Psych Levels Of Processing Model Of Memory

2. Basic Idea-
›Memory happens because of processing
information
›The memorization of things are dependent on
how deep the info was processed

:
Deep” Associating meaningfulness

to stimulus rather than associating
.
things such as numbers
There isn’t any real structure to it
No distinct difference between LTM and STM

3. /
SHALLOW PERC
EPTUAL
Structural Processing:
processing how it
looks/appears
Phonemic Processing:
processing how
something sounds
Graphemic: Letters
that make up the word
Orthographic: the
shape
/
DEEP SEMANTIC
When we relate
something to
something else
When we think of the
meaning
The importance of it

4. http://www.psypress.com/pip/resources/slp/topic.asp?chapter=ch09&topic=ch09-
sc-03

7. Repeating the information
“According to the levels of
processing theory, onlyonly
elaborative rehearsal improves
long term memory” - Eysenck
Involves deeper, more semantic
analysis of the information
Being able to distinguish the
items

8. Focuses on processes which make up
memory
Non-structured
No real distinction between LTM and STM
Memory is a byproduct of processing
Only elaborative rehearsal can improve LTM
Focuses on LTM and STM
Is structured (LTM and STM)
Rehearsal always improves LTM

9. Showed that encoding was much more
complex
The work helped show that “deeper”
processing does in fact improve
memorization.
Shows why some things are better
remembered
Work is backed up by further case studies,
there is evidence

10. It is more descriptive than explanatory.
“Deep” and “Shallow” are very vague
Neuropsychological studies show that there are
structures/defined storage systems in memory
Provides a better account of explicit memory
than it does for implicit memory
Over simplified.
Suggested that shallow processing led to fast
forgetting
Doesn’t apply to patients with memory diseases
such as amnesia

11. Hyde & Jenkins (1973): Deeper processing led to
better recall of info
Glenberg et. al. (1977): Found that maintenance is
actually beneficial but doesn’t improve LTM as
much as elaboration
Morris et. al. (1977) found that deep processing
does not always help long term memory and thus
proposed a transfer-appropriate processing theory.
Nyberg (2002): Brain Imaging studies that support
the notion that in memory testing the brain areas
used to perceive are reactivated
Craik and Tulving (1975): People recall words
memorized semantically better than phonemically
or structurally.

12. •Craik and Lockhart's levels of processing memory theory neglect the
unconscious mind
•Therefore, it doesn't explain behavior from a psychodynamic perspective
•For example, levels of processing memory doesn't explain how we
remember our dreams, which belongs to the unconscious mind
•Shows that the stimulus-response theory is wrong, as there are memory
processes
•Stimuli that are processed is the basic start of memory

13. B iblio g ra phy
Baddley, A. D. (1976). The Psycholgy of Memory. Basic Books.
Craik, F. I. (1979, September 7). Levels of Processing: A Framework for memory research. This Week's
Citation Classic , 92.
Eysenck, M. W. (n.d.). Chapter 9: Human Memory. (Psychology Press) Retrieved April 4, 2009, from
Psychology: An International Perspective:
http://www.psypress.com/pip/resources/slp/topic.asp?chapter=ch09&topic=ch09-sc-03
Eysenck, M. W. (2001). Principles of Cognitive Psychology (2nd Edition ed.). Psychology Press.
Kendler, T. S. (1995). Levels of Cognitive Development. Lawrence Erbaum Associates.
Michael W. Eysenck, M. T. (2005, April). Chapter 6: Learning and Memory. (Psychology Press) Retrieved
April 4, 2009, from Cognitive Psychology: A Student's Handbook:
http://www.psypress.com/ek5/resources/demo_ch06-sc-03.asp
Psychology, S. (n.d.). Craik and Lockhart 1972 Model of Memory in Psychology. Retrieved from Simply
Psychology: http://www.simplypsychology.pwp.blueyonder.co.uk/levelsofprocessing.html