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Psychology

1. PSYCHOLOGY

2. Basics
of
Psychology

3. DEFINITION
PSYCHOLOGY
• The scientific study of the human mind and its functions, especially
those affecting behavior in a given context.
•The mental or behavioral characteristics of an individual or group
•The study of mind and behavior in relation to a particular field of
knowledge or activity

synonyms:
 study of the mind,
 science of the mind,
 science of the personality,
 study of the mental processes.

4. PSYCHOLOGIST

•An expert or specialist in psychology

•Someone who studies the human
mind and human emotions and
behavior, and how different situations
have an effect on people.

5. psychological knowledge is often applied
to the assessment and treatment of mental
health problems, it is also directed
towards understanding and solving
problems in several spheres of human
activity. By many accounts psychology
ultimately aims to benefit society.

6. PSYCHIATRIST
A psychiatrist is a physician
who specializes in psychiatry,
the branch of medicine devoted
to the diagnosis, prevention ,
study, and treatment of mental
disorders.

7. PSYCHOLOGY – A SCIENCE
STEPS IN SCIENTIFIC METHOD

•OBSERVATION
•RECORDING
•CLASSIFICATION
•GENERALIZATION
• VERIFICATION

8. PSYCHOLOGY- A SUBJECT
TWO ASPECTS

•PURE PSYCHOLOGY
• APPLIED PSYCHOLOGY

9. GOALS OF PSYCHOLOGY
•DESCRIPTION
•EXPLANATION
•PREDICATION
•CONTROL

10. MAJOR
SCHOOLS OF
THOUGHT

11. BIOLOGICAL PSYCHOLOGY
•Psychologists generally consider the organism the
basis of the mind, and therefore a vitally related
area of study.
•Psychiatrist and neuropsychologists work at the
interface of mind and body.


psychology studies the origin of man
including his biological developments. It
describes the racial, sexual, physical, social, and
individual characteristics of a man and the
principles of his adjustments to the enviornment.

12. BEHAVIOR PSYCHOLOGY

•Psychologists take human behavior as a
main area of study. Much of the research
in this area began with tests on mammals,
based on the idea that humans exhibit
similar fundamental tendencies.
behavioral research ever aspires to
improve the effectiveness of techniques
for behavior modification.

13. COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY

• Cognitive psychology studies cognition,
the mental processes underlying mental
activity. Perception, attention, reasoning, thinking,
problem solving, memory, learning, language,
and emotion are areas of research. Classical
cognitive psychology is associated with a school
of thought known as cognitivism, whose
adherents argue for an information
processing model of mental function, informed
by functionalism and experimental psychology.

14. SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY
Social psychology is the study of how humans
think about each other and how they relate to each
other. Social psychologists study such topics as
the influence of others on an individual's behavior
(e.g. conformity, persuasion), and the formation
of beliefs, attitudes, and stereotypes about other
people. Social cognition fuses elements of social
and cognitive psychology in order to understand
how people process, remember, or distort social
information.

15. PSYCHOANALYSIS
Psychoanalysis comprises a method of
investigating the mind and interpreting
experience; a systematized set of theories
about human behavior; and a form of
psychotherapy to treat psychological or
emotional distress, especially conflict
originating in the unconscious mind.

16. EXISTANTIAL HUMANISTIC
THEORIES

•Humanistic psychology is a psychological
perspective that this emphasizes individuals'
inherent drive towards self-actualization, the
process of realizing and expressing one's own
capabilities and creativity.
•It helps the client gain the belief that all people
are inherently good. It adopts
a holistic approach to human existence and
pays special attention to such phenomena as
creativity, free will, and positive human
potential.

17. THEMES

18. PERSONALITY

•Personality psychology is concerned with
enduring patterns of behavior, thought, and
emotion—commonly referred to as personality—
in individuals. Theories of personality vary across
different psychological schools and orientations.
They carry different assumptions about such
issues as the role of the unconscious and the
importance of childhood experience.

19. UNCONSCIOUS MIND

•Study of the unconscious mind, a part of
the psyche outside the awareness of the
individual which nevertheless influenced
thoughts and behavior was a hallmark of
early psychology.
•Unconscious mind governs behavior to a
greater degree than people suspect.

20. MOTIVATION
Motivation is the reason for people's actions, desires
and needs. Motivation is also one's direction
to behavior, or what causes a person to want to repeat a
behavior.
An individual's motivation may be inspired by others or
events (extrinsic motivation)or it may come from
within the individual (intrinsic motivation). Motivation
has been considered as one of the most important
reasons that inspires a person to move
forward. Mastering motivation to allow sustained and
deliberate practice is central to high levels of
achievement e.g. in the worlds of elite sport, medicine
or music.

