Psychology PYQ (2011-21).pdf upsc psychology optional

UPSC psychology optional pyq

2. S No
Syllabus/ Topic YearQuestions Marks
1
1. Introduction:
Definition of Psychology;
Historical antecedents of
Psychology and trends in the 21st
century;
Psychology and scientific
methods;
Psychology in relation to other
social sciences and natural
sciences;
Application of Psychology to
societal problems.
2011Describe the key assumptions on which psychology claims to be a science. 10
2011What is social constructionism? How does it challenge the mainstream psychology? 20
2011Examine the concerns for control, measurement and artifacts, and also indicate the threats they pose to the development of scientific psychology. 30
2012Elucidate the contributions of Sir Francis Gallon in shaping psychology. 12
2013How do novices differ from experts ? 10
2013Critically evaluate the cognitive approach to the study of psychological phenomena. 10
2013
The discipline of psychology has grown and developed through debate between those who held that it should be modelled on natural science and those who subscribed to
the view that it has to follow the model of social science. What arguments you envision for or against these views ? What position you would like to endorse and why ?
25
2014Explain how the creation of superordinate goals can help in resolving social conflicts. 10
2014What social and psychological factors come in the way of population control in India? 10
2015Why is it important to understand psychological processes for other disciplines of social science ? 10
2015Keeping in view the strife in current social situation, discuss how a psychologist can contribute towards providing interventions for such problems. 15
2016Explain how the fundamental understanding of psychology is helpful in the resolution of societal problems. 10
2016Describe how you used psychology to solve a social problem. 10
2017Psychology is the scientific study of behaviour. Evaluate.
2019Citing research evidences, bring out the role of cultural factors in socialization. 20
2019Explain the role of hypothesis in psychological researches with suitable e.g. 10
2019The edifice of behaviourism was built in loopholes of teleological approach in psychoanalysis. Evaluate. 10
2019How did structuralism contribute to the development of psychology as a discipline? Evaluate 10
2
2. Methods of Psychology:
Types of research: Descriptive,
evaluative, diagnostic and
prognostic;
Methods of Research: Survey,
observation, case-study and
experiments;
Characteristics of experimental
design and non-experimental
design, Quasi-experimental
designs;
Focussed group discussions,
brain storming,
grounded theory approach.
2010Under what conditions would a researcher prefer to use focused group discussion over interviewing? 10
2010In what ways does an experimental design differ from a quasi-experimental design? 10
2011Suggest a plan of an experimental study to evaluate the effect of compensatory education on academic achievement of school-going students from low income group.10
2012Discuss the criteria of question-writing in a survey research. 12
2013What is ethnocentrism ? How is it reflected in psychological research ? 10
2015How far is it correct to state that most of the problems of psychology can be addressed more adequately by adopting quasi-experimental designs? 10
2015It is believed that non-experimental designs are more relevant for explaining the emerging issues like social evils that are seen prominently in India. Discuss.20
2016How can confounding variables invalidate the apparent results of an experiment? 10
2016Discuss, with suitable examples, the key characteristics of within-group and between-groups designs. 15
2017How can you use 'Focus Group Discussion' to promote use of toilets in rural areas ?
2018
Why is the principle of random assignment of participants used in experimental method? How do experimenter effects and demand characteristics influence participants'
behaviour in experimentation? What procedures can be adopted to minimize such pitfalls?
20
2019Differentiate between the experimental and quasi-experimental designs. Evaluate the applications of quasi-experimental designs in psychological researches. 20
2019Explain the role of hypothesis in psychological researches with suitable e.g. 10
2019"Diagnostic and prognostic research are complementary to each other" Explain with suitable e.g. 10
2020How can the grounded theory approach help to explore layperson’s definition of happiness? 15

3. S No
Syllabus/ Topic YearQuestions Marks
2
2. Methods of Psychology:
Types of research: Descriptive,
evaluative, diagnostic and
prognostic;
Methods of Research: Survey,
observation, case-study and
experiments;
Characteristics of experimental
design and non-experimental
design, Quasi-experimental
designs;
Focussed group discussions,
brain storming,
grounded theory approach.
2021What are the limits of intuition and common sense? Why do psychologists emphasise on scientific methods? Discuss 10
2021How do basic and applied research differ? Explain how knowledge from basic research helps solve practical problems. 20
3
3. Research Methods:
Major steps in Psychological
research (problem statement,
hypothesis formulation, research
designs, sampling, tools of data
collection, analysis and
interpretation and report writing)
Fundamental versus applied
research;
Methods of data collect ion (
interview, observat ion, quest
ionnaire);
Research designs (ex-post facto
and experimental);
Application of statistical technique
(t - test, two way ANOVA
correlation, regression and factor
analysis);
Item response theory.
2010What are the problems a researcher is likely to face in making causal inferences if the researcher were to use a single-group pre-test-post-test design?30
2012Bring out the difference between 'sampling error' and 'error in sampling'. How 'sampling error' is reduced ? 12
2012Discuss the three basic conditions for using 't'-test of significance. Describe at least five different uses of 't'-test with examples. 20
2012Compare LISREL programme with that of SPSS in the analysis of multivariate data.
2013What are the requirements to be met by psychological assessment tools for offering accurate and useful measure of psychological constructs ? 15
2015Under what kind of research conditions does the use of factor analysis become necessary ? Discuss. 20
2015With suitable examples, discuss the logic behind following the systematic steps in conducting psychological research. 15
2017In a study, the number of students intake in a college correlated very highly with violence. Explain the research finding.
2017Evaluate "interview" as a method of data collection.
2017Which research design would you apply to prove that a particular method of teaching yields best results ? Describe.
2018What are the assumptions underlying ANOVA? Discuss the conditions when two-way ANOVA is applied and how the results are interpreted with a hypothetical example.20
2018
How can different methods of sampling and data collection be useful in impact evaluation of government
social schemes? Describe with a suitable example.
15
2019Two-way ANOVA is not merely an addition of two one-way ANOVAa. Describe and evaluate with examples. 15
2020Define the precursors of the development of item response theory. In what ways will it be helpful help in the advancement of the area of attitude testing?15
2020Differentiate between exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis. What is their significance in test construction? Elaborate your answer with suitable examples.20
2020How is quasi-experimental design different from experimental design? Describe different forms of quasi-experimental design with special emphasis on time-series design.15
2020Explain the various assumptions and ways of performing regression analysis. Also compare standardized and unstandardized beta coefficients with suitable examples.15
2021"Some psychological measures can be reliable but not valid". Elaborate it with examples. 10
2021Describe the different methods for making a psychological test reliable. 10
4
4. Development of Human
Behaviour:
Growth and development;
Principles of development,
Role of genetic and environmental
factors in determining human
behaviour;
Influence of cultural factors in
socialization;
Life span development -
Characteristics, development
tasks, promoting psychological
well-being across major stages of
the life span
2010You are the head of an office in which employees habitually come late and leave early. Suggest a behaviour modification plan for such employees. 20
2010Briefly suggest how well-being of the elderly can be promoted. 10
2010How can biological aging be modified with the help of environmental factors? 30
2010What is likely to happen if a person is asked to behave in a manner contrary to the attitude the person holds? Explain on the basis of a theory. 10
2010How do task similarity and modality influence dual-task performance? 30
2010Discuss the stages of psychosexual development according to Freud. 10
2010What are the stages of cognitive development according to Piaget? 10
2011How does the brain mediate between the genotype and the phenotype for psychological characteristics? 10
2011Compare the Indian and western constructions of ‘Self’ with reference to cross-cultural studies and bring out their implication for well-being. 30

