Proteins classification, source, function & RDA

Introduction to Protein Nutrient
Attributes of Protein
Classification of Protein
Source of Protein
Functions of Protein
RDA for Protein
Excess and Deficiency of proteins

1. UNIT2 - PROTEIN

2. Objectives Introduction to Protein Nutrient Attributes of Protein Classification of Protein Source of Protein Functions of Protein RDA for Protein Excess and Deficiency of proteins

3. Protein After water,  protein  is the most plentiful substance in the body . Proteins  grow, maintain , and replace the tissues in our bodies . Therefore our muscles, organs, and immune systems are mostly made of protein . Once  protein  is digested it is broken down into its amino acid. You'll find protein  in lots of yummy foods like eggs, nuts, beans, fish, meat, and milk .

4. PROTEIN It is an organic compound contain C,H,O,N,S Protein is the 50% dry weight of cells (total cell weight = 70% of water + 30% of protein Protein is made up of amino acids There are 20 amino acids in our body. Out of 20 amino acids 9 are essential that need to take everyday from food and 11 are non essential that body can make themselves

5. ATTRIBUTES OF PROTEIN Protein is a long chain-like molecule that is made up of small units known as amino acids, joined together by peptide bonds. The word protein is derived from the Greek word ' proteios ' which means "primary" or "in the lead". Like carbohydrates and fats, proteins are considered a major nutrient for the body due to the energy (calories) they provide. Protein is essential for life, it is crucial to all cells in the body playing a key role as enzymes in a cell. After water, protein is the most plentiful substance in the body. Proteins grow, maintain, and replace the tissues in our bodies. Therefore our muscles, organs, and immune systems are mostly made of protein. Once protein is digested it is broken down into its amino acids. These amino acids can then be reused to make the proteins your body needs to maintain muscles, bones, blood, and body organs. There are over 20 slightly differing amino acids. Our bodies can produce around 13 of these, but there are 9 amino acids that our body cannot make itself. These are called essential amino acids and we obtain these by eating certain protein-rich foods.

6. ATTRIBUTES OF PROTEIN Complete protein that has all amino acids including essential ones are meat, poultry, fish, dairy products, eggs, and soy. Incomplete protein sources include nuts, grains, fruits, and vegetables. Therefore it is important for vegetarians to pair meals wisely in order to get all essential amino acids in their daily diet. Keratin is a type of protein that our hair, nails and outer skin is made off. Taking on too much protein can be dangerous to the body, it is a strain on the liver and kidneys causing them to work extra hard to get rid of the extra protein. Like the other energy sources, carbohydrates and fat, too much protein can also lead to weight gain. The protein contained in eggs is considered to be the highest quality protein out of all foods. Insects actually contain quite high levels of protein, more than some normal protein foods. Proteins in some food can cause allergies as the structure of a protein can cause a reaction in the immune system. A lot of people are allergic to gluten for example, which is a protein in wheat and grains .

7. CLASSIFICATIONS OF PROTEIN PROTEIN CAN BE CLASSIFIED BY: Structure Biological Function Composition

8. Structures of Protein

9. Biological Function of protein Proteins depending upon their physical and chemical structure and location inside the cell, they perform various functions. Proteins are grouped as follows, based on their metabolic function they perform Enzymic Proteins- They are the most varied & highly specialized proteins with catalytic activity. Enzymes catalyze a variety of reactions Structural Proteins-  These proteins aid in strengthening or protecting biological structures. Example: KERATIN Transport or Carrier Proteins- These proteins help in transport of ions or molecules in the body. Example: Hemoglobin  Nutrient and Storage Proteins - These proteins provide nutrition to growing embryos and store ions  Contractile or Motile Proteins- These proteins function in the contractile system. Example: Actin Defense Proteins- These proteins defend against other organisms. Example: Antibodies Regulatory Proteins- They regulate cellular or metabolic activities. Example: Hormones:- Insulin Toxic Proteins - These proteins hydrolyze or degrade enzymes. Example: snake venom

10. CLASSIFICATIONS OF PROTEIN COMPOSITION 1. SIMPLE PROTEINS- are those which on hydrolysis yield only amino acids and no other major organic or inorganic hydrolysis products. They usually contain about 50% carbon,7% hydrogen, 2% oxygen, 16% nitrogen and 0–3% sulphur . o Example: -Egg (albumin) -Serum (globulins) –Wheat ( Glutelin ) -Rice ( Coryzenin ) 2. CONJUGATED PROTEINS- are those which on hydrolysis yield not only amino acids but also organic or inorganic components. The non-amino acid part of a conjugated protein is called prosthetic group.

11. SOURCE OF PROTEIN

12. Growth and Maintenance- Your body needs protein  for growth and maintenance of tissues. Causes Biochemical Reactions- Bodily functions that depend on protein enzymes include : Digestion, Energy production, Blood clotting, Muscle contraction Acts as a Messenger- Amino acid chains of various lengths form protein and peptides, which make up several of your body’s hormones and transmit information between your cells , tissues and organs. Provides Structure- A class of proteins known as fibrous proteins provide various parts of your body with structure, strength and elasticity . FUNCTIONS OF PROTEIN

13. FUNCTIONS OF PROTEIN 5. Maintains Proper ph.- Proteins act as a buffer system, helping your body maintain proper pH values of the blood and other bodily fluids. 6. Balances Fluids- Proteins in your blood maintain the fluid balance between your blood and the surrounding tissues. 7. Strength Immune Health- Proteins form antibodies to protect your body from foreign invaders, such as disease-causing bacteria and viruses. 8. Transports and Stores Nutrients- Some proteins transport nutrients throughout your entire body, while others store them . 9. Provides Energy- Protein can serve as a valuable energy source but only in situations of fasting, exhaustive exercise or inadequate calorie intake.

14. RDA OF PROTEIN The DRI (Dietary Reference  Intake ) is 0.8 grams of  protein  per kilogram of body weight, or 0.36 grams per pound. This amounts to: 56 grams per day for the average sedentary man. 46 grams per day for the average sedentary woman.

15. DEFICIENCY & EXCESS OF PROTEIN Protein-deficiency symptoms are always observed when either protein or energy is deficient Extreme food energy deficiency is marasmus Extreme protein deficiency is kwashiorkor The two diseases overlap most of the time and together are called PEM Protein-energy malnutrition (PEM)– World’s most widespread malnutrition problem. It includes both marasmus and kwashiorkor and states of overlap Hunger – Physiological craving for food– Progressive discomfort , illness, and pain resulting from the lack of food

16. DEFICIENCY & EXCESS OF PROTEIN Overconsumption of protein-rich foods can make Possible health risks such as: Heart disease Homocysteine Kidney disease Adult bone loss Cancer

17. Quiz Time Q. Men need more protein than women TRUE FALSE Q. How many of your calories should come from protein ? 10 % to 35 % 5% to 15% 35% to 5 % 50% to 60% Q. Why do we need protein? a. For energy b. To build cells c. To repair bones and muscles d. All of the above Q. Our bodies are good at storing protein to use later. TRUE FALSE

18. Home Assignment Q. Prepare the chart that includes rich source of protein veg. & non veg. food both Write 5 major functions of protein in our body Q. Classify protein on the basis of structure composition, biological function? Q. Write daily requirement of protein for average age male and women?