Psychological Intervention Training.pptx

What makes some people come out stronger after facing tragedy or hardship, while others are weakened or deeply damaged?
James (2008) has developed a six step model of crisis intervention. This model provides a useful framework from which to work when confronted with crisis situations in a shelter setting.

1. What makes some people come out stronger after facing tragedy or hardship, while others are weakened or deeply damaged?

2. Types of Psychotherapy Psychoanalytic Therapy Adlerian Therapy Existential Therapy Person-Centered Therapy Gestalt Therapy Behavior Therapy Cognitive Behavior Therapy Interpersonal Psychotherapy

3. Gestalt therapy Gestalt therapy is an existential, phenomenological and process based approach created on the premise that individuals must be understood in the context of their ongoing relationship with the environment. Awareness , choice and responsibility are cornerstones of practice.

4. Psychological Intervention James (2008) describes crisis as “a perception or experiencing of an event or situation as an intolerable difficulty that exceeds the person’s current resources and coping mechanisms ” He states that unless an individual receives relief, the crisis has “the potential to result in severe affective, behavioral and cognitive malfunctioning”

5. Psychological Intervention Talking cure One of the most important instruments you have to work with as a counselor is yourself as a PERSON .

6. Personal Characteristics of Effective Counselors Significant in creating a therapeutic alliance with clients . • Effective therapists have an identity . They know who they are, what they are capable of becoming, what they want out of life, and what is essential. • Effective therapists respect and appreciate themselves . They can give and receive help and love out of their own sense of self-worth and strength. They feel adequate with others and allow others to feel powerful with them.

7. Personal Characteristics Effective therapists are authentic, sincere, and honest . They do not hide behind rigid roles or facades. Who they are in their personal life and in their professional work is congruent . Effective therapists have a sense of humor . They are able to put the events of life in perspective. They have not forgotten how to laugh, especially at their own foibles and contradictions.

8. Personal Characteristics Effective therapists possess effective interpersonal skills . They are capable of entering the world of others without getting lost in this world, and they strive to create collaborative relationships with others.

9. Personal Characteristics Effective therapists are able to maintain healthy boundaries . Although they strive to be fully present for their clients, they don’t carry the problems of their clients around with them during leisure hours.

10. CRISIS INTERVENTION In order to manage a crisis situation it is helpful to have a framework from which to work. Roberts (2002) stresses it is imperative for crisis workers to have a blueprint to guide them in responding to crises.

11. THE SIX -STEP MODEL OF CRISIS INTERVENTION James (2008) has developed a six step model of crisis intervention. This model provides a useful framework from which to work when confronted with crisis situations in a shelter setting. ASSESSING : LISTENING:

12. ASSESSING Assessment is an important part of each of the six-steps of crisis intervention. The first three steps of this model are usually more passive listening activities than actions . When safety considerations are presented that concern anyone’s potential to be hurt or killed you need to take action immediately.

13. Six step . . . The final three steps are largely action behaviours on your part even though listening is always present along with assessment as an overarching theme.

14. LISTENING Involves attending, observing, understanding and responding with empathy, genuinesss , respect, acceptance, nonjudgmental, and caring.

15. Six step. . . It is essential to establish an environment that provides individuals with “ psychological first aid ” which is defined as the establishment of safety of the client, reducing stress-related symptoms, providing rest and physical recuperation and linking clients to critical resources and social support systems is an essential part of the helping process (James, 2008, p. 39).

16. Six step . . . Rogers (1977- cited in James, 2008) stated that the most effective helper is someone that can provide three necessary and sufficient conditions for client growth – Empathy – Genuineness – Acceptance

17. Six Step . . . 1 . Defining the problem: The first step is to define and understand the problem from the client’s point of view. You will need to use the core listening skills of empathy, genuiness , and acceptance.

18. Six step . . . 2. Ensuring client safety: It is necessary that you continually keep client safety at the forefront of all interventions. Ensuring safety means constantly assessing the possibility of physical and psychological danger to the client as well as to others. This step is a fluid one in that assessing and ensuring safety is a continuous part of the process of crisis intervention.

19. Six step . . . 3. Providing support: It is important that you communicate to the client that you care about. The support given may be emotional as well as instrumental and informational.

20. Six step . . . ACTING: Steps 4, 5, and 6 involve acting strategies. Ideally these steps are worked through in a collaborative manner but if the client is unable to participate , you may need to become more directive in helping the client mobilize her/his coping skills . Listening skills are an important part of these steps.