4. S No
Syllabus/ Topic YearQuestions Marks
4
4. Development of Human
Behaviour:
Growth and development;
Principles of development,
Role of genetic and environmental
factors in determining human
behaviour;
Influence of cultural factors in
socialization;
Life span development -
Characteristics, development
tasks, promoting psychological
well-being across major stages of
the life span
2011Critically evaluate the role of parenting style, peer group and media in identity formation during adolescence. 30
2012Describe the role of epigenetic model in determining human behaviour. 12
2012Examine the impact of cultural factors on socialization process among children. 20
2013How do genes affect development ? 10
2013Discuss the importance of early relationship for developmental outcomes in the light of researches by Bowlby and Anisworth. 15
2014Bring out the key developmental challenges fac ed by adolescents in the cognitive and social domaips. 25
2014
'Every function in the child's development appears twice : first on social level and later, on the individual level. "-Vygotsky Discuss the above statement and indicate your
own position on this proposition.
10
2014Discuss how happiness may influence psychological well-being and health. 15
2014What psychological conditions keep the poor in a socially disadvantaged state? 15
2014How can the adverse consequences of social disadvantage be alleviated ? 15
2014What are gender stereotypes in India ? How do they feed into gender discrimination ? 15
2015Discuss the role of socio-cultural factors in promotion of well-being across major stages of life-span. 10
2015“Children are not bom with stereotypes; they learn them from their family, peers, media and society.”— Discuss. 20
2015Describe Piaget’s stages of cognitive development. Critique his theory. 15
2016"Cognitive psychologists often use computer as an analogy to explain the relation between cognition and brain." Discuss. 10
2016Identify the most important changes that occur during adolescence 10
2016Critically evaluate Erikson's stages of Psychosocial development. 15
2016Describe the parenting styles that are used in raising a normal child. 15
2017Do you think subliminal messages can actually lead to significant changes in attitudes or behaviour ? Cite research evidence.
2017How would you apply Operant Conditioning technique for toilet training to a 3-year-old boy ?
2017Whatever we are, it is because of Genes. Discuss.
2018According to Piaget, the egocentric preschooler is not intentionally 'inconsiderate' but rather has difficulty taking another's viewpoint. Explain.
2019What is the significance of attachment to parents in social & emotional well-being of the child ? Illustrate from perspective of developmental theories.15
2019Citing research evidences, bring out the role of cultural factors in socialization. 20
2018Differentiate between various developmental tasks of young men and women in India. 15
2020Explain the five most important perspectives to define human behaviour. 15
2020How are psychological, neural and cognitive changes associated with ageing? Explain. 15
2021Describe the role of mass media in shaping the behaviour of adolescents. Support it with appropriate examples 10
2021Discuss the factors causing cognitive decline in the elderly. 15
2021How much nature (genetic factors) and nurture (environmental factors) contribute to a person's physical, cognitive and socio-emotional development ? 20
2021Formal operational thought is not universally achieved. Discuss. 10
5
5. Sensation, Attention and
Perception:
Sensation: concepts of threshold,
absolute and difference
thresholds,
signal-detection and vigilance;
Factors influencing attention
including set and characteristics
of stimulus;
Definition and concept of
perception,
biological factors in perception;
Perceptual organization-influence
of past experiences,
perceptual defence-factors
influencing space and depth
perception, size estimation and
perceptual readiness;
The plasticity of perception;
Extrasensory perception;
Culture and perception,
Subliminal perception.
2010Discuss the role of monocular and binocular cues in depth perception. 20
2010What is sensory adaptation? Explain with examples. 10

5. S No
Syllabus/ Topic YearQuestions Marks
5
5. Sensation, Attention and
Perception:
Sensation: concepts of threshold,
absolute and difference
thresholds,
signal-detection and vigilance;
Factors influencing attention
including set and characteristics
of stimulus;
Definition and concept of
perception,
biological factors in perception;
Perceptual organization-influence
of past experiences,
perceptual defence-factors
influencing space and depth
perception, size estimation and
perceptual readiness;
The plasticity of perception;
Extrasensory perception;
Culture and perception,
Subliminal perception.
2011What do illusions tell about the nature of perception? 10
2011Contrast bottom-up and top-down theories of perception. 10
2011How does signal-detection theory envisage the decision process? In what other areas of psychology can it be applied? 30
2012Discuss the 'pay-off matrix' in relation to the signal detection theory. 12
2012Describe Broadbent's filter theory of attention. Why this elegant theory turned out to be inadequate ? Comment upon the alternate approaches. 30
2012valuate °duplicity theory' of vision. Cite experimental evidences in support of this theory.
2015Demonstrate with suitable examples how the signal detection theory has helped in modifying the process of vigilance. 15
2015Do the cultural settings influence the understanding and evaluation of meanings of external stimuli ? Provide suitable justification for your answer. 15
2016
Describe the phenomenon of subliminal perception and explain it with reference to the concepts of backward marking and visual priming. Do you think that the effect of the
phenomenon of subliminal perception can be generalized ?
15
2017
How are we able to perceive the world in three
dimensions when our eyes are capable of sensing only
two-dimensional images ?
2018Explain and critically evaluate the phenomenon of perceptual defence.
2018Discuss signal detection theory and explain its applications. 15
2018Perception is plastic. However, it may also be affected by innate tendencies. Critically evaluate. 20
2019Citing examples from life situations, explain the phenomenon of perceptual organisation. 15
2019Why do most people experience geometrical illusions? Explain from psychological perspective. 10
2019Discuss the effect of stimulus deprivation on human behaviour with empirical evidences. 20
2019How do we see the objects in 3 dimensions? Discuss the factors influencing the same. 10
2019How do env factors determine the sensation of hunger? Illustrate with e.g. 15
2020Describe brain plasticity and factors affecting it. 10
2021Describe the bottom-up and top-down processing of sensory information. 15
2021Why is selective attention important? Discuss the theories of selective attention. 20
2021Discuss the cognitive and motivational determinants of the belief in extra sensory perception. 15
6
6. Learning:
Concept and theories of learning
(Behaviourists, Gestaltalist and
Information processing models);
The Processes of extinction,
discrimination and generalization;
Programmed learning,
probability learning,
self-instructional learning,
concepts;
Types and the schedules of
reinforcement, escape, avoidance
and punishment,
modeling and social learning.
2010Comment on the impact of immediate and delayed reinforcement on learning. 10
2011Distinguish between negative reinforcement and punishment. Indicate the limitations of punishment in the context of learning. 10
2011Discuss the consequences of learned helplessness as demonstrated in classic experiment on dogs. Find out its parallels in real life. 20
2012With suitable examples, critically evaluate both primary and secondary reinforcements and bring out their role in establishing conditioning. 20
2012Discuss various, dimensions of thought processes in relation to concept. 12
2013Describe different reinforcement schedules and indicate their effects on the strength of learning. 10
2014Enumerate· the factors that can impact upon the teaching-learning process in rural India. 10
2014What are the psychological disadvantages of learning in the distant mode through IT compared to classroom learning ? 20
2014How can teachers help in meeting the educational needs of a child suffering from ADHD? 15
2015Describe the basic elements of observation and bring out the implications of the dimension of participation in observational research. 15