21. DEVELOPMENT


•Developmental psychology is the scientific study of how
and why human beings change over the course of their life.
Originally concerned with infants and children, the field has
expanded to include adolescence, adult development, aging,
and the entire lifespan. Developmental psychologists aim to
explain how thinking, feeling and behavior change
throughout life.
•This field examines change across three major dimensions:
physical development, cognitive development, and socio-
emotional development.

22. GENES AND ENVIRONMENT

•All researched psychological traits are influenced
by both genes and environment, to varying
degrees. These two sources of influence are often
confounded in observational research of
individuals or families.
• An example is the transmission of depression
from a depressed mother to her offspring. Theory
may hold that the offspring, by virtue of having a
depressed mother in his or her (the offspring's)
environment, is at risk for developing depression.

23. Study of
behavior

24. BEHAVIOR

•1: the way in which someone conducts oneself or behaves .
We were grateful for the gracious behavior of our hostess.

2a : the manner of conducting oneself
•criminal behavior
• normal adolescent behavior
b : anything that an organism does involving action and response
to stimulation
c : the response of an individual, group, or species to its
environment
•They are studying the behavior of elephants in the wild.
3: the way in which something functions or operates
•They tested the behavior of various metals under heat and pressure

25. Behavior (American English)
or behaviour (Commonwealth English) is the
range of actions and mannerisms made by
individuals, organisms, systems, or artificial
entities in conjunction with themselves or their
environment, which includes the other systems or
organisms around as well as the (inanimate)
physical environment. It is the response of the
system or organism to various stimuli or inputs,
whether internal or
external, conscious or subconscious, overt or cove
rt, and voluntary or involuntary.

26. SCIENTIFIC STUDY OF
BEHAVIOUR

•IVON PETRIVICH PAVLOV:
Pavlov’s Classical Conditioning
•JHON B. WATSON:
Law of Frequency
Law of Recency
•B.F. SKINNER:
Operant Conditioning

27. MALADAPTIVE BEHAVIOUR
Those behaviors that have detrimental
effects on the individual like gambling,
smoking, over-eating, various addictions.

These behaviors are the result of
conditioned response which can be de-
conditioned through learning.

28. STUDY OF
INTELLIGENCE

29. •Human intelligence, mental quality that
consists of the abilities to learn from
experience, adapt to new situations, understand
and handle abstract concepts, and use
knowledge to manipulate one’s environment.

•Global capacity of an individual to act
purposefully, to think rationally and to deal
effectively with his environment.

30. DICTIONARY MEANING

1a (1) : the ability to learn or understand or to deal with new or trying
situations : REASON;also : the skilled use of reason
(2) : the ability to apply knowledge to manipulate one's environment
or to think abstractly as measured by objective criteria (such as tests)
b: mental acuteness : SHREWDNESS
C.Christian Science : the basic eternal quality of divine Mind
•2a : INFORMATION, NEWS
b : information concerning an enemy or possible enemy or an
area; also : an agency engaged in obtaining such information
•3: the act of understanding : COMPREHENSION
•4: the ability to perform computer functions
5a : intelligent minds or mind
b : an intelligent entity; especially : ANGEL

31. CLASSIFICATION OF
INTELLIGENCE

Concrete Intelligence

Abstract Intelligence

social Intelligence

32. NATURE OF INTELLIGENCE
•Existence of individual difference in intelligence
•Distribution of intelligence
•Age factor in intelligence
•Race, culture, religion, geographical distribution
and intelligence
•Low socio-economic status and enviornmental
factors
•Miasmatic state(consideration of constitution)

33. DETERMINANTS OF
INTELLIGENCE

Hereditary Factors

Environmental Factors

34. MEASUREMENT AND
ASSESSMENT OF INTELLIGENCE
•Intelligent Quotient
I.Q=MA/CA X 100
MA= Mental Age
CA= Chronological Age

35. BASICS OF
SENSATION

36. • Sensation is the process that allows our brains to take
in information via our five senses, which can then
be experienced and interpreted by the brain. Sensation
occurs thanks to our five sensory systems:
vision, hearing, taste,smell and touch.
•Sensation is the body's detection of external or internal
stimulation (e.g., eyes detecting light waves, ears
detecting sound waves). Perception utilizes the brain to
make sense of the stimulation (e.g., seeing a chair,
hearing a guitar).

