PS-I Unit-I power system part 1 (Model).pptx

Government College of Engineering, Chandrapur Department of Electrical Engineering Subject: Power System-I (Model Curriculum) By Prashantkumar V. Dhawas

Syllabus Unit-I Basic Concepts : Evolution of Power Systems and Present-Day Scenario. Structure of a power system : Bulk Power Grids and Micro-grids. Generation : Conventional and Renewable Energy Sources. Distributed Energy Resources. Energy Storage. Transmission and Distribution Systems: Line diagrams, transmission and distribution voltage levels and topologies (meshed and radial systems). Synchronous Grids and Asynchronous (DC) interconnections. Review of Three-phase systems. Analysis of simple three-phase circuits. Power Transfer in AC circuits and Reactive Power. Unit-II System Components: Overhead Transmission Lines and Cables : Electrical and Magnetic Fields around conductors, Corona. Parameters of lines and cables. Capacitance and Inductance calculations for simple configurations. Travelling-wave Equations. Sinusoidal Steady state representation of Lines: Short, medium and long lines. Power Transfer, Voltage profile and Reactive Power. Characteristics of transmission lines. Surge Impedance Loading. Series and Shunt Compensation of transmission lines. Transformers : Three-phase connections and Phase-shifts. Three-winding transformers, auto-transformers, Neutral Grounding transformers. Tap-Changing in transformers. Transformer Parameters. Single phase equivalent of three-phase transformers. Synchronous Machines : Steady-state performance characteristics. Operation when connected to infinite bus. Real and Reactive Power Capability Curve of generators. Typical waveform under balanced terminal short circuit conditions – steady state, transient and sub-transient equivalent circuits. Loads: Types, Voltage and Frequency Dependence of Loads. Per-unit System and per-unit calculations.

Syllabus Unit-III Voltages and Insulation Requirements: Generation of Over-voltages : Lightning and Switching Surges. Protection against Over-voltages, Insulation Coordination. Propagation of Surges. Voltages produced by travelling surges. Bewley Diagrams. Unit-IV Fault Analysis and Protection Systems: Method of Symmetrical Components (positive, negative and zero sequences). Balanced and Unbalanced Faults. Representation of generators, lines and transformers in sequence networks. Computation of Fault Currents. Neutral Grounding. Switchgear : Types of Circuit Breakers. Attributes of Protection schemes, Back-up Protection. Protection schemes (Over-current, directional, distance protection, differential protection) and their application. Unit-V Introduction to DC Transmission & Renewable Energy Systems : DC Transmission Systems : Line-Commutated Converters (LCC) and Voltage Source Converters (VSC). LCC and VSC based dc link, Real Power Flow control in a dc link. Comparison of ac and dc transmission. Solar PV systems: I-V and P-V characteristics of PV panels, power electronic interface of PV to the grid. Wind Energy Systems: Power curve of wind turbine. Fixed and variable speed turbines. Permanent Magnetic Synchronous Generators and Induction Generators. Power Electronics interfaces of wind generators to the grid.

Course Outcome After completing the course the student shall be able to Understand the concepts of power systems. Understand the various power system components. Evaluate fault currents for different types of faults. Understand the generation of over-voltages and insulation coordination. Understand basic protection schemes. Understand concepts of HVDC power transmission and renewable energy generation

Reference Books J. Grainger and W. D. Stevenson, “Power System Analysis”, McGraw Hill Education, 1994. O. I. Elgerd , “Electric Energy Systems Theory”, McGraw Hill Education, 1995. A. R. Bergen and V. Vittal , “Power System Analysis”, Pearson Education Inc., 1999. D. P. Kothari and I. J. Nagrath , “Modern Power System Analysis”, McGraw Hill Education, 2003. B. M. Weedy, B. J. Cory, N. Jenkins, J. Ekanayake and G. Strbac , “Electric Power Systems”, Wiley, 2012. Remark: All slide are copied from 1.https:// www.slideshare.net / 2. https:// www.googlwe.om.

Basic Concepts Evolution of Power Systems: Introduction From the time immemorial human race has survived, grown , flourished and prospered on the basis of energy produced , established and utilized .

Basic Concepts Evolution of Power Systems: Introduction The invention of fire accidentally proved a major boost for early man to evolve into what we are today.