6. S No
Syllabus/ Topic YearQuestions Marks
6
6. Learning:
Concept and theories of learning
(Behaviourists, Gestaltalist and
Information processing models);
The Processes of extinction,
discrimination and generalization;
Programmed learning,
probability learning,
self-instructional learning,
concepts;
Types and the schedules of
reinforcement, escape, avoidance
and punishment,
modeling and social learning.
2015Evaluate the notion of programmed learning and describe its relevance for modem day education with suitable examples* 10
2015Review Bandura’s social learning theory and evaluate its impact on understanding aggression as a result of media generated violence. 15
2016How far do you agree with the contention that a more preferred activity can be used to reinforce a less preferred activity ? Also describe the types of reinforcement.15
2017Distinguish between negative reinforcement and punishment. Do you think punishment is an effective way to modify behaviour ?
2017How would you apply Operant Conditioning technique for toilet training to a 3-year-old boy ?
2017Which research design would you apply to prove that a particular method of teaching yields best results ? Describe.
2018Examine how probability learning is different from other types of learning Give examples.
2018Differentiate between positive and negative types of reinforcement and punishment. Describe how these could be applied to enforce putting on the seat belts while driving.15
2019Define 'concept'. Illustrate different types of concepts and processes involved in formation of the same. 20
2019What is vicarious learning? Discuss its applications in acquisition of emotional responses. 15
2019"Discrimination and generalisation are two complementary processes in skill learning." Discuss with reference to operant conditioning. 10
2020
“Any sort of learning takes place with the help of suitable associations and reinforcement.” Critically examine how much cognitivist, Gestaltists and evolutionary
psychologists agree with the statement.
15
2021Describe the principles of classical conditioning. Illustrate the application of classical conditioning principles in real life. 15
7
7. Memory:
Encoding and remembering;
Short term memory,
Long term memory,
Sensory memory,
Iconic memory,
Echoic memory:
The Multistore model, levels of
processing;
Organization and Mnemonic
techniques to improve memory;
Theories of forgetting: decay,
interference and retrieval failure:
Metamemory;
Amnesia: Anterograde and
retrograde.
2010Discuss the levels of processing framework of memory and the relevant supporting research evidence. 30
2010Explain anterograde amnesia with special reference to the classical case of HM. 10
2010How would you process information for maintaining it for long-term usage? 10
2011On what grounds are STM and LTM distinguished? 10
2011How the principles of encoding help enhancing the use of mnemonic devices? 10
2011How does level of processing model differ from multistore and working memory models? Explain. 30
2012Compare Sperling's experiments with that of Neisser's experiments in the study of sensory memory. What did these two experiments prove ? 20
2013What factors contribute to the encoding of information into LTM ? 10
2013Describe and evaluate the modal model of short-term memory. 20
2013Compare template matching and feature detection accounts of pattern recognition. 15
2014How can teachers help in meeting the educational needs of a child suffering from ADHD? 15
2015Citing studies on amnesia show how the explicit and implicit memory systems are separate, 20
2015
How far do you agree with the contention that research findings on infant memory can present novel approaches toward analyzing adult memories ? Corroborate your
answer with examples.
15
2016What do you understand by amnesia ? Illustrate the types of amnesia with reference to the case of "H.M.'s brain operation". 10
2016Describe the processing of sensory input and explain how it is selected, organized and interpreted. 15
2016Give a critical appraisal of interference theory of forgetting and show how the process of retrieval inhibition influences forgetting. 20
2016Explain the phenomena of implicit and explicit memories. Also critically evaluate Tulving's model of long-term memory. 15
2017Explain the role of meaningfulness and emotional arousal in encoding. Discuss the implications of encoding specificity principle.
2017Why do we forget ? Differentiate between anterograde and retrograde amnesia.
2017Explain the differences in information processing at various levels of memory. In what way is recall affected by initial processing of information ?

7. S No
Syllabus/ Topic YearQuestions Marks
7
7. Memory:
Encoding and remembering;
Short term memory,
Long term memory,
Sensory memory,
Iconic memory,
Echoic memory:
The Multistore model, levels of
processing;
Organization and Mnemonic
techniques to improve memory;
Theories of forgetting: decay,
interference and retrieval failure:
Metamemory;
Amnesia: Anterograde and
retrograde.
2018"Human memory is not like information stored in a tape recorder or compact disc." Critically evaluate the statement
2018
Demonstrate the importance of the shallow and deep levels of processing in remembering. With the help of daily life examples, explain how retrieval cucs enable us to
remember.
15
2019Is amnesia merely a phenomenon od retrieval failure? Discuss in the light of empirical evidences. 15
2019"Multistore Memory model best explains the nature of memory". Evaluate the statement in theoretical perspective & empirical evidences, 20
2020How does prior knowledge shape encoding in memory? 10
2020Differentiate between meta-memory and self-instructional learning. Elaborate your answer with suitable examples. 15
2020Describe the 3-stage model of memory with special emphasis on working memory. 15
2020Repression is a motivated forgetting process that protects us by inhibiting anxiety arousing memories. Explain its role in dissociative amnesia. 20
2021With reference to the concept of memory construction evaluate the accuracy of eyewitness testimony in judicial trial. 10
2021Describe the role of schemas and mnemonic devices in expertise and exceptional memory. 15
8
8. Thinking and Problem
Solving:
Piaget's theory of cognitive
development;
Concept formation processes;
Information processing,
Reasoning and problem solving,
Facilitating and hindering factors
in problem solving,
Methods of problem solving:
Creative thinking and fostering
creativity;
Factors influencing decision
making and judgment;
Recent trends.
2010How would you process information for maintaining it for long-term usage? 10
2010What are the stages of cognitive development according to Piaget? 10
2010Discuss the role of heuristics 1n reasoning. 10
2011Differentiate between inductive and deductive reasoning, and give reasons for the preference of scientist towards inductive reasoning. 10
2011What are the criteria to identify creativity? How can a teacher promote creativity in the classroom setting? 30
2012Enumerate various methods of problem solving. Critically evaluate their advantages and limitations also.
2014Discuss the implications of employing group decision-making in issues involving development in the Indian cultural context. 15
2014What role can mental imagery play in enhancing the performance of sportspersons ? Discuss. 10
2015What are the general strategies used in problem solving ? How do these differ from domain-specific procedures ? 10
2015Describe Piaget’s stages of cognitive development. Critique his theory. 15
2016Show your acquaintance with the cognitive approach to classical conditioning and describe how classical conditioning principles can be used to solve everyday problems.20
2016Distinguish between mundane and exceptional creativities and citing suitable research evidences, describe the confluence approach to creativity. 20
2016Critically examine the metacognitive processes in problem solving. How do functional fixedness and mental set interfere in solving the problems effectively?15
2017Explain different types of reasoning processes used in problem solving with their strengths and limitations.
2018Discuss how psychology can be applied in solving the problem of global climate change.
2018According to Piaget, the egocentric preschooler is not intentionally 'inconsiderate' but rather has difficulty taking another's viewpoint. Explain.
2018Explain the use of availability heuristic and representativeness heuristic in problem solving with the help of research studies.
2018Do you think being in a good mood reduces your capacity to process incoming information? Examine in the light of research studies
2018"Creativity refers to novel ideas that address some problems in a useful way." Critically examine the statement and discuss how creative insight can be explained.15
2019Explain how divergent thinking differs from convergent thinking. Discuss the methods to foster divergent thinking in children. 15
2020Give details of facilitating and hindering factors in problem-solving. Answer the question by citing suitable examples. 15
2021Humans strive to assign causes to actions of self and others and fall into traps of biases and errors. Critically discuss. 20

