PROTEINS.pptx .

protein

1. PROTEIN BY MS MERCIA NUTRITION

2. PROTEIN GREEK WORD “PROTEIOS” MEANING “PRIMARY” OR “FIRST PLACE” Protein are one of the most abundant and important component of the body. It accounts for about 16% of the body weight. Protein is a macronutrients that is essential to building muscle mass. It is commonly found in animal products and plant products as well as nuts and legumes. PROTEIN are made up of smaller units called AMINO ACIDS, which are attached to one another in a long chains. Each amino acid contain an acidic group and an amino group, about 21 amino acids have been found to occur in Proteins. Protein differ from one another primarily due to their sequence of amino acids.

3. COMPOSITION OF PROTEIN Protein contain : Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen Nitrogen Potentially also sulfur, phosphorus , iron. Hundred or thousands of amino acids are joined with peptide linkage.

4. AMINO ACIDS Amino acids are the basic units of proteins. TYPES OF AMINO ACIDS . ESSENTIAL AMINO ACIDS : These are essential amino acids that cannot be synthesized in the body but have to be supplied in the diet are essential amino acids. NON-ESSENTIAL AMINO ACIDS : The amino acids that can be synthesized by the body are called non-essential amino acids. SEMI-ESSENTIAL AMINO ACIDS : These amino acid are called semi-essential amino acids as they are required in the diet of children , pregnant women and lactating mother. They are not essential for normal adult.

5. Classification of protein Classification based on chemical composition and solubility Simple Protein : These protein are made up of amino acid only. Eg PLASMA,COLLAGEN, ALBUMIN AND KERATIN. Conjugated Protein : These proteins contain non-protein portion in their structure Eg haemoglobin Derived Protein : These proteins are produced by the action of acids, alkaline, heat and enzyme on native proteins, polypeptides , proteases etc.

6. Classification based on the structure Globular proteins : They have compact and more or less spherical structure as the polypeptide chain intertwine with each other and are held together by weak intermolecular hydrogen bond. They are water soluble. Eg HEMOGLOBIN Fibrous proteins : They have primarily mechanical and structural function. They are Insoluble in water. Polypeptide chain lie parallel to each other to form a fibre. Eg. Protein of bone , blood vessel, hair , nail , horn etc.

7. Classification based on the biological function Enzymatic proteins : Enzyme are protein that help speed up chemical reaction in our bodies. They are essential for digestion, liver function etc. Transport or carrier proteins : They are involve in carrier or transport of many essential biological factors to various part of organisms . Each carrier protein is designed to recognized only one substance or one group of similar substance. Eg Hemoglobin protein Nutrient and storage proteins : Protein that stores amino acid as nutrient and as building block. They are the sources of essential amino acids, which cannot be synthesized by human body.

8. Defense proteins : These defense protein defense organism against invasion by other species or protect them from injury. Fibrinogen and thrombin are blood clotting protein that prevent loss of blood due to an injury. Contractile or motor proteins : Motor protein are the driving force behind muscle contraction and are responsible for the active transport of most protein and vesicles in the cytoplasm. Eg. Myosin protein present in animal. Regulatory proteins : Some protein regulate cellular or physiological activity. Many protein are involve in signal transduction. Eg Insulin regulate sugar metabolism and growth hormone for bone growth. Toxic proteins : Some protein act as toxic substance such as snake venom, toxic plant protein like ricins and bacterial toxin. Structural proteins : A Category of protein responsible for function ranging from cell shape and movement to providing support to major structure such as bones , hair and muscle.

9. Classification based on the sources of protein Animal protein : These are the protein derived from animal sources such as eggs, milk, meat and fish. These are usually called higher quality protein because the contain adequate amount of all essential amino acid. Plant proteins : These are called lower quality protein since they have a low content of one or more of the essential amino acids. Protein from sea food : These are forms of protein found in sea life which are consumed by human, prominently include fish and shellfish.

10. TRYPSIN , CHYMOTRYPSIN , AMINOPEPTIDASE , CARBOXYPEPTIDASE DIGESTION,ABSORPTION,METABOLISM & STORAGE

11. FUNCTION OF PROTEINS Repair and maintenance : Protein are building block of the body. It plays important role in maintaining of body tissue including development and repair. Hair , skin , eye and organs are made up of protein. Hormones : Protein is involved in the creation of some hormones. For Eg. Insulin is small protein that regulate blood sugar level. And Secretin protein that assist in digestive process. Energy : Protein is a major source of energy. If diet doesn’t supply enough energy through carbohydrates and fats then that requirement of energy if fulfilled by protein of the food. Enzymes : These are the protein that increase the rate of chemical reaction in the body. Most of the chemical reaction in the body are proceed with enzymes only. These enzymes facilitates each steps of digestion absorption etc.