Basic Concepts Evolution of Power Systems: History The first demonstration of electric light in Calcutta was conducted on 24 July 1879. The first hydroelectric installation in India was installed near a tea estate at Sidrapong for the Darjeeling Municipality in 1897. The first hydroelectric power station in j&k was established at mohra in Baramulla by maharaja Partap Singh in 1905. Company (B.E.S.T.) set up a generating station in 1905 to provide electricity for the tramway. The first electric train ran between Bombay's Victoria Terminus and Kurla along the Harbour Line.

Basic Concepts HISTORY AND EVOLUTION OF THE INDIAN POWER SECTOR 1910 - Electricity Act 1910 enacted to regulate supply by licensees to consumers 1948 - Electricity (Supply) Act 1948 (ES Act) - Formation of State Electricity Boards with full powers to control generation, distribution and utilization of electricity within their respective states and Central Electricity Authority for planning and development of power system 1964 - Five Regional Electricity Boards (REBs) were formed by the Government of India with the concurrence of State Governments with a view to ensure integrated grid operation and regional cooperation on power 1975 - Creation of Central Generating Companies for development of super thermal power stations at coal pit heads and large hydroelectric stations leading to creation of NTPC, NHPC, & NEEPCO 1991 - ES Act 1948 amended to pave the way for the formation of private Generating companies. CEA empowered to fix the norms for determining the tariff of all generating companies. RBI allows 100% foreign investment in power sector

Basic Concepts HISTORY AND EVOLUTION OF THE INDIAN POWER SECTOR 1992 - First Gazette Notifications on the criteria for fixing the tariff for sale of electricity by the Generating companies to SEBs or any other agency 1998 - Electricity Regulatory Commission Act 1998 enacted paving the way for the formation of Central Electricity Regulatory Commission (CERC) and State Electricity Regulatory Commissions (SERC). Regulatory power of the State governments transferred to SERC. Consequently, Tariff regulatory function of CEA transferred to CERC 1998 - Act amended to provide for Central Transmission Utility (CTU) and State Transmission Utilities (STU) 1999 - Privatization of distribution in Odessa 2000 - Indian Electricity Grid Code (IEGC) 2001- Energy Conservation act ( Formation of Bureau of energy efficiency-BEE) 2002 - Privatization of distribution in Delhi

Basic Concepts HISTORY AND EVOLUTION OF THE INDIAN POWER SECTOR 2002 - Availability Based Tariff 2003 - Electricity Act 2003 enacted by the Parliament. This Act repeals the IE Act 1910, ES Act 1948, ERC Act 1998 2004 - Open Access Regulations 2006 - Tariff Policy, Competitive bidding for procurement of power, Ultra Mega Power Projects 2007, 08 - Power Exchange guidelines and establishment 2008 - Allotment of Coal Blocks to power generators for captive mining 2011 - Competitive bidding for ownership and establishment of inter-State transmission schemes 2015 - Auction of Coal Blocks to power generators for captive mining

Basic Concepts INSTITUTIONAL STRUCTURE Federal Structure ‘Power’ is in the Concurrent List of the Indian Constitution Regional Load Dispatch Centers RLDCs (Regional system operator) :Apex bodies in regional grid operation; Supervise and control operation of inter-regional and inter-state transmission systems RLDCs can give directions to intra-state utilities for security of the grid State Load Dispatch Centers SLDCs (State-level system operator) : To supervise and control State power transmission systems

Basic Concepts

Basic Concepts Electricity Sector in India: The electricity sector in India had an installed capacity of 386.888 Gigawatt (GW) as on 31.07.2021, the world's fifth largest. Thermal power plants constitute 60.9% of the installed capacity, hydroelectric about 12% Nuclear power pant 1.8% and Renewable energy sources solar, wind, small hydro, biomass, waste-to-electricity, is 25.2%. India generated 1234.608 BU (1234 000 MU i.e. 1234 TW) electricity during 2021-22 fiscal.

Basic Concepts Electricity Sector in India:

Basic Concepts Electricity Sector in India: Total Generation and growth over previous year in the country during 2009-10 to 2021-22

Basic Concepts Electricity Sector in India:

Basic Concepts Structure of Modern power system Power system

Basic Concepts Structure of Modern power system Power system Introduction: An electrical power system consists of generation, transmission and distribution. The transmission systems supply bulk power and the distribution systems transfer electric power to the ultimate consumers. The generation of the electric energy is nothing but the conversion of one form energy into electrical energy. Electrical energy is generated in hydro, thermal and nuclear power stations. Sometimes, electrical energy is generated from nonrenewable energy sources like wind, waves, fossil fuels, etc. The generating voltages are usually 6.6kV, 10.5kV, 11kV, 13.8kV, 15.75kV, etc.