8. S No
Syllabus/ Topic YearQuestions Marks
8
8. Thinking and Problem
Solving:
Piaget's theory of cognitive
development;
Concept formation processes;
Information processing,
Reasoning and problem solving,
Facilitating and hindering factors
in problem solving,
Methods of problem solving:
Creative thinking and fostering
creativity;
Factors influencing decision
making and judgment;
Recent trends.
9
9. Motivation and Emotion:
Psychological and physiological
basis of motivation and emotion;
Measurement of motivation and
emotion;
Effects of motivation and emotion
on behaviour;
Extrinsic and intrinsic motivation;
Factors influencing intrinsic
motivation;
Emotional competence and the
related issues.
2010Discuss the constituents of emotional intelligence 10
2010Discuss the role of cognition in experiencing emotion in the light of experimental studies. 30
2011How does arousal theory explain human motivation? 10
2011What is the difference between intrinsic and extrinsic motivation? Explain with the help of examples. 10
2011What are the functions of emotions? 10
2012Is facial expression of emotion innate or acquired ? Support your answer with suitable evidence.
2012Evaluate various factors which influence intrinsic motivation 12
2012How would you measure emotion of an individual ? Discuss the effect of emotion on behaviour. 20
2013Bring out the role of left and right hemispheres in emotional experience. 15
2013What is intrinsic motivation ? Why it gets reduced if the person gets external reward for undertaking a task that he or she loves ? 20
2014Explain psychological characteristics of a successful entrepreneur. 20
2014What psychological motives have retarded economic development in India, according to some psychologists ? Discuss. 20
2014How will you distinguish between anxiety and mood disorders ? 10
2015Bring out the disruption in retrieval processes due to anxiety, context and repression. 10
2015Distinguish between extrinsic and intrinsic motivation. Which one is more powerful and why ? 20
2015Discuss the brain mechanisms underlying hunger motive. 10
2016Explain motivational concepts with reference to homeostatic models. 15
2017Explain the role of meaningfulness and emotional arousal in encoding. Discuss the implications of encoding specificity principle.
2017Why do some people behave aggressively towards those who defy social norms ? How can such aggressive behaviours be changed ?
2017Which needs should one be high on to be a successful entrepreneur ? Explain on the basis of Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs.
2018Are emotionally competent people internally controlled? Explain. What are the ways to enhance intrinsic motivation of young adults? 15
2019How do env factors determine the sensation of hunger? Illustrate with e.g. 15
2019What in acheivement motivation? Discuss the projective technique as a method for assessing achievement motivation. 15
2020Describe physiological and cognitive components of emotion. 10
2020Discuss the reasons why rewards may backfire and not produce their intended result for behaviour. 10
2020Explain 6 primary emotions that can be identified from facial expressions. 10
2020In the case of highly skilled professionals, does their motivation come from within or is it the result of situation factors? Explain this in the light of theories of motivation.15
2021Which approaches to motivation are more commonly used in an organisation? How these approaches might help to sustain or increase motivation? 20
10
10. Intelligence and Aptitude:
Concept of intelligence and
aptitude,
Nature and theories of intelligence
- Spearman, Thurstone, Gullford
Vernon, Sternberg and J.P; Das;
Emotional Intelligence,
Social intelligence,
measurement of intelligence and
aptitudes,
concept of IQ, deviation IQ,
constancy of IQ;
Measurement of multiple
intelligence;
Fluid intelligence and crystallized
intelligence.
2010Discuss the constituents of emotional intelligence 10
2010Critically assess Gardner's theory of multiple intelligence. 30
2010Distinguish between IQ and deviation IQ. 10
2010Discuss different the concept of N Ach and methods which have been used to measure it. 30

9. S No
Syllabus/ Topic YearQuestions Marks
10
10. Intelligence and Aptitude:
Concept of intelligence and
aptitude,
Nature and theories of intelligence
- Spearman, Thurstone, Gullford
Vernon, Sternberg and J.P; Das;
Emotional Intelligence,
Social intelligence,
measurement of intelligence and
aptitudes,
concept of IQ, deviation IQ,
constancy of IQ;
Measurement of multiple
intelligence;
Fluid intelligence and crystallized
intelligence.
2011Compare the model of fluid and crystallized intelligence with the two factor theory of Spearman. 10
2011Describe and evaluate the model of intelligence proposed by J. P. Das. 30
2012Compare 'multi-factor' theory of intelligence with that of theory of 'multiple intelligences'. 20
2012Critically evaluate the relationship between intelligence and creativity. Cite experimental evidences in support of your answer. 20
2013Explicate Sternberg's view of intelligence and bring out its implications for schooling. 10
2014What is the purpose of item analysis ? How would you carry it out for a test of aptitude ? 20
2014What different types of norms will a psychologist need to develop a test of general mental ability for use in India ? 15
2015Evaluate the utility of J.P. Das’ model in understanding the concept of intelligence. 10
2015Discuss briefly the evolution of factor theory of intelligence in the works of Spearman, Thurstone and Guilford. 15
2015What is an aptitude ? Describe the various tests of aptitudes. 15
2016Explain the contribution of Salovey and Mayer with regard to the concept of emotional intelligence. 10
2016Describe the characteristics of Gardner's theory of intelligence. 10
2016Give a comparative account of information processing models of intelligence proposed by Sternberg and J.P. Das. 20
2017Creative people usually have high IQ scores but those with highest IQ scores are not necessarily the most creative people. Explain.
2017According to Gardner's theory, there is no one kind of general intelligence for ranking individuals. Explain
2017Can we determine a person's academic performance based only on IQ score ? Explain.
2018Describe how J. P. Das' theory is distinct from other theories of intelligence. 20
2019How is Gardner's Theory of intelligence different from Spearman's theory? Illustrate. 20
2019In what ways is deviation IQ different from traditional IQ? Discuss. 10
2020How much do family and school environment contribute to intelligence? 10
2021IQ scores predict success in academic job and other life outcomes. Evaluate. 10
2021Give a critical appraisal on the practice of using aptitude tests to predict professions for high school children. 10
11
11. Personality:
Definition and concept of
personality;
Theories of personality
(psychoanalytical, sociocultural,
interpersonal, developmental,
humanistic, behaviouristic, trait
and type approaches);
Measurement of personality
(projective tests, pencil-paper
test);
The Indian approach to
personality;
Training for personality
development;
Latest approaches like big 5
factor theory;
The notion of self in different
traditions
2010What are the 'big five' personality factors? Critically examine their conceptual basis. 30
2012In which way IRT is an improvement over classical test theory ? Compare the two approaches and critically evaluate Rasch's model of IRT. 30
2012What is the essence of a projective technique ? Critically evaluate perceptive, apperceptive and productive projective tests in the measurement of personality.30
2013What is the situationalist critique of trait psychology ? 10
2014Describe the Indian approach to personality as reflected in the principle of three Gunas. 15
2014What psychological knowledge will you put to use for social inclusion of the stigmatized? 15
2014Can leaders be trained ? What will be the essential components of a leadership training programme for the civil servants ? 20
2014What is meant by unconditional positive regard? 10
2015Highlight the problems in assessment of personality using the pencil-paper tests. 10
2015Describe the trait and type approaches to personality. Highlight Jung’s typology with its weaknesses. 20
2015State the components of Big-5 factor theory of personality. Why is it considered superior to other factor theories of personality ? 15
2016Are projective tests really projective in nature ? Describe Rorschach and TAT tests and comment on their reliabilities. 15

10. S No
Syllabus/ Topic YearQuestions Marks
11
11. Personality:
Definition and concept of
personality;
Theories of personality
(psychoanalytical, sociocultural,
interpersonal, developmental,
humanistic, behaviouristic, trait
and type approaches);
Measurement of personality
(projective tests, pencil-paper
test);
The Indian approach to
personality;
Training for personality
development;
Latest approaches like big 5
factor theory;
The notion of self in different
traditions
2016Discuss the Indian approach to personality as evident in tri-gunas. 15
2017Can we do justice to measuring personality by projective and objective tests? Discuss.
2017How do we explain self-defeating behaviour of a person from the Humanistic perspective ?
2017People emphasize the personal traits more than the situational factors. Evaluate the statement.
2018Compare the trait perspective and humanistic perspective on personality. 20
2019Critically evaluate the use of paper-pencil tests in personality assessment. 15
2019How is NEO Five-Factor Theory different from 16 Personality Factors Theory? Explain. 15
2019The edifice of behaviourism was built in loopholes of teleological approach in psychoanalysis. Evaluate. 10
2020What are the major features do clinicians used to interpret Rorschach response? 10
2020Describe different personality assessment techniques and also highlight their strengths and weaknesses. 20
2021What is self-efficacy? Discuss the potential benefits of enhancing self-efficacy. 10
2021Are we born with personality? Critically evaluate with theoretical interpretation. 20
2021What are the different types of psychological tests for personality assessment? 15
12
12. Attitudes, Values and
Interests:
Definition of attitudes, values and
interests;
Components of attitudes;
Formation and maintenance of
attitudes;
Measurement of attitudes, values
and interests;
Theories of attitude change;
Strategies for fostering values;
Formation of stereotypes and
prejudices;
Changing others behaviour;
Theories of attribution;
Recent trends
2010What is likely to happen if a person is asked to behave in a manner contrary to the attitude the person holds? Explain on the basis of a theory. 10
2011Describe different psychological measures of values and outline a programme for fostering values. Among school-going children. 30
2012Discuss A-B-C components of attitude. Describe the procedure of development of a tool for measurement of attitude. 30
2013What is the role of social categorization in the formation of prejudice ? Suggest some strategies to reduce prejudice. 25
2013What makes a persuasive attempt effective ? Discuss. 20
2014Which rehabilitative strategies can be employed by the organisations to handle the workplace violence ? 10
2014As a psychologist, develop a programme to bring about attitudinal change in favour of small family norm. 10
2016Discuss cognitive dissonance theory of attitude change. 10
2016What is meant by attribution ? Describe, citing examples, the phenomenon of attributional augmentation, 10
2016Explain the components of attitude and examine the methods of attitude formation. 15
2017
A young person helped a visually impaired woman to cross the road. He explained his action saying that he has positive attitude towards such persons. Did his attitude
determine his behaviour or the behaviour determine his attitude. Explain.
2018According to Bandura, human beings often demonstrate impressive capacity for the self-regulation of their own behaviour. Evaluate.
2018In what way can dissonance be an effective means for changing attitudes and behaviour
2018Explain the concepts of self-serving bias and fundamental attribution error. How do they affect problem solving? 15
2018Discuss the significance and correlates of values. Comment on the impact of social media on values. 15
2019"Stereotypes can lead to the development of prejudice and discrimination." Explain citing examples from Indian context. 10
2019Illustrate that values can be best fostered during childhood. Discuss different methods for fostering moral & ethical values among school-going children. 15
2020Suggest some strategies for fostering values in the Indian setting. 10
2020
While playing cricket Team-A got into a fight with Team-B. Discuss it in the context of realistic group conflict theory. How can conflict resolution strategies be used to
manage and control such fights?
20
2021State the role of psychologist in resolving interpersonal conflicts and social unrest. 10

