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1. Unveiling The Concept of Protein By Group-B, DVM-27 To PROF. MD. EMRAN HOSSAIN

2. Protein Polymers of amino acids Complex organic compounds of high molecular weight(>5000) Prime nutrient Contain carbon,hydrogen,oxygen,nitrogen and sulfur Building blocks of life

3. Function of protein

4. Digestion and metabolism of protein in ruminant

5. Ruminal protein absorption Rumen absorption : Small peptides , amino acid and ammonia are absorbed across the rumen wall into the bloodstream through passive diffusion Liver metabolism : AA absorbed from the rumen are transported to the liver via the portal vein and synthesized by hepatic protein - some amino acids are deaminated producing ammonia - amino acid can be converted to glucose through gluconeogenesis Excess amino acid Fatty acid Intestinal absorption : Amino acid that escapes rumen degradation and absorption are further absorbed across the intestinal wall. Mainly in the jejunum and ileum by active transport mechanism. Systemic distribution : Throughout the body through bloodstream

6. What about NPN digestion in ruminants? Answer: NPN refers to Non protein Nitrogenous Substance. NPN also produces ammonia and carbon di oxide like protein does. And, this ammonia is a vital element for the rumen microbes. They live on the ammonia. So, for their nourishment and for target ammonia production, we can add NPN in the diet of ruminants. Example: Urea.

7. Digestion of Protein(UDP) in Ruminants In rumen, ruminal microbes are use dietary protein to synthesis, Essential amino acids synthesized Later they are digest and absorb by intestine . But this microbial protein is not sufficient during: Rapid growth & High milk production~ Methionine So, additional exogenous amino acid need to supply to the duodenum. eg. bypass protein

8. When to Feed Rumen bypass protein? More beneficial when the animal's requirement for protein is not met through microbial protein In early lactation period of high yielders (15 kg/day) In rapidly growing (1 kg/day) calves Animals thriving on poor quality roughages Stressed animals

9. BYPASS PROTEIN SOURCES Fish meal Meat meal Sunflower seed meal Soybean seed meal

10. Soluble sugar

11. Utilization of protein in ruminants

12. Method of Protein Protection Esophageal Groove Closure Extension of the oesophagus from cardia to reticulo omasal orifice Oesophagus groove closure~ Conditional reflex Stimulated by act of sucking or drinking Liquid to pass directly through esophageal groove into the abomasum Heat treatment: Dry heating at more than 100°C at various exposure time 100°C for 30 Sec ~ Soyabean Traditional Boiling of crushed maize & wheat Protein is protected

13. What will happen if a cow eats a placenta?

14. Ammonia toxicity Excessive protein intake Ruminal breakdown of protein Excessive ammonia Bacteria fails to utilize in anabolic way Ammonia concentration high Blood ammonia concentration high (Kidney fails to check ammonia concentration) Ammonia toxicity Fatal condition, may die within 1-2 minutes Absorbed through rumen wall Blood stream Liver ( Ornithin cycle) Urea Transported to mouth Back to rumen through salivation Again (Ammonia + CO 2 ) Ammonia toxicity

15. Differences between Ruminants and monogastric Animals in protein digestion

16. Some inquiries…. Why ruminants don't need Essential Amino Acids? What will happen if we provide only UDP? What is the importance of UDP in diet? What will happen if more than 80% is supplied in diet?