering an area of 40501.13 km 2 , which is 1.23% of the geographical area of the country (National Wildlife Database, May, 2019).

6. Criteria for selection and management National parks are relatively large land or water areas which contain representative samples of major natural regions, features or scenery of national or International significance They contain one or several entire ecosystems that are not naturally altered by human exploitation and occupation. The resource Is managed and developed so as to sustain recreation and education activities on a controlled basis, The area is managed in a natural or near-natural state, Visitors enter under special conditions for Inspirational, educational, cultural, and recreational purposes.

7. No alteration of the boundaries of a National Park shall be made except on a resolution passed by the Legislature of the State. No person shall, destroy, exploit, or remove any wildlife from a National Park or destroy or damage the habitat or any wild animal or deprive any wild animal or its habitat within such National Park except under and in accordance with a permit granted by the Chief Wildlife Warden and no such permit shall be granted unless the State Government, being satisfied that such destruction, exploitation, or removal of wildlife from the National Park is necessary for the improvement and better management of wildlife therein. No grazing of any [ livestock ] shall be permitted in a National Park and no livestock shall be allowed to enter except where such [livestock] is used as a vehicle by a person authorized to enter such National Park.

8. National marine parks in India : 1 ) Gulf of Kutch Marine National Park 2 ) Mahatma Gandhi Marine National Park 3 ) Gulf of Mannar Marine National Park 4 ) Rani Jhansi Marine National Park

9. made up of 17 islands and the open sea creeks running through the area There are 42 islands on the Jamnagar coast in the Marine National Park, most of them surrounded by reefs. The best known island is Pirotan

10. Rani Jhansi Marine National Park is located in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands in the Bay of Bengal. It was founded in 1996, and covers 256.14 km² a protected area of India consisting of 21 small islands (islets) and adjacent coral reefs

11. Gulf of Kutch Marine National Park Fisheries Pomfret Bom Duck Thread fin Jew fish Hilsa Clupeids Shark

12. Mahatma Gandhi Marine National Park Fishery Resources Marine capture fisheries are the major economic activity in Gulf of Mannar 441 species have been recorded in Gulf of Mannar .(2,200 fish species distributed in Indian waters) Gulf of Mannar is one of the best regions in the Indian subcontinent in fish biodiversity richness . Shore seines, boat seines, trawl nets and hooklines are the principal gear operated.

13. Any area other than area comprised with any reserve forest or the territorial waters can be notified by the State Government to constitute as a sanctuary if such area is of adequate ecological, faunal, floral, geomorphological, natural. or zoological significance, for the purpose of protecting, propagating or developing wildlife or its environment. Some restricted human activities are allowed inside the Sanctuary area details of which are given in CHAPTER IV, WPA 1972.   There are 551 existing wildlife sanctuaries in India covering an area of  119775.80 km 2 , which is 3.64 % of the geographical area of the country (National Wildlife Database, May, 2019). What is Wildlife Sanctuary ?

14. Grant of permit. – (1) The Chief Wildlife Warden may, on application, grant to any person a permit to enter or reside in a sanctuary for all or any of the following purposes, namely: investigation or study of wildlife and purposes ancillary or incidental thereto; photography ; scientific research; tourism ; transaction of lawful business with any person residing in the sanctuary. Ban on use of injurious substances . – No person shall use in a sanctuary, chemicals, explosives or any other substances which may cause injury to, or endanger, any wildlife in such sanctuary Prohibition of entry into sanctuary with weapon. – No person shall enter a sanctuary with any weapon except with the previous permission in writing of the Chief Wildlife Warden or the authorized officer. Causing fire prohibited. – No person shall set fire to a sanctuary, or kindle any fire, or leave any fire burning, in a sanctuary, in such manner as to endanger such sanctuary.

15. Parameter Wildlife sanctuary National park Degree of protection Lesser than NP Greater protection Grazing & other activity regulated Prohibited Power to declare State State Central govt may declare Central govt may declare

16. Conservation reserves and community reserves in India are terms denoting protected areas of India which typically act as buffer zones to or connectors and migration corridors between established national parks, wildlife sanctuaries and reserved and protected forests of India. Such areas are designated as conservation areas if they are uninhabited and completely owned by the Government of India but used for subsistence by communities and community areas if part of the lands are privately owned. These protected area categories were first introduced in the Wildlife (Protection) Amendment Act of 2002 − the amendment to the Wildlife Protection Act of 1972. These categories were added because of reduced protection in and around existing or proposed protected areas due to private ownership of land, and land use. What is Conservation Reserves ?