11. S No
Syllabus/ Topic YearQuestions Marks
12
12. Attitudes, Values and
Interests:
Definition of attitudes, values and
interests;
Components of attitudes;
Formation and maintenance of
attitudes;
Measurement of attitudes, values
and interests;
Theories of attitude change;
Strategies for fostering values;
Formation of stereotypes and
prejudices;
Changing others behaviour;
Theories of attribution;
Recent trends
13
13. Language and
Communication:
Human language - Properties,
structure and linguistic hierarchy,
Language acquisition-
predisposition, critical period
hypothesis;
Theories of language
development - Skinner and
Chomsky;
Process and types of
communication - effective
communication training.
2010Compare Chomsky's innate mechanism view with Skinner's view of language development. 30
2011
How does language differ from other forms of communication? Referring to relevant studies, document children's progress from non verbal communication to the use of
language.
30
2012Discuss the modifications of Chornsky's 'transformational generative grammar'. 12
2012What is meant by effective communication ? Evaluate various sources of effective communication. 20
2013What are the processes of language production ? 10
2015Illustrate with suitable examples the non-verbal process of communication. 10
2015How does Chomsky’s Theory differ from that of Skinner in language development ? Discuss. 15
2016Discuss the components of language acquisition citing the average age at which these are demonstrated by a child. 15
2017Critically evaluate Noam Chomsky's theory of transformational grammar.
2017Explain the importance of Critical Periods in language development. In what ways are bilingualism and cognitive development related ?
2018Explain various limitations of verbal communication.
2018Describe the structure and features of language focussing on what makes human language unique in comparison to communication in animals. 20
2019How can language be analysed for its similarities across cultures? Explain with scientific evidences. 15
2019Evaluate 'critical period' hypothesis in language acquisition. 10
2020Discuss the steps involved in effective communication training. 10
2020What are the different rules of language? Critically analyse the ‘critical period’ hypothesis. 15
2021Describe the strategies of effective communication training. 15
2021Give a comparative analysis of the behaviouristic and nativistic perspective to language development. 15
14
14. Issues and Perspectives in
Modern Contemporary
Psychology:
Computer application in the
psychological laboratory and
psychological testing;
Artificial intelligence ;
Psychocybernetics;
Study of consciousness - sleep -
wake schedules;
dreams,
stimulus deprivation,
meditation,
hypnotic/drug induced states;
Extrasensory perception;
Intersensory perception
Simulation studies.
2010What is REM sleep and how is it related to dreaming? 10
2011Elaborate upon the salient developments in consciousness studies and indicate the effect of ‘meditation’ on psychological functions. 30
2012Enumerate different stages of sleep. Discuss the effects of sleep deprivation on cognitive performance. 20
2013Why our representations of the external world are not entirely accurate ? 15
2013How the psychoanalytic view differs from physiological or cognitive view of dream ? 25
2013What makes a persuasive attempt effective ? Discuss. 20
2015Why are we awake at certain times and asleep at others ? Explain this with help of opponent process model. 15
2016Explain different types of psycho-active drugs and patterns of their use. 10
2016Describe the physiological changes that are accompanied by shifts in consciousness in the process of sleep. Also discuss major sleep disorders. 20
2017Drug-addiction is just a maladaptive behaviour. Like other behaviour, it can be easily changed. Discuss.
2017What is paradoxical in REM sleep? How active is a person during different stages of sleep ?
2018Perception is plastic. However, it may also be affected by innate tendencies. Critically evaluate. 20

12. S No
Syllabus/ Topic YearQuestions Marks
14
14. Issues and Perspectives in
Modern Contemporary
Psychology:
Computer application in the
psychological laboratory and
psychological testing;
Artificial intelligence ;
Psychocybernetics;
Study of consciousness - sleep -
wake schedules;
dreams,
stimulus deprivation,
meditation,
hypnotic/drug induced states;
Extrasensory perception;
Intersensory perception
Simulation studies.
2018How have neuroscientists and evolutionary scientists contributed to modern psychology? 15
2018Is sleep a passive process? Justify your answer with proper scientific support. 15
2018Discuss contemporary researches on simulating human intelligence using machines and their implications for understanding human behaviour, 15
2020What is the role of artificial intelligence in psychology? How can it be applied as an intervention in identifying different psychological abnormalities?20
2021Describe different types of Meditation and its effect on health and well-being. 15
2021Discuss the use of computer application in the various domains of practice Psychology. 15
Misc 2013What do you understand by 'effect size' and 'statistical power' ? Explain their significance. 15
2011How is the information we hold about ourselves organized and interpreted? 10
2014Discuss the implications of employing group decision-making in issues involving development in the Indian cultural context. 15
2014What psychological knowledge can be used to develop a programme for women entrepreneurs ? 20
2012In which way IRT is an improvement over classical test theory ? Compare the two approaches and critically evaluate Rasch's model of IRT. 30
2014What psychological knowledge will you put to use for social inclusion of the stigmatized? 15
2014
To what extent, do you think that the Principle of management derived from the study of industrial organisations can be applied to improve the functioning of bureaucratic
organisations in India?
10
2015Discuss the theoretical bases of behaviouristic approaches of psychotherapy. 15
2014Which rehabilitative strategies can be employed by the organisations to handle the workplace violence ? 10
2012What is McCrary-Hunter 'invariance hypothesis' ? Discuss the shape and characteristics of serial position error curve in terms of 'invariance hypothesis'.20
2014What psychological factors keep the group of terrorists cohesive? 15
2014What factors can impede. fair assessment of individual differences ? Examine in the light of research evidence. 10
2020How can a psychologist contribute to society during COVID-19? 10
If any mistake found, please update in the source spreadsheet (link below)
https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1_6E53mWtraB06YXB9-fbMZkpJdYL-H_uD1akp7svbDk/edit?usp=sharing