37. •Sensation involves three steps:
•Sensory receptors detect stimuli.
•Sensory stimuli are transduced into electrical
impulses (action potentials) to be decoded by
the brain.
•Electrical impulses move along neural
pathways to specific parts of the brain wherein
the impulses are decoded into useful
information (perception).

38. ELEMENTARY PROCESS OF
SENSATION
•QUALITY
•INTENSIT
•CLEARITY
•DURATION

39. TYPES OF SENSATION
•Organic sensations
•Motor sensations
•Specific senses

40. MEASURING SENSATIONS

Psychologists who specialize in psychophysics measure
sensory sensitivity by identifying:
•THE ABSOLUTE THRESHOLD – the minimum amount of
stimulation that a person can detect 50% of the time
•THE DIFFERENCE THRESHOLD (or just noticeable
difference) – the minimum difference that must
happen between two stimuli for the body to identify
them as two separate sensations 50% of the time
•THE TERMINAL THRESHOLD – the maximum amount of
stimulation that a person can sense

41. Loss of sensation
Many types of sensory loss occur due to a
dysfunctional sensation process, whether it be
ineffective receptors, nerve damage, or cerebral
impairment. Unlike agnosia, these impairments are
due to damages prior to the perception process.
Conditions do exist where the patient experiences
sensory loss, but experimental evidence shows that the
effect is perception based Human intelligence,
mental quality that consists of the abilities to learn
from experience, adapt to new situations,
understand and handle abstract concepts, and use
knowledge to manipulate one’s environment.

42. EMOTION

43. EMOTION
•a obsolete : DISTURBANCE
•b : EXCITEMENT
•2a : the affective aspect of
consciousness : FEELING
•b : a state of feeling
•c : a conscious mental reaction (such as anger or
fear) subjectively experienced as strong feeling
usually directed toward a specific object and
typically accompanied by physiological and
behavioral changes in the body.

44. Characteristics of Emotion
•Physiological changes
•Sensation of pleasure or displeasure
•Subjective in nature
•Abrupt
•Tripolar Response : Affective, Cognitive,
Conative
•Swings like pendulum
•Related to one and all, intensity vary
•Cause can be traced

45. •Emotion vs Feeling
•Emotion vs Motivation


•Role of learning in Emotion

46. Role of Physiology and
Biochemistry
•Role of limbic system (hypothalamus)in
emotion
•Role of cortex in emotion
•Role of neurotransmitters

47. Types of Emotion
2 types of classification
One group another group
1.Simple emotions 1.Egoistic
2. Complex emotions 2.Ego-altruistic
3.Altruistic
4. Impersonal

48. Common Patterns of Emotions
•Fear
•Anger
•Jealousy and envy
• grief
•Joy
•Love
•Affections

49. CLINICAL APPLICATION

•Effects on individual’s efficiency
•May impair the physical and mental
health
•Can cause physiological changes and
help in making polygraph.
•Evaluation of symptoms
•Placebo reactions

50. MOTIVATION

51. •a : the act or process of motivating ,
Some students need motivation to help them through school.
•b : the condition of being motivated employees who
lack motivation

•2: a motivating force, stimulus, or
influence : INCENTIVE, DRIVE
The fear of failure was the motivation for his achievements.

•Arousing movement in an organism.

52. DEFINITION
Motivation is the reason for people's actions, desires
and needs. Motivation is also one's direction
to behavior, or what causes a person to want to repeat a
behavior.
An individual's motivation may be inspired by others or
events (extrinsic motivation)or it may come from
within the individual (intrinsic motivation). Motivation
has been considered as one of the most important
reasons that inspires a person to move
forward. Mastering motivation to allow sustained and
deliberate practice is central to high levels of
achievement e.g. in the worlds of elite sport, medicine
or music.

53. Activating Factors for Motivation
•Needs
•Drives
•Motives

54. Clinical Application

•Primordial prevention
•Self starvation
•Bulimia
•Regulation of sexual impulses or drives
•Child’s behavioral disorder
•Learned helplessness
•Motivational basis of addictive behavior
•Homoeopathic health education

55. PERSONALITY

56. •1a : the quality or state of being a person
•b : personal existence
•2a : the condition or fact of relating to a particular person; specifically : the
condition of referring directly to or being aimed disparagingly or hostilely at an
individual
•b : an offensively personal remark angrily resorted to personalities
•3a : the complex of characteristics that distinguishes an individual or a nation
or group ; especially : the totality of an individual's behavioral and emotional
characteristics
•b : a set of distinctive traits and characteristics the energetic personality of the
city
•4a : distinction or excellence of personal and social traits; also : a person
having such quality
•b : a person of importance, prominence, renown, or notoriety

57. •DEFINITION -Personality is the sum of
activities that can be discovered by actual
observations over a long period of time to
give reliable information.
•Personality is a dynamic organization
with in the individual of those psycho-
physical system that determine his unique
adjustment to his environment.