Basic Concepts Structure of Modern power system Power system Components of an electric power system: Generators : A device used to convert one form of energy into electrical energy. Transformer : Transfer power or energy from one circuit to other without the change of frequency.(to increase or decrease the voltage level) Transmission lines : Transfer power from one location to another Control Equipment : Used for protection purpose Primary Transmission : 110kV, 132kV or 220kV or 400kV or 765kV, high voltage transmission, 3 phase 3-wire system. Secondary transmission : 3 phase 3-wire system, 33kV or 66kV feeders are used Primary distribution: 3 phase 3-wire system, 11kV or 6.6kV, 3 phase 3-wire system Secondary distribution: 400V for 3φ, 230V for 1φ

Basic Concepts Structure of Modern power system Power system Generators: Generator is a device which converts mechanical energy into electrical energy. Generating voltages are normally 6.6 kV,10.5 kV or 11 kV. This generating voltage can be step up to 110 kV/132 kV/220kV at the generating(indoor or outdoor) to reduce the current in transmission line and to reduce transmission losses. Generators produce real power (MW) and reactive power (MVAR).

Basic Concepts Structure of Modern power system Power system Transformers: It is a static device which transfers power or energy from one circuit to another circuit without change of frequency. The main function of transformers is step up voltages from lower generation levels to the higher generation voltage levels and also step down voltages from higher transmission voltage levels to lower distribution levels. When we are increasing the transmission voltage, current flowing through the current flowing through the grid decreases, thereby transmission losses (I2R) reduces.

Basic Concepts Structure of Modern power system Power system Control Equipment Circuit Breaker (CB): Circuit breakers are used for opening or closing a circuit normal and abnormal (fault) condition. Different types of circuit breaker are oil circuit breaker, air-blast circuit breaker, vacuum circuit breaker, SF6 circuit breaker. During fault conditions relay will give command to the circuit breaker to operate. Isolators: Isolators are placed in substations to isolate the part of system during maintenance. It can operate only during no-load condition. Isolated switches are provided on each side of the circuit breaker. Busbar : Busbars are used to connect number of lines operating at the same voltage electrically. It is made up of copper or aluminium . Different types of busbar arrangements are –single busbar arrangement, single bus bar with sectionalisation , double bus bar arrangements, ring bus bar scheme etc.

Basic Concepts Structure of Modern power system Power system Transmission System It supplies only large blocks of power to bulk power station or very big consumers. It interconnects the neighboring generating stations in to a power pool i.e , interconnection of two or more generating stations. Tolerance of transmission line voltage is ±5 to ± 10% due to the variation of loads. Primary Transmission If the generated power is transmitted through transmission line without stepping up the generated voltage, the line current and power loss would be very high. So the generated voltage is stepped up to higher value by using the step up transformer located in substations known as sending end substations near the generating stations. The high voltage transmission lines transmit power from sending end substation to the receiving end substation. Primary transmission voltages are 110KV, 132 KV or 220KV 0r 400KV or 765KV.It uses 3phase, and 3wire system.

Basic Concepts Structure of Modern power system Power system Secondary Transmission At the receiving end substation, the voltage is stepped down to a value of 66 or 33 or 22 KV using step down transformers. The secondary transmission line forms the link between the receiving end substation and the secondary station. It uses 3phase,3 wire system and the conductors used are called feeders. Distribution System The component of an electrical power system connecting all the consumers in an area to the bulk power sources or transmission line is called a distribution system. A distribution station distributes power to domestic, commercial and relatively small consumers. Distribution transformers are normally installed on poles or on plinth mounted or near the consumers Primary Distribution At the secondary substations, the voltage is stepped down to 11 KV or 6.6 KV using step down transformers. The primary distributor forms the link between secondary substation and distribution substation and the power is fed in to the primary distribution system. It uses 3phase, 3 wire system.

Basic Concepts Structure of Modern power system Power system Secondary Distribution At the distribution substation the voltage is stepped down to 400V (for 3phase) or 230V (for 1 phase) using step down transformers. The distribution lines are drawn along the roads and service connections to the consumers are tapped off from the distributors. It uses 3 phase, 4 wire system. Single phase loads are connected between one phase wire and one neutral wire.