13. S NoSyllabus / Topic YearQuestions Marks
1
1. Psychological Measurement
of Individual Differences:
The nature of individual
differences; Characteristics and
construction of standardized
psychological tests; Types of
psychological tests; Use, misuse
and limitation of psychological
tests; hical issues in the use of
psychological tests.
2014What factors can impede fair assessment of individual differences ? Examine in the light of research evidence. 10
2014What different types of norms will a psychologist need to develop a test of general mental ability for use in India ? 15
2014What is the purpose of item analysis ? How would you carry it out for test of aptitude ? 20
2015What are some important ethical principles that psychologists must adhere to while making use of psychological tests? 15
2016In what ways psychological tests are useful in assessing individual differences ? Answer with examples. 10
2016Analyze the factors determining the efficacy of psychological tests. Discuss the limitations in the use of psychological tests. 15
2016What role can psychologists play in the development and implementation of the ‘Skill India’ scheme of the Government of India? 20
2016Explain how the concept of individual differences emerged and state its importance for vocational guidance. 10
2017What is the role of item validation in psychometric scaling? Briefly describe the steps involved. 20
2018Discuss the different steps in the construction and standardization of psychological tests. Illustrate your answer with suitable example. 20
2018Bring out the similarities and differences between intelligence, aptitude, and achievement tests. 10
2015How will you go about constructing a test for assessing aptitude for Civil Services? Discuss the details. 20
2019How can one make a decision of using exploratory factor analysis or confirmatory factor analysis or an integrated approach while constructing a psychological test?15
2019Even though validity requires reliability, the reverse is not true. Explain. 10
2020What are the challenges in the development and use of psychological tests? Illustrate with examples. 15
2020In what ways psychological tests are better tools in assessing individual differences? Explain. 10
2
2. Psychological well being
and Mental Disorders:
Concept of health-ill health;
Positive health, well being;
Causal factors in mental
disorders (Anxiety disorders,
mood disorders, schizophrenia
and delusional disorders;
personality disorders, substance
abuse disorders); Factors
influencing positive health, well
being, life style and quality of life;
Happiness disposition.
2011Explain delusional disorders and highlight their distinguishing features. 20
2011Discuss the various aspects of subjective well-being as propounded by positive psychology movement 30
2011Explain paranoid and schizoid personality disorders. 30
2012What do you understand by 'personality disorders? Distinguish between schizoid personality disorder and schizophrenia. 12
2012Define 'learned helplessness'. How can this concept be used to explain depressive disorders? 20
2014What is meant by unconditional positive regard? 10
2014Discuss how happiness may influence psychological well-being and health 15
2014How will you distinguish between anxiety and mood disorders ? 10
2015What role can psychologists play in primary, secondary and tertiary prevention programmes in relation to terminal illness such as coronary heart disease and cancer?10
2015Critically evaluate the relationship between economic growth and human wellbeing in the light of contemporary research on happiness. 15
2015
Psychologists have recently identified. a disorder which they term ‘intemetaddiction\ What are its presenting features? How can those suffering from this addiction be
helped?
15
2016How can psychological well-being of service professionals be promoted ? Discuss. 10
2016How do lifestyle variables influence quality of life of an individual in different life domains? 15
2016What biological factors explain mental disorders? Discuss. 10
2016Explain psychopathic personality and state how it is related to deviant behaviour. 10
2016Explain how hallucinations and delusional contents differ in paranoid and non-paranoid schizophrenia. 15
2018Discuss the efficacy of systematic desensitization in reducing clients' phobic reactions. Illustrate your answer with suitable example 15

14. S NoSyllabus / Topic YearQuestions Marks
2
2. Psychological well being
and Mental Disorders:
Concept of health-ill health;
Positive health, well being;
Causal factors in mental
disorders (Anxiety disorders,
mood disorders, schizophrenia
and delusional disorders;
personality disorders, substance
abuse disorders); Factors
influencing positive health, well
being, life style and quality of life;
Happiness disposition.
2019Why is psychological wellbeing considered as an essential factor of health? What are the different ways it can be enhanced? 15
2019Why is Narcissistic personality disorder considered a personality disorder? What are the obstacles faced by the clinicians to treat these types of clients?15
2020Describe the symptoms of depression and mood disorder. Give an account of etiological factors and suggest the appropriate therapeutic treatment for these disorders.20
2020How are schizophrenic disorders different from anxiety disorders? Explain with examples. 15
2021Describe the different types of anxiety disorders. What are the behavioural approaches to treat such patients? 20
2021What do you understand by mood disorders? Discuss the causes. 10
3
3. Therapeutic Approaches:
Psychodynamic therapies ;
Behaviour therapies; Client
centered therapy; Cognitive
therapies; Indigenous therapies
(Yoga, Meditation); Bio-feedback
therapy; Prevention and
rehabilitation of the mentally ill;
Fostering mental health.
2011Critically evaluate the effectiveness of Beck’s cognitive behaviour therapy in treatment of different types of depressions. 30
2011Explain Person-centred therapy and state its limitations with suitable examples 30
2011Discuss the efficacy of biofeedback therapy in the management of mental health. 30
2012Critically evaluate the strengths and limitations of psychodynamic therapies in the treatment of mental disorders. 12
2012Explain the assumptions underlying cognitive therapy. Critically comment on its utility in the treatment of mental disorders. 30
2014What therapy will be most efficacious in case of someone who is suffering from depression ? Give reasons in support of your answer. 15
2014Discuss the theoretical bases of behavioristic approaches of psychotherapy. 15
2015Do you think that efficacy of personnel selection can be improved by using multiple methods? 15
2015How can ‘Ashtanga Yoga’ help in fostering holistic health? Support your answer with research evidence. 10
2016Discuss the salient features of psychodynamic therapies and evaluate their role in prevention of mental illnesses. 20
2016Discuss the efficacy of behaviour therapies in the prevention of mental illnesses, 10
2017Explain the concept of incongruence in person-centred therapy 10
2017Explain reciprocal inhibition in behaviour therapy and point out its theoretical basis. 20
2017Explain the behavioural cognitive therapy by Ellis with the steps involved in it. 15
2018Explain the ctiology of manic-depressive disorder. Evaluate the suitability of therapeutic methods for the treatment of manic-depressive disorder. 15
2018Discuss the distinctive aspects of modern psychodynamic therapy. How can it be helpful in the treatment of diverse array of disorders ? 15
2019How would cognitive therapy explain the cause for clinical depression of a client and what would be the therapeutic approach followed for the treatment?15
2019Why no single form of therapy works best for every problem? How an eclectic approach is an answer to it? 20
2020How are indigenous therapies an alternative to classical insight therapies? Discuss. 10
2020Illustrate the basic tenets of psychodynamic and client-centred therapies. Discuss the effectiveness of these therapies as a form of treatment of mental disorders.20
2021Describe the main tenets of cognitive therapy. Compare it with psychoanalytic therapy. 15
2021Discuss the methods used by a psychoanalyst to bring unconscious motives into conscious. 10
4
4. Work Psychology and
Organisational Behaviour:
Personnel selection and training;
Use of psychological tests in the
industry; Training and human
resource development; Theories
of work motivation – Herzberg,
Maslow, Adam Equity theory,
Porter and Lawler, Vroom;
Leadership and participatory
management; Advertising and
marketing; Stress and its
management; Ergonomics;
consumer psychology;
Managerial effectiveness;
Transformational leadership;
Sensitivity training; Power and
politics in organizations.
2011Differentiate between managerial effectiveness and efficiency, and discuss the factors influencing them. 30
2011Provide comparison between transformational and transactional leadership for their relevance to Indian organizations. 30
2012Explain the models of sensitivity training. Relate them to organizational development. 20