12. Antibodies : Protein forms antibodies which help to prevent infection, illness and diseases. These protein identify and assist in destroying antigen such as bacteria and viruses. Antibodies are made up of protein which protect us by increasing body’s resistance to disease. Transport and storage : Protein is a major element of transportation for certain molecule. For Eg Hemoglobin Growth of fetus : Protein provides amino acids for growth of fetus in pregnancy and for the production of milk during lactation. So extra protein is advisable during pregnancy and lactating.

13. MALNUTRITION The term malnutrition refers to both “undernutrition” and “overnutrition” DEFICIENCIES IN THE ADULT-: weight loss ,anemia, reduced subcutaneous fat, susceptibility to infection, frequent loose stool, lethargy, delay in wound healing, edema. IN PREGNANCY-: Premature birth, still birth, low birth weight(LBW) INFANCY & EARLY CHILDHOOD-: Mental retardation, stunted growth and development IN CHILDREN-: PEM, it is the major nutrition problem in India.

14. PROTEIN ENERGY MALNUTRITION PEM is a term used to describe clinical disorder, resulting from deficiency of protein and energy. It primarily occur in young children living in poverty. In India PEM is the most widespread form of malnutrition among pre-school children and diarrhea is the main cause of it. CLINICAL SYMPTOMS Failure to grow, thinning , weakening & wasting of muscle. Edema Irritability and apathy change in skin color peeling and ulceration change in hairs which become dry , characteristic red Loss of appetite, vomiting, diarrhea , resulting in dehydration Liver enlargement Anemia Increase susceptibility to infection and fever.

15. TYPES OF PEM Kwashiorkor Marasmus Marasmic kwashiorkor

16. KWASHIORKOR Kwashiorkor is a type of malnutrition characterized by severe protein deficiency. It causes fluid retention and a swollen, distended abdomen. Kwashiorkor most commonly affects children, particularly in developing countries with high levels of poverty. People with kwashiorkor may have food to eat, but not enough protein.

17. SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS Edema (swelling with fluid, especially in the ankles and feet). Bloated stomach with ascites (a build-up of fluid in the abdominal cavity). Dry, brittle hair, hair loss and loss of pigment in hair. Dermatitis — dry, peeling skin, scaly patches or red patches. Enlarged liver, a symptom of fatty liver disease. Depleted muscle mass but retained subcutaneous fat (under the skin). Dehydration. Loss of appetite (anorexia). Irritability and fatigue . Stunted growth in children

18. MARASMUS Marasmus is a severe form of malnutrition specifically both protein-energy undernutrition. It results from an overall lack of calories. Marasmus is a deficiency of all macronutrients: carbohydrates, fats, and protein. If you have marasmus, you lack the fuel necessary to maintain normal body functions. People with marasmus are visibly depleted, severely underweight and emaciated. Children may be stunted in size and development. Prolonged marasmus leads to starvation. CAUSES OF MARASMUS Poverty and food scarcity . Wasting diseases such as AIDS. Infections that cause chronic diarrhea . Anorexia. Additional causes affecting children include : Inadequate breastfeeding or early weaning of infants. Child abuse/neglect.

19. SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS Visible wasting of fat and muscle. Prominent skeleton. Head appears large for the body. Face may appear old. Dry, loose skin (skin atrophy). Dry, brittle hair or hair loss. Sunken fontanelles in infants. Lethargy, apathy and weakness. Weight loss of more than 40%.BMI below 16.

20. MARASMIC KWASHIORKOR Children suffering from the disease show the signs of both Kwashiorkor and marasmus. They are severely underweight but also have edema. Children with marasmus may rapidly deteriorate(worst) especially if they develop an infection and present with edema to develop Marasmic kwashiorkor.

21. PREVENTIVE MEASURES Strategy adopted by 8 th WHO/FAO Committee HEALTH PROMOTION : Improvement of family diet. Developing of low cost weaning food. Breastfeeding promotion. time to time nutrition education of family and individual. promotion of family planning. SPECIFIC PROTECTION : Always give rich protein diet to child including milk, egg & fresh fruits Immunization as per schedule Fortification of food Early detection and treatment including periodic surveillance and to provide ORS for children with diarrhea and deworming of infected children.

22. REHABILITATION : Takes place at community level which includes provision of nutritious laddus In case of severe PEM hospital treatment is required Emotional and physical stimulation Regular follow up must be there to avoid relapse COMMUNITY BASED MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES : Ready to use therapeutic food Community engagement and mobilization Screening for malnutrition in communities

23. EFFECT OF OVERCONSUMPTION OF PROTEIN Weight gain Reduced liver and brain function : may lead to hepatic Encephalopathy, a condition marked by decline in brain and nervous system function. High cholesterol : which lead to hardening of arteries and further heart attack.

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