psychological disorders that can effect the genes

this is a medical presentation

1. Chapter 14: Psychological
Disorders

2. Abnormal Behavior
•What is abnormal behavior?
–Deviant
–Maladaptive
–Causing personal distress
–NOT culturally bound
•Normal/abnormal is a continuum

3. Prevalence, Causes, and Course
•Epidemiology – Study of mental disorders
•Prevalence – % of population that has
disorder
•Lifetime prevalence - % of population that will
have a disorder at sometime in their lives
•Diagnosis
•Etiology – Apparent causation
•Prognosis – Forecast about outcome of
treatment

4. Figure 14.5 Lifetime prevalence of psychological disorders

5. Psychodiagnosis:
The Classification of Disorders
•American Psychiatric Association
•Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental
Disorders – 4th ed. (DSM - 4)
•Five Axis
•Axis I – Clinical Syndromes
•Axis II – Personality Disorders or Mental
Retardation
•Axis III – General Medical Conditions
•Axis IV – Psychosocial and Environmental
Problems
•Axis V – Global Assessment of
Functioning (1-100)

6. Axis I Clinical Syndromes
•Anxiety Disorders
•Somatoform Disorders
•Dissociative Disorders
•Mood Disorders
•Schizophrenic Disorders

7. Clinical Syndromes: Anxiety Disorders
•Generalized anxiety disorder
–“free-floating anxiety”
•Phobic disorder
–Specific focus of fear
•Panic disorder and agoraphobia
•Obsessive compulsive disorder
–Obsessions
–Compulsions
•Posttraumatic Stress Disorder

8. Etiology of Anxiety Disorders
•Biological factors
–Genetic predisposition, anxiety sensitivity
–GABA circuits in the brain
–Seretonin Abnormalities for OCD and
PTSD
•Conditioning and learning
–Acquired through classical conditioning,
maintained through operant conditioning
•Cognitive factors
–Judgments of perceived threat
•Personality
–Neuroticism

9. Figure 14.7 Conditioning as an explanation for phobias

10. Clinical Syndromes: Mood Disorders
•Major depressive disorder
–Dysthymic disorder (Depression not yet
MDD)
–More common in females
•Bipolar disorder
–Cyclothymic disorder (exhibit chronic but
relatively mild symptoms of bipolar
disturbance)
•Etiology
–Biological: abonormal levels of
norepinephrine and serotonin synapses
–Cognitive: Negative thinking

11. Figure 14.11 Episodic patterns in mood disorders

12. Figure 14.13 Twin studies of mood disorders

13. Clinical Syndromes: Somatoform Disorders
•Somatization Disorder – complaints about
vague problems
•Conversion Disorder – Displaying loss of
physical function without organic cause
•Hypochondriasis – Excessive worry about
one’s health.

14. Figure 14.10 Glove anesthesia

15. Clinical Syndromes: Dissociative Disorders
•Dissociative amnesia
•Dissociative fugue
•Dissociative identity disorder
–Etiology
•severe emotional trauma during
childhood
–Controversy
•Media creation?

16. Clinical Syndromes: Schizophrenia
•General symptoms
–Delusions and irrational thought
–Deterioration of adaptive behavior
–Hallucinations
–Disturbed emotions
•Prognostic factors: best if diagnosed later in
life with good social support structure

17. Subtyping of Schizophrenia
•4 subtypes
–Paranoid type: Delusions of persecution
and/or grandeur
–Catatonic type: Muscular rigidity and/or
random motor activity
–Disorganized type: Withdrawn, focuses
solely on self
–Undifferentiated type
•Positive vs. negative symptoms

18. Etiology of Schizophrenia
•Genetic vulnerability
•Neurochemical factors
–Perhaps abnormal levels of dopamine or
serotonin
•Precipitating stress
–diathesis-stress model

19. Figure 14.18 The dopamine hypothesis as an explanation for schizophrenia

20. Figure 14.20 The neurodevelopmental hypothesis of schizophrenia

21. Personality Disorders
•Anxious-fearful cluster
–Avoidant, dependent, obsessive-
compulsive
•Dramatic-impulsive cluster
–Histrionic, narcissistic, borderline,
antisocial
•Odd-eccentric cluster
–Schizoid, schizotypal, paranoid
•Etiology
–Genetic predispositions, inadequate
socialization in dysfunctional families

22. Table 14.2 Personality Disorders

23. Developmental Disorders
•Autism
–Social impairment
–Restrictive and repetitive behaviors
•Asperger’s
–On the autism spectrum
–Not withdrawn, but have poor social skills
–Usually take interest in specific things
•ADHD
–Attention Deficit
•Has difficulty concentrating and staying on task
–Hyperactivity
•Usually restless and impulsive

24. Psychological Disorders and the Law
•Insanity
–M’naghten rule
•Involuntary commitment
–danger to self
–danger to others
–in need of treatment

25. Figure 14.22 The insanity defense: public perceptions and actual realities