15. S NoSyllabus / Topic YearQuestions Marks
4
4. Work Psychology and
Organisational Behaviour:
Personnel selection and training;
Use of psychological tests in the
industry; Training and human
resource development; Theories
of work motivation – Herzberg,
Maslow, Adam Equity theory,
Porter and Lawler, Vroom;
Leadership and participatory
management; Advertising and
marketing; Stress and its
management; Ergonomics;
consumer psychology;
Managerial effectiveness;
Transformational leadership;
Sensitivity training; Power and
politics in organizations.
2012Explain Vroom's expectancy theory of work motivation and link this theory with variable-pay programs. 20
2012Discuss the components of gender sensitivity training. Indicate its importance in the context of management of workforce diversity.
2012What is glass-ceiling effect? Explain the causal factors underlying it. What remedial steps can be taken by the employing organizations to minimize the glass-ceiling effect?20
2012What are the psychosocial components of advertising and marketing? Identify and discuss the relevant ethical Considerations. 30
2014Can leaders be trained ? What will be the essential components of a leadership training programme for the civil servants? 20
2014
To what extent, do you think that the principles of management derived from the study of industrial organizations can be applied to improve the functioning of bureaucratic
organizations in India?
10
2016Is Herzberg’s theory relevant for understanding work motivation in Indian organizations ? Explain. 10
2016Critically evaluate whether the principles of participatory management are equally effective in bureaucratic organizations as in industrial organizations.15
2016How can psychological theories be put to use to inoculate people against their Impulsive buying behavior? 15
2017Distinguish between content and process theories of work motivation. Comment on the applicability of Maslow’s theory of work motivation in the Indian context.15
2017Discuss the challenges and opportunities offered by multiculturalism and diversity in today’s organizations.
2018How does stress contribute to the causation of physical illness ? Discuss the role of optimism as factor moderating the impact of stress. 10
2018Explain the nature of sensitivity training. Comment on its utility as an organizational development technique. 15
2018Explain Herzberg's theory of work-motivation. Critically comment on its relevance in Indian context. 20
2019Critically examine Herzberg's 2-factor theory of motivation and point out that in what way Herzberg's theory is different from Maslowian theory? 20
2019"Psychological tests are important in personnel selection." Give reason to it and describe which psychological tests are generally used. 10
2019How can one differentiate between learning & training? Discuss any 2 executive training methods giving suitable examples. 10
2020Explain the nature of diversity in today's organisations in India. What steps should the organisations take to manage diversity? 15
2020
What are the potential sources of stress for people working in research and development organisations? Discuss some of the individual and organisational approaches in
these organisations to manage stress.
20
2020Discuss the factors that contribute to political behaviour in organisations. 10
2021Which method is most appropriate to investigate gender differences in aggressive behaviour at the work place? Elaborate. 15
2021What are the steps to be taken to promote gender-friendly environment at workplace? 10
2021How does power in organisations tend to concentrate in the hands of a few persons? Discuss the tactics used to gain power. 15
2021Explain the factors affecting the work motivation within work organisation in India. 10
5
5. Application of Psychology
to Educational Field:
Psychological principles
underlying effective teaching-
learning process; Learning
styles; Gifted, retarded, learning
disabled and their training;
Training for improving memory
and better academic
achievement; Personality
development and value
education, Educational,
vocational guidance and career
counseling; Use of psychological
tests in educational institutions;
Effective strategies in guidance
programmes.
2011Discuss the process of selection of ‘gifted children’ on the basis of psychological tests. Make recommend- dations for their proper schooling. 20
2011Bring out the need of value education in personality development of students during schooling. 30
2011What‘ are the techniques and devices used in improving memory to' ensure better academic achievements? Discuss. 30
2011
Comment on the present practices related to educational guidance and counseling programs in Indian schools and colleges. Highlight the problems in implementing and
strengthening these programs in Indian context.
12
2012Discuss different learning disabilities and their educational and psychological consequences. Suggest relevant remedial measures in this context. 30
2012Discuss different learning disabilities and their educational and psychological consequences. Suggest relevant remedial measures in this context. 30
2014Enumerate the factors that can impact upon the teaching-learning processes in India.
2014How can teachers help in meeting the educational needs of a child suffering from ADHD ? 15

16. S NoSyllabus / Topic YearQuestions Marks
5
5. Application of Psychology
to Educational Field:
Psychological principles
underlying effective teaching-
learning process; Learning
styles; Gifted, retarded, learning
disabled and their training;
Training for improving memory
and better academic
achievement; Personality
development and value
education, Educational,
vocational guidance and career
counseling; Use of psychological
tests in educational institutions;
Effective strategies in guidance
programmes.
2015
Elucidate the learning principles underlying behaviour therapies. Examine the relative efficacy of cognitive therapy and behaviour therapy in helping students overcome
social anxiety.
15
2015Discuss some strategies for dealing with academic underachievement in Indian schools 10
2015
Why do teaching-learning processes in Indian classrooms tend to be teachercentred? If knowledge is viewed as a constructive process, what kind of classroom would be
suitable for rural Indian schools?
20
2016Examine some important psychological principles underlying effective teaching- learning process. 15
2017Discuss the importance and requirements of orthogenic schools in the context of pre-dehnquent adolescents. 15
2017Elaborate the process of spotting and nurturing gifted children in the Indian context. 15
2018
Discuss some major factors of educational failure among tribal communities in India. Why must education of the disadvantaged emphasise development of selfefficacy and
intrinsic motivation ?
20
2018How is giftedness identified and what are the issues in such identification in Indian context ? How is giftedness related to IQ and creativity ? 15
2018
Can effective teaching-learning be viewed as a process of collaborative construction of knowledge? What are the implications of such a view on classroom structure and
management in Indian conditions ?
20
2019
There is a strong need for a wellbeing curriculum for children in schools. You are asked to develop such a curriculum. What would be the focus and essential components
of suc a curriculum?
20
2019Describe the factors that may positively & negatively affect academic performance. 10
2019
"If you accept that studying does not come naturally, then it is apparent that one should need to set up and organised schedule to promote adequate study." Comment on
this statement and highlight the important steps.
10
2020Enumerate the major purposes of psychological testing In an educational setting and discuss ways in which psychological testing helps both the teacher and student.20
2020Describe and evaluate the techniques used in training for memory development. 15
2021Explain the major steps to be taken for the training of children with learning disabilities. 15
2021In the light of post-COVID-19 pandemic, discuss the advantages and disadvantages of online learning. 15
6
6. Community Psychology:
Definition and concept of
community psychology; Use of
small groups in social action;
Arousing community
consciousness and action for
handling social problems; Group
decision making and leadership
for social change; Effective
strategies for social change
2012Discuss the merits of the role of small groups in social actions and community handling of social problems. 12
2012
Justify with examples how the insights derived from studies on 'intergroup contact hypothesis' would be useful in promoting harmonious relations among different castes
and in maintaining social order.
2014Discuss the implications of employing group decision-making in issues involving development in the Indian cultural context. 15
2014What psychological knowledge will you put to use for social inclusion of the stigmatized? 15
2015
It has been found that cultural factors can be used to facilitate social change. What cultural factors can be made use of, and how, in making a success of the governmental
programme called ‘Swacch Bharat Abhiyan’?
20
2015What is the phenomenon of 'group think’? How can it influence the quality of group decision making?
2016Discuss the usefulness of small groups in community interventions for social development. 10
2017Discuss how the process of group decision making can be used effectively in bringing about social change. 20
2017Discuss the role of cognitive and behaviour therapies in improving the performance of sports persons. 10
2017What is the role of the community in handling social problems? Prepare a plan for involving the community to handle crime against women. 20
2018In what specific ways can psychologists work for empowering the communities that have been marginalized by the society? 10
2017In the light of various theories of leadership, what kind of leaders will be effective in bringing about social change? 15
2018
In the context of positive social change differentiate between first-order and second-order change. Why is the second-order change often the focus of community
psychology?
10

