PSD presentation on Epidemiology Pokhara

Epidemiology

1. BEHAVIOUR

2. Findings

3. TABOOS

4. Various Ethnic Group and their Cultural Traits during Pregnancy and Lactation Food restriction during pregnancy Brahman/Chhetri Terai/Madhesi other caste Dalit Newar Janajati Green leafy vegetable 13(39.4 ) 3(9.1) 5(15.2) 1(3) 11(33.3) Papaya 18(40.9) 5(11.4) 6(13.6) 1(2.3) 14(31.8) Meat products 11(40.7) 3(11.1) 4(14.8) 0(0) 9(33.3)

5. Level of Education and Their Cultral Practices during Pregnancy and Lactation Restricting Food during Pregnancy Can't read and write Primary school Secondary school Higher secondary Bachelor and above Green leafy vegetable 6(18.2) 2(6.10 3(9.1) 9(27.3) 13(39.4) Papaya 6(13.6) 3(6.8) 5(11.4) 11(25) 19(43.2) Meat products 3(11.1) 3(11.1) 3(11.1) 6(22.2) 12(44.4 )

6. Various Ethnic Group and their Cultural Traits during Pregnancy and Lactation Reason for Restricting Food during Pregnancy Brahman/Chhetri Terai/Madhesi other caste Dalit Newar Janajati Nausea/vomiting 8(29.6) 3(11.1) 7(25.9) 9(33.3) Miscarriage/abortion 15(50) 2(6.7) 4(13.3) 1(3.3) 8(26.7) Cultural practice 14(38.9) 3(8.3) 7(19.4) 1(2.8) 11(30.6)

7. Level of Education and Their Cultral Practices during Pregnancy and Lactation Reason of food restriction Can't read and write Primary school Secondary school Higher secondary Bachelor and above Nausea/vomiting 4(14.8) 2(7.4) 3(11.1) 5(18.5) 13(48.1) Miscarriage/abortion 6(20) 1(3.3) 4(13.3) 8(26.7) 11(36.7) Cultural practice 5(13.9) 1(2.8) 3(8.30 11(30.6) 16(44.4)

8. BELIEF SYSTEM

9. Various Ethnic Group and Their Cultural Traits during Pregnancy and Lactation Birth Preparedness Brahman/Chhetri Terai/Madhesi other caste Dalit Newar Janajati Financial plan 17(37.8) 4(8.9) 10(22.2) 1(2.2) 13(28.9) Transportation 12(46.2) 2(7.7) 6(23.1) 6(23.1) Buying kit 17(37.8) 2(4.4) 12(26.7) 2(4.4) 12(26.7)

10. Level of Education and Their Cultral Practices during Pregnancy and Lactation Birth Preparedness Can't read and write Primary school Secondary school Higher secondary Bachelor and above Financial plan 8(17.8) 2(4.4) 3(6.7) 13(28.9) 19(42.2) Transportation 2(7.7) 4(15.40 5(19.2) 15(57.7) Buying kit 10(22.2) 3(6.7) 5(11.1) 9 ( 20) 18(40)

11. Various Ethnic Group and Their Cultural Traits during Pregnancy and Lactation Reasons of not having sex during lactation Brahman/Chhetri Terai/Madhesi other caste Dalit Newar Janajati Bleeding 9(39.1) 2(8.7) 3(13) 2(8.7) 7(30.4) Uterine prolapse 4(28.6) 1(7.1) 6(42.9) 1(7.1) 2(14.3) Affect the breast milk 10(41.7) 3(12.50 5(20.8) 1(4.2) 5(20.8)

12. Level of Education and Their Cultral Practices during Pregnancy and Lactation Reasons of not having sex during lactation Can’t read and write Primary school Secondary school Higher secondary Bachelor and above Bleeding 5(21.7) 1(4.3) 2(8.7) 5(21.&) 10(43.5) Uterine prolapse 3(21.4) 1(7.1) 3(21.4) 7(50) Affect the breast milk 6(25) 2(8.3) 3(12.5) 2(8.3) 11(45.8)

13. CUSTOM

14. Various Ethnic Group and Their Cultural Traits during Pregnancy and Lactation Food buying practices Brahman/Chhetri Terai/Madhesi other caste Dalit Newar Janajati Female 12(34.3) 1(2.90 10(28.6) 12(34.3) Male 11(39.3) 5(17.9) 4(14.3) 3(10.7) 5(17.9)

15. Level of Education and Their Cultral Practices during Pregnancy and Lactation Food buying practices Can't read and write Primary school Secondary school Higher secondary Bachelor and above Female 5(14.3) 1(2.9) 6(17.1) 11(31.4) 12(34.3) Male 7(25) 2(7.1) 5(17.9) 14(50)

16. CULTURAL TRADITION Avoiding Household Work

17. Various Ethnic Group and their Cultural Traits during Pregnancy and Lactation Work restriction during pregnancy Brahman/Chhetri Terai/Madhesi other caste Dalit Newar Janajati Heavy work 18(38.3) 5(10.6) 11(23.4) 1(2.1) 12(25.5) Washing cloth 7(46.7) 1(6.7) 3(20) 4(26.7) Travelling 17(35.4) 3(6.3) 12(25) 2(4.2) 14(29.2)

18. Level of Education and Their Cultral Practices during Pregnancy and Lactation Work restriction during pregnancy Can’t read and write Primary school Secondary school Higher secondary Bachelor and above Heavy work 9(19.1) 2(4.3) 3(6.4) 13(27.70 20(42.6) Washing cloth 1(6.7) 1(6.7) 3(20) 10(66.7) Travelling 9(18.8) 2(4.2) 6(12.5) 14(29.2) 17(35.4)

19. MODERN CULTURE Reasons for Discontinuing BreastFeeding

20. Various Ethnic Group and Their Cultural Traits during Pregnancy and Lactation Reasons of discontinuing brestfeeding Brahman/Chhetri Terai/Madhesi other caste Dalit Newar Janajati No breastmilk secretion 1(20) 1(20) 1(20) 1(20) 1(20) Illness 9(50) 1(5.6) 3(16.7) 5(27.8) Injure the unborn baby 8(30.8) 2(7.7) 6(23.1) 10(38.5) Evil eye 10(41.7) 2(8.3) 4(16.7) 8(33.3)

21. Level of Education and Their Cultral Practices during Pregnancy and Lactation Reasons of discontinuing breastfeeding while pregnant Can’t read and write Primary school Secondary school Higher secondary Bachelor and above No breastmilk secretion 1(20) 1(20) 1(20) 2(40) Illness 1(5.6) 1(5.6) 1(5.6) 3(16.7) 12(66.7) Injure the unborn baby 4(15.4) 1(3.8) 2(7.7) 8(30.8) 11(42.3) Evil eye 4(16.7) 1(4.2) 7(29.2) 12(50)