Psycho Pharmacology v INTRODUCTION.pptx

Psychopharmacology in introduction with classification

1. PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY MS.POOJA SEN NURSING LECTURER ( MHN)

2. INTRODUCTION The middle of the 20 th centaury identifies as an important period in the treatment of psychiatric illness…phenothiazine was introduced first time in US for the treatment of mental disorder, before this is was used as a preoperative medication in Paris. In past mental illness was considered as supernatural causes ,so these patients were often mistreated. In 18 th Cent. “Moral Reform” in the treatment of mentally ill patient began. This resulted in the establishment of state & community level hospital were custodial care was provided. Provision of food & shelter was made with little hope for regain health. In early part of the 20 th Cent. Some somatic therapies were emerged for the treatment of psychiatric patients like insulin therapy, Ice bath, electroconvulsive therapy. Before 1950 sedatives & amphetamines were only available as psychotropic medications. Since 1950 the development of psychopharmacology extended and widespread use of antipsychotic , antidepressants & anti anxiety medications were incorporated for the treatment of psychotic patients. Nurses must understand the legal implication associated with the use of psychotropic medications , client has right to refuse the treatment ,even through the law differs from state to sate. In emergency condition

3. DEFINITION Psychotropic drug is any drug that has primary effects on behavior, experiences or other psychological functions. Psychotropic medication or psychoactive medication also defined as chemical that affects the brain & nervous system after feeling & emotion . These drugs also affect the consciousness in various ways. A broad range of these drugs used in emotional & mental illness. Psychopharmacology is the study of the drugs used to treat psychiatric disorder.

4. DEFINITION Psychopharmacology is the scientific study of the effects of drugs on mood, sensations, thinking & behavior. According to Chaplin 1975- psychopharmacology refers to the use of drugs in the treatment of mental disorders. According to Rebber 1987 – Psychopharmacology refers to any forms of psychotherapy that treats behavioral & mental disorders with the help of drugs and chemicals.

5. TERMINOLOGIES Efficacy – It refers to maximum therapeutic effect that a drug can achieve. Potency – It describes the amount of the drug needed to achieve the maximum effect. Half life- It is the time it takes for half of the drug to be removed from the blood stream. Agonist – drugs that activates receptors . Antagonist – drugs that block receptors. Neurotransmitter- are the chemical messengers that travel from one brain cell to another and synthesized by enzyme from certain dietary amino acids precursors. Receptors- are molecules situated on the cell membrane that are binding sites for neurotransmitters.

6. NEUROTRANSMITERS

7. AN IDEAL PSYCHOTROPIC DRUGS It should cure the underlying pathology causing the disorders and symptoms. It should benefit all the patients suffering from that disorders. It should have no side effect or toxicity in the therapeutic range. It should have rapid onset of action. There should be dependence on the drugs & no withdrawal symptoms on stopping of drugs. There should be no tolerance to the drugs so that same dose effective for long duration of time. It should not be lethal in over dose. It can be given in both inpatient & outpatient settings.

8. GENERAL GUIDELINES REGARDING DRUG ADMINISTARTION IN PSYCHIATRY The nurse should not administer any drug unless there is a written order, do not hesitate to consult the doctor when in doubt and medication. All medication given must be charted on the patients case record sheet. Always address the patient by name & make certain of his identification. Do not leave the patient until the drug is swallowed. Do not permit the patient to go to the bathroom to take medication. Do not allow one patient to carry medicine to another. If it is necessary to leave the patient to get water ,do not leave the tray with in the reach of the patient.

9. GENERAL GUIDELINES REGARDING DRUG ADMINISTARTION IN PSYCHIATRY Do not force oral medication because of the danger of aspiration, this is especially important in stupors conditions. Check drugs daily for any changes in color ,Oduor and number. Bottle should be tightly closed & labelled. Label should be written legibly & in bold lettering. Poison drugs are to be legibly labelled & to be kept in separate cupboard. Make sure that an adequate supply of drugs is on hand, but do not overstock. Make sure no patient has access to the drug cupboard. Drug cupboard should always be kept locked when not in use. Never allow a patient or worker to clean the drug cupboard, the drug cupboard keys should not be given to patient.

10. PATIENT EDUCATION RELATED TO PSHCYOPARMACOLOGY Nurses assess for drugs side effects, evaluate desired effect & make decisions about medications. Nurses must understand general principles of psychopharmacology & have specific knowledge related to psychotropic medications. Patients & family must be taught to discuss the effects of the addition of over the counter drugs, alcohol & illegal drugs to currently prescribed drugs. Discuss about abrupt effect of psychotropic drugs because some drugs cause sedation or drowsiness. Pregnant or breast feeding patients have special risks associated with psychotropic drugs therapy, special instructions should be provided.

11. CLASSIFICATION 1. ANTIPSYCHOTIC DRUGS 5. ANTABUSE DRUGS 4. ANXIOLYTIC & HYPNOSEDATIVE 7. ANTI PARKINSONIAN DRUGS 6. ANTI CARVING DRUGS 2. ANTIDEPRESSANTS DRUGS 3.MOOD STABLIZER/ANTIMANIC 8. DRUGS USED IN CHILD