21. Six step . . . 4. Examining alternatives: Alternatives are examined from three possible perspectives. The first is supporting the individual to assess their situational supports or those people known to the client in the present or past who might care about what happens to the client.

22. Six step . . . The second perspective is helping the client identify coping mechanisms or actions, behaviours , or environmental resources that she/he might use to help her/him get through the present crisis.

23. Six step . . . The third perspective is assisting the client to examine her thinking patterns and if possible find ways to reframe her situation in order that the client’s view of the problem will be altered which will in turn lessen the client’s anxiety level.

24. Six step . . . 5.Making Plans: The client is supported to make a plan that is very detailed and outlines the persons , groups and other referral resources that can be contacted for immediate support; provide coping mechanisms and action steps which are concrete and positive for the client to do in the present .

25. Six step . . As much as possible it is important that the planning be done in collaboration with a client in order that she/he feels a sense of ownership of the plan . It is important that she/he does not feel robbed of her/his power, independence and self-respect.

26. Six step . . . The most important issues in planning are the client’s sense of control and autonomy. Planning is about getting through the short term in order to achieve some sense of equilibrium and stability.

27. Six step . . . 6. Obtaining commitment. In this last step the issues of control and autonomy are also important to the process. This step involves asking the client to verbally summarize the plan. In some incidents where lethality is involved the commitment may be written down and signed by both individuals.

28. Six step . . . The goal is to enable the client to commit to the plan and to take definite positive steps designed to facilitate them moving towards re-establishing a pre-crisis state of equilibrium . The commitments made by the client need to be voluntary and doable . A plan that has been developed by you will not be effective.

29. Overcoming Trauma and PTSD Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT ) D ialectical behavior therapy (DBT) Acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT)

30. Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) has been used for PTSD for over thirty years. The basic premise of CBT is that changing the way we think and the way we behave can help us function better and deal with difficulties.

31. CBT. . . Thus CBT tends to focus on your current functioning. At a basic level, CBT is all about looking at our thoughts and our behaviors and changing them if needed. One aspect of CBT for PTSD is called exposure therapy.

32. There is great evidence that people are resilient. There are several factors that predict recovery from a traumatic event : Experiencing one rather than several traumatic events in your life Having friends and family to support you Getting support from people who’ve been though a similar trauma Finding a sense of meaning and purpose for your life Feeling that you can handle the challenges of life (a sense of mastery) Keeping up your routines and staying involved in daily life Using therapy if you have overwhelming symptoms Using coping strategies that help you face rather than avoid your fears and symptoms .

33. Dialectical behavior therapy(DBT ) Developed by Marsha Linehan (1993), is a treatment that has great promise for the treatment for trauma. It has been used very effectively to help people who have difficulty managing emotions and forming close relationships, and with people who have thoughts of hurting themselves.

34. Also, all the treatments will help you to identify your emotions, understand situations that might trigger negative emotions, and help you to plan for healthy ways to cope (Hoffman, Sayer , and Fang 2010).

35. Continue . . . Dialectical behavior therapy emphasizes emotions particularly how we learn to deal with difficult feelings. If you’ve ever found yourself overwhelmed with difficult emotions, and if those emotions interfere with your relationships, DBT may be very useful to you.

36. Acceptance and Commitment Therapy Acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) is a form of treatment that helps people observe their thoughts and emotions without judgment. It emphasizes the need to identify your values and take action, regardless of your. internal state (your thoughts or feelings). Acceptance and commitment therapy does not focus on trying to change thoughts or feelings, but it does emphasize how changing your behavior can help you live a happier life.

37. Acceptance Commitment Therapy This type of therapy helps you develop psychological flexibility, which is the ability to see things from various viewpoints and react to stressful situations with resilience . This type of therapy helps you develop psychological flexibility, which is the ability to see things from various viewpoints and react to stressful situations with resilience.

38. Acceptance and commitment therapy is based on the following assumptions : •We can learn to observe our thoughts, emotions, and traumatic memories without becoming overly involved in their content. •Accepting our thoughts and feelings reduces our emotional suffering because we are not trying (in vain) to change our internal states. •Mindfulness is a skill that can help you as you practice acceptance. •There is a part of you (your true self) that is separate from your thoughts or actions. Some people might call this their “soul” or their essence. •It is important to identify what you truly value and then work to act in ways that are in line with those values.