Protein-Synthesis-Cell-Division-PPT-1.pptx

Protein Synthesis - DNA RNA

1. P ROTEIN SYNTHESIS & CELL DIVISION PRESENTED BY: ANGELA D. BALLESTEROS

2. CONTENTS Protein Synthesis; a. Transcription b. Translation 1 Cell Division; a. Mitosis b. Meiosis 2

3. Protein Synthesis Introduction: Protein synthesis is the process by which proteins are formed in biological cells. protein are key subtances for all aspects of cell life, proteins are the major building materials for cells. and also proteins perform functional roles in the body. Protein synthesis can be divided into two phases; TRANSCRIPTION & TRANSLATION .

4. Examples of protein functions 1. Antibody - antibodies bind to specific foreign particles, such as viruses and bacteria to help protect the body, 2. Enzyme - enzymes carry out almost all of the thousands of chemical reaction that take place in the cells.

5. Examples of protein functions 3. Messenger - is the transmit signals to coordinate biological processes between diff. cells, tissues and organs. 4. Structural component - these proteins provide structure and support for cells. 5. Transport - bind and carry atoms and molecules within cells & throughout the body.

6. Gene Expression This is the process by which DNA directs protein synthesis.

7. Structure of RNA It is a type of nucleic acid that consists of a strand of nucleotides.

8. Types of RNA 1. mRNA - Messenger RNA 2. rRNA - ribosomal RNA 3. tRNA - transfer RNA

9. Types of RNA 1. mRNA - single nucleotides strands that resemble half of DNA molecule. they carry message containing instructions for protein synthesis from DNA (gene) in the nucleus to the ribosomes in the cytoplasm.

10. Types of RNA 2. rRNA - Helps from the ribosomes, where proteins are built.

11. Gene Expression 1. Transciption (single gene) is a process that involves transcribing genetic information from DNA to RNA. the transcribed DNA message, or RNA transcript is used to produce proteins.

12. Types of RNA 3. tRNA - Molecules are small, cloverleaf-shaped molecules that escort amino acids to the ribosome.

13. Transcription Transcription has three stages; 1. Initiation 2. Elongation 3. Termination

14. Transcription Transcription has three stages; 1. Initiation - The enzyme RNA polymerase binds to DNA at the prometer region.

15. Transcription Transcription has three stages; 2. Elongation - RNA polymerase transcribes DNA into RNA.

16. Transcription Transcription has three stages; 3. Termination - RNA polymerase release from DNA ending transcription.

17. The Process of Protein Synthesis TRANSLATION; Involves “decoding” a messenger RNA and using its information to build a polypeptide, or chain of amino acids.

18. Genes: The Blueprint for Protein Structure The blueprint for protein molecules is stored in the cell nucleus in the form of DNA. the DNA itself does not have the ability to build anything; it serves as a place of storage for information.

19. Cell Division There are 2 types of cell division in the body, Mitosis and Meiosis. Meiosis occurs in the sex cells, egg cells in females and sperm cell in male. Mitosis is the type of cell divisions that occurs in all other cells in the body.

20. Cell Division & the Cell Cyle Cell divison occurs when a parent cell divides to produces 2 daughter cells. parent cell produces 2 daughter cells tissue growth tissue repair

21. Cell Division & the Cell Cyle The cell division cycle has 2 major phases, Interphase and the mitotic phase . During interphase the cell prepares for division, there are 3 sections in interphase; G1 phase, S phase, and G2 phase.

22. Cell Division & the Cell Cyle During the S phase, DNA replication takes place. The DNA strands are unwound by DNA polymerase enzymes, free deoxyribonucleotides are paired up with the open DNA strands and the strands returned to their coilded helix structure.

23. Cell Cyle Once the interphase is complete, The M phase or mitotic phase will begin. There are 2 major events that take place in this phase, Mitosis & Cytokinesis Mitosis- division of nucleus Cytokinesis- division of cytoplasm

24. Cell Cyle The M phase has 4 phases; PROPHASES, METAPHASE, ANAPHASE AND TELOPHASE.

25. P ROPHASE ← Chromosomes Chromatin- which is tightly packed DNA & protein, are further condensed to form chromosomes. The nuclear membrane also disassembles which allows the chromosomes to be moved by the spindle fibers.

26. METAPHASE Replicated chromosomes line up down the middle of the cell.

27. ANAPHASE The sister chromatids are pulled apart by the spindle fibers toward the poles or ends of the cells.

28. TELOPHASE A new nuclear envelop forms around the chromosomes, the spindle fibers break up and disappear.

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