psycho-social aspects of handicapped.pptx

Handicap and disability

1. Unit 4: Psycho social Aspects of Handicapped Course code 673 Presenter: shamaila Hamid

2. Agenda Normal Pattern of behavior Behavior patterns of Special Children Family Factors: Models, Pakistan and family factors

3. What is Psycho-Social Adjustment? Psychosocial adjustment  is the  psychosocial  accommodation of a person to a life-altering event or transition (Anderson, Keith, & Novak, 2002). A reflection of an individual’s psychological wellbeing that is influenced by their experiences in the social arena. 3

4. Normal Behavior 'Normal behavior' may be defined as any behavior which conforms to social norms, which are the expected or typical patterns of human behavior in any given society.

5. Normal and Exceptional Pattern of Behavior Patterns of child rearing practices vary from family to family, from generation to generation. The biological aspect determine behavior at appropriate developmental levels while the environment provides stimulation for behavior development. Every child grows in his own culture. Behavior which is appropriate in one culture may not be acceptable in another culture. According to Kauffman, family structure determines behavior of the child

6. Social Behavior and Visually Impairment Visually impaired persons use their hearing capacity in social contacts. The fear of being watched in VI may create an emotional strain. Blindness does not cause psychological or developmental disturbance but the disturbance depends upon the experience the blind person has of his environment.

7. Social Behavior and Hearing Impairment The higher the loss, the higher the degree of difficulty of interaction. A part of self-identity depends on the knowledge that their feelings are similar to those of their peers The behavior of the hearing impaired is the result of isolation because of difficulty in conceiving emotions of their peers, hence deaf lack maturity of social interaction.

8. Orthopedically/ physical Impaired child Social problems exist as a result of other people’s reactions to the handicapped, and individual’s perception of those reactions. Seizure disorder may produce irritability, temper outbursts and aggressiveness along with emotional change and ability. Chronically ill children (heart disorders, asthma) are found to be troublesome and socially isolated.

9. Behavior of Emotionally disturbed Children Problems of the emotionally disturbed increase with the increase in number of people around them. They feel comfortable within a small group. The fear of competition make them isolated from interacting with other children.

10. Speech handicapped persons The behavior of the speech handicapped is usually aggressive or of withdrawal. They are said to be nervous or fearful and shy or insecure.

11. Behavior of Intellectually disabled children The physical appearance of ID child could lead to stigmatization, labelling and rejection. The social conduct of ID is linked to the their reasoning ability. Requisites of social competence include environmental understanding and appropriate responses to social dealings. These are lacking in MR. so they show immature behaviors frequently, not anti-social behaviors. Over-protection may lead to dependency.

12. Family Factors Size of family Birth order of child Stability of family Employment of mother Absence of father Presence of stepparents Number of Siblings Nuclear family Joint family

13. Conceptual Models of Family Influence Learning Model Normal and deviant behaviors are learned by reinforcement, reward, observational learning (modeling and imitation) Give and take of family interactions- reciprocal influence- parents teach their child and child teach his/her parents. Family interactions can be restructured for treatment and interventions.

14. Interactional-transactional Model A reciprocal patterns of influence- Undesirable family interactions are reaction of family members to the child They are the cause of the disturbed child’s behavior. Mother’s responsiveness and stimulation facilitates child’s cognitive development. And in turns child’s socio-emotional signals increase mother’s stimulation and responses.

15. Pakistan and family factors In Pakistan social structure is mainly based on economic and cultural factors. Our socio-economic system has various classes lack of education in rearing of children is also accompanied by want of information about the management of disabled persons. Social, educational and psychological patterns towards special children are at present in a transitional stage. This process of change has implications for the rearing practices regarding the disabled which have become less helpful than in earlier times.

16. (a) Family influence Family has received world wide recognition as the primary socio-cultural institution. Close and warm interaction tends to provide stability and maturity adjustment. When a disabled person comes in contact with others, he is never sure what aspect of him will be used. Either they will treat him as an object of pity, shame, holy innocent, sick; object of ridicule For better adjustment, gentle, loving, consistent conditions are required.

17. (b) Motivation (The basic Needs) The gap between special child’s hopes and ability to perform creates frustration, unhappiness. His basic needs include Affection and recognition by others Self realization : Body image and self realization are interlinked. So positive self-image is needed. Security : physical, emotional, social security. So if these security needs are not fulfilled then dependency on others increase.

18. (c) Frustration and (d) Compensation Frustration is the result of difference between child’s goals and his inability t achieve them The primary response to frustration is physical aggression. Compensation for one deficiency by enhancing abilities in another area often provides satisfaction. (e.g., visually impaired and Naat , or physically handicapped excel in academics)

19. (e) Role of Schools Studies have been conducted by experts whether it is possible to produce better adjustment in special schools or in normal schools. Both have their own advantages and limitations.

20. THANK YOU