17. What is Community Reserves Community reserves are the first instances of private land being accorded protection under the Indian legislature. It opens up the possibility of communally owned for-profit wildlife resorts, and also causes privately held areas under  non-profit organizations like land trusts  to be given protection These protected area categories were first introduced in the Wildlife (Protection) Amendment Act of 2003 − the amendment to the Wildlife Protection Act of 1972

18. A marine protected area (MPA) is essentially a space in the ocean where human activities are more strictly regulated than the surrounding waters - similar to parks we have on land. These places are given special protections for natural or historic marine resources by local, state, territorial, native, regional, or national authorities.  What is Marine Protected Areas

19. Size Shape Risk spreading(representation, replication, and spread) Critical areas Connectivity Maintain ecosystem function Ecosystem based management Design a MPA General recommendation

20. Size There is no ideal size applicable to all MPAs; size should be determined by the specific management objectives for each MPA and the species and habitats targeted for protection. It should be minimum 10-20 km in diameter. BIGGER IS BETTER Breeding ground Growing/feeding ground

21. Shape Simple shapes should be used, such as squares or rectangles, rather than elongated or convoluted ones, To minimize edge effects while maximizing interior protected area

22. Climate change will not impact marine species equally everywhere Measure the SST( sea surface temperature) Risk spreading Areas that are biologically and ecologically important Areas that exhibits high productivity Areas that may be naturally more resistant or resilient to the threat of climate change Critical areas Breeding ground Growing/feeding ground

23. Connectivity is the natural linkage between marine habitats which occurs via larval disperse and the movements of adults and juveniles It is important that biological patterns of connectivity among reefs be identified Connectivity Breeding ground Growing/feeding ground

24. MPAs should include large areas, a broad range of habitats, and a high diversity of species Protecting functional groups is an important strategy for supporting ecosystem function Eco system functions • Scientists need to recognize the importance of maximizing the outputs of the services that ecosystem functions generate, quantifying and managing trade-offs among ecosystem services to benefit both humans and nature. Ecosystem value

25. Protected areas provide a wide range social, environmental and economic benefits to people and communities worldwide. More than instruments for conserving nature, protected areas are vital to respond to some of today’s most pressing challenges , including food and water security, human health and well-being, disaster risk reduction and climate change. As the world continues to develop at a rapid pace, pressure on ecosystems and natural resources intensify. Protected areas, when governed and managed appropriately and embedded in development strategies, can provide nature-based solutions to this pressure , and take their place as an integral component of sustainable development. Why are protected areas important? Protected areas... ...  provide drinking water  to one in three of the world’s 100 largest cities; ...  store  the same amount of  carbon  as the tropical rainforests; ... keep us  healthy  by being the source of clean air and water, as well as new medicines; ... help  reduce the risks and consequences of extreme events  such as floods, storm-surges, drought and sea-level rise; ...  enhance food security  by boosting fisheries and preserving wild relatives of crops; and ...  provide homes, jobs and livelihoods  to millions of people around the world.

26. Threats to coastal and marine resources are growing and well documented. An ecosystem-based approach is needed to prevent further degradation of marine and coastal habitats. Stringent measures should be adopted to prevent pollution/habitat degradation caused by non-fishery sources (such as ports, shipping lanes, tourism development and other related activities). Unless such regulations are introduced, spatial management measures such as protected areas will remain ineffective. Basically , the need is to develop a management and conservation regime for the entire Indian EEZ for living resources – including fisheries – that is consistent with India’s international legal obligations. Conclusions

27. " I don't want to protect the environment. I want to create a world  where the  environment  doesn't  need protecting .”

28. http:// www.wiienvis.nic.in/Database/Protected_Area_854.aspx https :// www.slideshare.net/udegmanike/marine-protected-areas-39172234 https:// www.slideshare.net/jitenderanduat/mpmpa-and-biosp-reserv-viji-ppt-2 https:// www.slideshare.net/vinuthapatils/protected-areas-of-india

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