58. CHARACTERISTICS OF
PERSONALITY
1.Unique and specific
2.Course of development
3.Product of heredity and environment
4.Persistent qualities of an individual
5.Influenced by social interactions
6.Disintigration
7.EXPRESSION- 3 ways
The expliict act related muscular activities
Verbal and communicative activities
The thought and internal subjective acytivities

BIG 5 PERSONALITY TRAITS
1. Extraversion
2. Agreeableness
3. Conscientiousness
4. Neuroticism
5. Openness

59. TYPES OF PERRSONALITIES
•TYPE APPROCH
•TRAIT APPROACH
•TYPE CUM TRAIT APPROACH
•PSYCHO-ANALYTICAL APPROACH
•HUMANISTIC APPROACH
•LEARNING APPROACH

60. ASSESSMENT OF PERSONALITY
•CASE HISTORY METHOD
•QUESTIONNAIRE METHOD
•PERFORMANCE METHOD
•PERFORMANCE METHOD
•INTERVIEW METHOD
•SITUATION TEST
•PSYCHO-ANALYTIC METHOD
•PROJECTIVE METHOD
•RORSCHACH’S INK BLOT TEST

61. CLINICAL IMPORTANCE
•Individuality
•Knowledge of extrovert and introvert
•Sex difference
•Specific treatment strategies
•Knowledge of person-s ‘normal’ or previous
personality
•‘Color’ the clinical picture of psychiatric disorder.
•Diagnosing any personality disorder.

62. ANXIETY

63. •Feeling of apprehension caused by anticipation of danger,
which may be internal or external.
• A feeling of worry, nervousness, or unease about something
with an uncertain outcome.
synonyms:
eagerness, keenness, desire, impatience, longing, yearning
(1) Apprehensive uneasiness or nervousness usually over an
impending or anticipated ill : a state of being anxious
(2) medical : a: An abnormal and overwhelming sense of
apprehension and fear often marked by physical signs (such as
tension, sweating, and increased pulse rate), by doubt
concerning the reality and nature of the threat, and by self-
doubt about one's capacity to cope with it

64. •Anxiety is an emotion characterized by an
unpleasant state of inner turmoil, often
accompanied by nervous behavior, such as
pacing back and forth, somatic complaints,
and rumination.

It is the subjectively
unpleasant feelings of dread over anticipated
events.

65. Normal anxiety
•Anxiety can be explained as a sense
of uneasiness, nervousness, worry,
fear, or dread of what’s about to
happen?
•It is quite natural for an individual to
go through a state of anxiety under a
new, unfamiliar, or challenging
situation.

66. Anxiety neurosis
A relatively mild form of
mental illness characterize
d by extreme distress and a
gitation, often occurring
without any obvious cause

67. Anxiety Disorders
Anxiety disorders are a group of
mental disorders characterized by
significant feelings of anxiety and
fear. Anxiety is a worry about future
events, and fear is a reaction to
current events. These feelings may
cause physical symptoms, such as a
fast heart rate and shakiness

68. ANXIETY DISORDERS
•Generalised anxiety disorder (GAD)
•Social anxiety. Social anxiety
•Specific phobias. Specific phobias
•Panic disorder. Panic disorder
•Obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD)
•Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)

69. TREATMENT
•TREAT THE UNDERLYING CAUSE
•PSYCHOTHEREPY
•VARIOUS BEHAVIOR THERAPIES
•CRUDE DRUGS
•RELAXATION TECHNIQUE
•YOGA
•HOMOEOPATHIC TREATMENT
•DIET
•EXERCISE AND LIFE STYLE
•HEALTH EDUCATION

70. TYPES OF ANXIETY
•Circumstantial Anxiety
•Free floating Anxiety
•Conscious Anxiety
•Unconscious Anxiety
•Irrational Anxiety

71. FEAR

72. MEANINGS
•Unpleasurable emotional state consisting of psycho-physiological
changes in response to a realistic threat or danger.

•an unpleasant emotion caused by the threat of danger, pain, or harm.

•be afraid of (someone or something) as likely to be dangerous,
painful, or harmful.

•synonyms:
be afraid of, be fearful of, be scared of, be apprehensive
of, dread, live in fear of, go in terror of, be terrified of, be terrified
by, cower before, tremble before..