Bulk Power Grid An Interconnected power system covering a major portion of a country’s territory (or state) is called a Grid. The different state grids may be a interconnected through transmission lines to form a Grid. WHAT IS A “GRID” ? WHAT IS AN “INTER-CONNECTION” ? Two or more generating stations are interconnected by tie lines. Interconnection provides the best use of power resources and ensures greater security of supply. WHY DO WE NEED THIS INTER-CONNECTION ? 1)Reliability 2)Economy 3)Proper Load Sharing

Bulk Power Grid

Micro Power Grid

Generation Conventional and Renewable Energy Sources. Distributed Energy Resources. Energy Storage.

Generation Conventional (Non-renewable Energy sources )

Generation Non- Conventional (renewable Energy sources )

Generation Distributed Energy sources

Generation Energy storage

Transmission line Voltage (1200kV To 66kV) Advantages of high voltage transmission Efficient transmission of larger amounts of power Saving in conductor material Improved voltage regulation Limitations of high transmission voltage cost of insulators increases cost of transformers increases cost of switchgear increases cost of lightning arrestor increases cost of support towers increases (as taller towers with longer cross arms are required) Different voltage levels of transmission line 1200kV, 675 kV, 400kV , 220kV, 132kV, 66kV

Transmission System

Distribution system That part of power system which distributes electric power for local use is known as distribution system. Feeders. A feeder is a conductor which connects the sub-station (or localized generating station) to the area where power is to be distributed. Generally, no trappings are taken from the feeder so that current in it remains the same throughout. The main consideration in the design of a feeder is the current carrying capacity.

Distribution system Distributor: A distributor is a conductor from which trappings are taken for supply to the consumers. In Fig. 12.1, AB, BC, CD and DA are the distributors. The current through a distributor is not constant because trappings are taken at various places along its length. While designing a distributor, voltage drop along its length is the main consideration since the statutory limit of voltage variations is ± 6% of rated value at the consumer terminals. Service mains: A service mains is generally a small cable which connects the distributor to the consumers’ terminals.

Distribution system Classification of Distribution Systems Nature of current D.C. distribution system A.C. distribution system Type of construction Overhead system Underground system Scheme of connection Radial system Ring main system Inter-connected system.

Distribution system Substation Substation

Distribution system A.C. distribution system Primary distribution system Primary distribution system

Distribution system Secondary distribution system. Secondary distribution system.

A. C. Distribution Qu. Difference between feeder, Distributor, Service main, . Feeder Distributor Service main Voltage level 11- 22 k V 420 V ( 3 phase ) 420 V 3 phase for 3 phase consumer . 220 V 1 phase for 1 phase consumer Origin From 33/11 kV substation From 11/0.433 kV local distribution transformer From Distributor as per type of connection. Design Design on basis of current carrying capacity On basis of voltage regulation ± 6% On basis of voltage regulation ± 6% Fault High Rate Less as compared to Feeder Very less as insulated cables are used

A. C. Distribution Qu. Difference between feeder, Distributor, Service main, . Feeder Distributor Service main Length Up to 20 to 30 km depending total kVA Up to 2 km depending upon voltage regulation not disturb Up to 180 feet maximum as voltage regulation not disturb Fault level High as per total kVA connected on feeder Low as per feeder & depends upon total load Very low as per distributor Conductor ACSR or AAAC AAC and GNAT Service cable Costing High as compared distributor and service main low as compared distributor and high service main low as compared distributor and service main

Distribution system D. C. Distribution 2-wire d. c. distribution 3-wire d. c. distribution 2-wire d. c. distribution 3-wire d. c. distribution

Distribution system Methods of Obtaining 3-wire D.C. System Two generator method 3-wire d.c . generator Balancer Set Two generator method 3-wire d.c . generator

Distribution system Methods of Obtaining 3-wire D.C. System Balancer set . Balancer set

Synchronous Grid and Asynchronous(DC) Interconnection

Synchronous Grid

Synchronous Grid and Asynchronous (DC) Interconnection

Synchronous Grid and Asynchronous(DC) Interconnection

Synchronous Grid

Review of Three-phase systems

PS-I Unit-I power system part 1 (Model).pptx

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