Psychological Test Construction and its steps

this power presentation includes meaning, types, characteristics and procedure to Test Construction

1. Test Construction in Students Evaluation System Dr Surendra Pal Singh Department of teacher education Dharm Samaj College Aligarh

2. Meaning of Test A Psychological test is a standardized instrument  designed to measure objectively one or more aspects of a total personality by means of samples of performance of behavior. (Freeman,1955).

3. Types of Tests According to Administration- Individual and Group Tests According to the Rate of Performance- Speed and Power Tests According to the Behavioral Dimension Measured Personality Tests Intelligence Tests Aptitude Tests Achievement Tests Creativity Tests Interest, Value and Attitude Tests According to the Medium Used Paper-pencil and Performance Tests According to the Nature of Items Verbal and Non-verbal Tests Objective-type and Essay-type Tests According to the Mode of Interpretation Norm-referenced and Criterion-referenced Tests According to the Mode of Scoring Self-scored and Expert-scored Tests Hand-scored and Machine-scored Tests According to the Scope Culture-specific and Culture-free Tests

4. types of Psychological Tests

5. Criteria of a good psychological test

6. Criteria of a good psychological test (practical) उद्देश्यता (Purposiveness) व्यापकता ( Comprehensiveness) मितव्ययता ( Economical) सुगमता ( Easiness) सर्वमान्यता ( Acceptability) प्रतिनिधित्व ( Representativeness )

7. Criteria of a good psychological test (Technical) मानकीकरण ( standardization) वस्तुनिष्ठता ( Objectivity) भेदबोधकता ( Discriminative Power) वैधता ( validity) विश्वसनीयता( Reliability) मानक ( Norms )

8. Process of Test Construction Planning of the Test Preparation of the Preliminary Draft of the Test Try-out of Preliminary Draft of the Test Evaluation of the Test Construction of the Final Draft of The test

9. Planning of the Test Aims and Objectives of the test Content of the test Nature of The Test Medium of the test Administration of the test Sample and population Time, Variables, Age, Gender, Educational Qualifications,

10. Preparation of the Preliminary Draft of the Test Select/ writing of the items according to content 1. Construction of items self 2. Collect items from other sources 3. Construct items with expert advices Arrange items in a logical order Determine Response mode- Yes/No, Recall type, Multiple Choice, Rating etc. Write Instruction for Administrator and subject Write scoring process

11. Try-out of the Preliminary Draft of the Test Try out can be divided into two parts- 1. Pre Try-out (Pilot Study) 2. Actual Try-out (Item Analysis)

12. pre try-out (Pilot Study) In the process of Pre Try-out The Test is Administered on on 15 to 20 students ( i ) To Identify and eliminate the weak and defective terms (ii) All the selected items should reflect the test objectives. (iii) To indicate the actual number of items in the final form of the test. (iv) To express the shortcomings in the responses of the Candidate and the Examiner. (v) There should be no overlap in selecting the items. (vi) To organize all the items of the test into sub-parts. (vii) To decide on test instructions. (viii) To find out the actual time limit for the final form of the test. (IX) To decide the scoring method of the test.

13. Actual Try-out (Item Analysis) Item analysis is a process of examining student responses to individual test items to assess the quality of those items and of the test as a whole. It is a statistical method used to determine the quality of test items and involves analysing the responses of individuals to each item of the test in relation to the Discriminative power and difficulty level.

14. Item discriminative power Item discrimination or the discriminating power of a test item refers to the degree to which success or failure on an item indicates possession of the ability being measured.  It is a measure of the extent to which test respondents who are known to be high on the attribute being measured exhibit different responses to a test item than people who are known to be low on the attribute. 

15. Methods used to determine discriminative power Biserial correlation Method Symonds Method Flanagan,s product moment method Nomograph method Stenley 27% upper and 27% lower Method Devis Discriminative Index

16. Item Difficulty Item difficulty is a measure of how easy or hard a test item is for a group of students.  It is usually calculated as the percentage of students who answered the item correctly. It can also be determined by the ability level at which 50% of respondents endorse the correct answer .  Item difficulty ranges from 0 to 100, with higher values indicating easier items.

17. Methods for item difficulty 27% upper and 27% Lower group right answer method Harpar facility Index Percentage of correct answers. With The Help of Normal Probability curve

18. Evaluation of the Test On the basis of Difficulty Level On the basis of Discriminative Power Experts advice Reliability of the test

19. Construction of the Final Draft of The test Final draft of The test is according to the Aims of the Test followed by appropriate difficulty level and Discriminative power. Final draft Contains the actual numbers of the items with a standardized  procedure. After preparation of the final draft Researcher determine the reliability, validity and norms for the Test.

20. Test Reliability Reliability in psychology is the  consistency of a measure or a test.  A reliable test produces the same results repeatedly under the same conditions.Reliability can be assessed by comparing the scores from two testing occasions or by using different forms of reliability, such as test-retest, inter-rater, and internal consistency. To improve reliability, researchers need to decide on a measurement technique, measure their research consistently, and remain attentive to the testing environment.

21. How to determine reliability Test Re-Test Method Parallel form Method Split-half method Method of Rational equivalence

22. Test Validity Test validity is the  extent to which a test accurately measures what it is supposed to measure . In the fields of psychological testing and educational testing, "validity refers to the degree to which evidence and theory support the interpretations of test scores entailed by proposed uses of tests. Validity is arguably the most important criteria for the quality of a test . On a test with high validity, the items will be closely linked to the test's intended focus .

23. Types of validity On the basis of internal criteria- 1. Operational validity 2. face validity 3. content validity 4. Logical validity 5, Factorial validity On the basis of external criteria- 1.predictive, 2. constructive 3.Concurrent

24. How to determine validity Correlational Method Factor analysis method R- Technique (#Test one Group) P-Technique (@Person # Test) Q- Technique (#Test @Group) O-Technique (@Person #Test) T-Technique (@person #Test) S-Technique (@Test @@ Person)

25. Bloom Taxonomy

26. Bloom Taxonomy

27. Objectives of Instruction :

28. Objectives of Instruction :

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35. Latest Taxonomy by Bloom