73. DEFINITION OF FEAR
Medical Definition of FEAR

•1: an unpleasant often strong emotion
caused by anticipation or awareness of
danger and accompanied by increased
autonomic activity
•2: an instance of fear

74. •Fear is a feeling induced by perceived danger or threat that
occurs in certain types of organisms, which causes a change in
metabolic and organ functions and ultimately a change
in behavior, such as fleeing, hiding, or freezing from perceived
traumatic events. Fear in human beings may occur in response
to a specific stimulus occurring in the present, or in
anticipation or expectation of a future threat perceived as
a risk to body or life. The fear response arises from
the perception of danger leading to confrontation with or
escape from/avoiding the threat (also known as the fight-or-
flight response), which in extreme cases of fear (horror and
terror) can be a freeze response or paralysis.

75. PHYSIOLOGICAL CHANGES DUE
TO FEAR
FIGHT-OR-FLIGHT RESPONSE
An inborn response for coping with danger, it works by-
• Accelerating the breathing rate (hyperventilation),
heart rate,
• Vasoconstriction of the peripheral blood vessels leading to blushing and
vasodilatation of the central vessels (pooling),
• Increasing muscle tension including the muscles attached to each hair
follicle to contract and causing "goose bumps",or more
clinically, piloerection (making a cold person warmer or a frightened
animal look more impressive),
•Sweating,
• Increased blood glucose (hyperglycemia),
• Increased serum calcium,
• Increase in white blood cells called neutrophilic leukocytes,
• Alertness leading to sleep disturbance and "butterflies in the stomach"
(dyspepsia).

76. TYPES OF FEAR
Only five basic fears, out of which almost all of our
other so-called fears are manufactured. These are:
1.Extinction
2.Mutilation
3.Loss of Autonomy
4.Separation
5.Ego death

77. TREATMENT
• Fear Management- Cognitive behavior therapy has been
successful in helping people overcome fear. Because fear is
more complex than just forgetting or deleting memories, an
active and successful approach involves people repeatedly
confronting their fears. By confronting their fears in a safe
manner a person can suppress the fear-triggering memory or
stimulus. Known as "exposure therapy", this practice has
helped up to 90% of people with specific phobias to
significantly decrease their fear over time.

78. DREAMS

79. DEFINITION OF DREAM
•A series of thoughts, images, or emotions
occurring during sleep.

Medical Definition of dreamwork
•The process of concealing the latent content
of dreams from the conscious mind

80. •A dream is a succession of images, ideas, emotions,
and sensations that usually occur involuntarily in the mind
during certain stages of sleep.The content and purpose of
dreams are not fully understood, although they have been a
topic of scientific, philosophical and religious interest
throughout recorded history.

•Dream interpretation is the attempt at drawing
meaning from dreams and searching for an
underlying message. The scientific study of dreams is
called oneirology.

81. NATURE OF DREAMS
•Dreams manifest desires
•Dreams are the expression of repressed and
forbidden desires
•Most Dreams are wish fulfillment
•We sleep because of dreams
•Dreams disclose our unconscious mind towards
life’s problems
•Pathological conditions are detected through
dreams

82. •Psycho-neurological
Interpretation of Dreams
•Psycho-analytical
Interpretation of Dreams

83. FREUD’S THEORY OF DREAMS
i.Dreams are wish fulfillment
ii.The significance of sexual wishes in
dreams
iii.Pathological conditions are detected
through dreams
iv.Dream work
v.Dream interpretation

84. DAY DREAMS
•A series of pleasant thoughts that distract one's
attention from the present.
•Daydreaming is a short-term detachment from
one's immediate surroundings, during which a
person's contact with reality is blurred and
partially substituted by a visionary fantasy,
especially one of happy, pleasant thoughts,
hopes or ambitions, imagined as coming to
pass, and experienced while awake.

85. INTERPRETATION
OF
DREAMS

86. •The interpretation of dreams is attributed to the
assumption that every phenomenon has a
cause. Freud maintains that dreams are an
expression of unconscious information he has
tried to analyze the meaning of dreams with
the help of:
•Free associations
•Analysis of dream symbols

87. •The clinician's use of client dream reports to
promote self-discovery and foster a therapeutic
alliance is examined in the context of borderline
personality psychodynamics. The mechanisms
and operations central to understanding dream
processes are explained, using both Freudian and
information processing models. This paper's
thesis is that the effective, differential use of
dream material hinges on the assessment of the
client's ego functioning in the object relations
sphere and relative to level of cognitive
development.

CLINICAL APPLICATION

88. THANK
YOU