17. S NoSyllabus / Topic YearQuestions Marks
6
6. Community Psychology:
Definition and concept of
community psychology; Use of
small groups in social action;
Arousing community
consciousness and action for
handling social problems; Group
decision making and leadership
for social change; Effective
strategies for social change
2019Why is social change necessary ? Discuss the effective strategies to bring about social change for community development. 15
2019Explain why group membership can have a powerful influence on social behaviors & decisions. 15
2020How does categorisation as in-group and out-group influence social relations? How can such influence of categorisation be minimised? Discuss with examples.15
2021Discuss the role of community psychology for handling community mental health problems. 10
2021Why is group decision making important for social change? What errors and biases occur during the process of group decision making? 20
7
7. Rehabilitation Psychology:
Primary, secondary and tertiary
prevention programmes - role of
psychologists ; Organising of
services for rehabilitation of
physically, mentally and socially
challenged persons including old
persons, Rehabilitation of
persons suffering from
substance abuse, juvenile
delinquency, criminal behaviour;
Rehabilitation of victims of
violence, Rehabilitation of
HIV/AIDS victims, the role of
social agencies
2012Discuss how the major role of rehabilitation psychologists is primarily as a 'facilitator of adjustive behavior' rather than as a 'symptom eradicator'. 12
2012
Identify the physical and psychosocial consequences of being a victim of violence. Explain the nature of counseling and rehabilitation services a psychologist can render to
the victims of violence.
2012What are the causes of domestic violence? How is 'belief in a just world' used to rationalize this violence?
2014Which rehabilitative strategies can be employed by the organizations to handle the workplace violence ? 10
2014State the challenges the psychologists are likely to face in the rehabilitation of criminals. 15
2015What specific role can psychologists play in the management and rehabilitation of persons suffering from HIV/AIDS? 15
2015Substance abuse is a growing phenomenon among Indian youths. Discuss the psychological causes of and intervention measures for substance abuse . 10
2016Examine the role of situational factors in criminal behaviour. 15
2016Evaluate the role of social agencies in rehabilitation of mentally and socially challenged persons. 15
2016Discuss the role of psychologists in organizing tertiary level rehabilitation programmers 10
2017
A large number of people all over the world are forced to leave then-homeland because of -violence. What are the psychological problems faced by such victims of
violence? Discuss a plan for their rehabilitation.
10
2018
What role do cultural factors play in rehabilitation of senior citizens with possible memory and cognitive decline ? Comment on the significance of family and social support
in such rehabilitation in India.
10
2018Discuss the role of social and environmental intervention in rehabilitation of the mentally challenged. Why are such interventions crucial in Indian settings?15
2019How can substance abuse be explained through different psychological approaches? How can Rehabilitation process help people indulging in substance abuse?20
2020Bring out the role of social agencies in the rehabilitation of persons suffering from substance abuse. 10
2021What roles do the social agencies play in the rehabilitation of HIV/AIDS patients? 10
2021Highlight the importance of career counselling in enhancing students' success in life. 15
2021What is the need of early identification of mentally challenged children? Write about the strategies for early intervention. 20
8
8. Application of Psychology
to disadvantaged groups:
The concepts of disadvantaged,
deprivation; Social, physical,
cultural and economic
consequences of disadvantaged
and deprived groups; Educating
and motivating the
disadvantaged towards
development; Relative and
prolonged deprivation
2011Can deprivation be a source of motivation? Discuss the psychological measures relevant to deal with the negative consequences of prolonged deprivation. 30
2012
Explain the psychosocial consequences of being a part of socially disadvantaged groups especially with reference to self-concept, identity, motivation and achievement.
Give examples from Indian context.
2014What psychological conditions keep the poor in a socially disadvantaged state? 15
2014How can the adverse consequences of social disadvantage be alleviated ? 15
2015
Tribal children in India are disadvantaged partly because of the neglect of their language and culture in education. How can education for tribal children be reformed to deal
with such disadvantage?
20

18. S NoSyllabus / Topic YearQuestions Marks
8
8. Application of Psychology
to disadvantaged groups:
The concepts of disadvantaged,
deprivation; Social, physical,
cultural and economic
consequences of disadvantaged
and deprived groups; Educating
and motivating the
disadvantaged towards
development; Relative and
prolonged deprivation
2015
Socioeconomic and educational disadvantages have been viewed from ‘deficit* as well as ‘difference’ perspectives. Citing examples of each approach, discuss the
difference between the two and their implications.
10
2017
Explain the psychological, socio-cultural and economic consequences of belonging to a disadvantaged group. Suggest the steps to educate and motivate disadvantaged
groups towards development.
20
2018How is disadvantage related to a social structure of hierarchy and discrimination ? What is its relationship with capability deprivation and poverty ? 15
2019Point out the general psychological consequences of social & economic disadvantaged groups. 15
2019Discuss socio-emotional factors affecting achievement motivation among students form disadvantage groups. 15
2020Women in a remote village have been deprived of development-related benefits. What steps would you suggest to enable women to take advantage of these benefits?10
2020Identify and discuss key elements contributing to effective social change in a marginalised community. 15
2020
Think of a social group that has been subjected to prolonged deprivation. In what ways prolonged deprivation has impacted the lives of people belonging to this group?
Suggest ways to mitigate these effects.
20
2021Write about the strategies for motivating students belonging to disadvantaged groups for their development. 15
2021What are the consequences of being a member of disadvantaged group? 10
9
9. Psychological problems of
social integration:
The concept of social integration;
The problem of caste, class,
religion and language conflicts
and prejudice; Nature and
manifestation of prejudice
between the in-group and out-
group; Causal factors of social
conflicts and prejudices;
Psychological strategies for
handling the conflicts and
prejudices; Measures to achieve
social integration.
2011Clarify the relationship between stereotypes and prejudices, and examine their impact on social integration. 30
2012
Justify with examples how the insights derived from studies on 'intergroup contact hypothesis' would be useful in promoting harmonious relations among different castes
and in maintaining social order.
2012Distinguish between prejudice and Discrimination. Explain the variables moderating the manifestation of prejudice into overt behavior. 20
2014Explain how the creation of superordinate goals can help in resolving social conflicts
2015
According to Social Identity Theory, social categorization and differentiation processes are implicated in intergroup conflict. Evaluate the theory against available research
evidence
20
2015Religious violence in India has shown only a marginal decline over the years. What social and psychological factors explain it the most? 15
2016What psychological factors will explain lack of social integration involving religious groups in India? Discuss. 20
2016Discuss the process of prejudice formation. State the psychological strategies that can be adopted for conflict resolution. 20
2017What do you understand by intergroup attitudes? Why are such attitudes considered to be a social phenomenon? 20
2017Discuss how social integration can be promoted in India in the light of intergroup contact hypothesis and crossed categorization research. 15
2018Critically describe the role of cultural assimilation in facilitating/hindering social integration in India. Illustrate with suitable example. 20
2018Discuss the relevance of frustration-aggression hypothesis in the context of caste prejudice in India. 15
2019In the light of research, discuss the ways in which social conflicts can be resolved. 20
2019What is difference between prejudice & discrimination? Discuss the newer forms of prejudice that we see today. 15
2019Explain why group membership can have a powerful influence on social behaviors & decisions. 15
2020What is meant by social integration? How can religious harmony be promoted to attain social integration in the present scenario in India? 10
2021Is prejudice inevitable? Discuss the techniques for reducing caste prejudice. 20
2021What are the forms of social conflicts? Explain the methods of resolution of social conflicts. 15

19. S NoSyllabus / Topic YearQuestions Marks
10
10. Application of Psychology
in Information Technology and
Mass Media:
The present scenario of
information technology and the
mass media boom and the role
of psychologists; Selection and
training of psychology
professionals to work in the field
of IT and mass media; Distance
learning through IT and mass
media; Entrepreneurship through
e-commerce; Multilevel
marketing; Impact of TV and
fostering value through IT and
mass media; Psychological
consequences of recent
developments in Information
Technology.
2011Detail out the relationship between information technology, mass media and their psychological consequences with suitable examples. 30
2012Discuss critically the utility of IT and mass media in the context of distance learning. Throw light on the strengths and limitations of distance learning.20
2014What are the psychological disadvantages of learning in the distant mode through IT compared to classroom learning? 20
2015Discuss the psychological mechanisms by which television viewing affects aggression and consumer behaviour in children. 10
2016What role can media play in the promotion of small family none in the Indian culture?
2016Evaluate the psychological consequences of social media in interpersonal relationships. 15
2017What are the psychological consequences of the fast development in information technology on adolescents? 10
2017What is relative deprivation? Explain its consequences on adolescent 15
2017
Which psychological and cultural factors will facilitate the success of ‘Beti Bachao Beti Padhao’ programme? How can this programme be promoted through information
technology and mass media?
15
2017Explain the role of mass media in value development. How can the mass media and information technology be used for promoting pro-social values? 15
2018Explain, using psychological framework, the impact of IT and mass media on the work-life in India. 10
2018
Explain how mass media contribute to acquisition and learning of aggressive and violent behaviour. Examine the relationship between exposure to erotica and
aggressiveness.
15
2019Given rapid changes that are taking place in Media, specially the internet & smartphones, discuss the psychological impact of these on adolescents. 15
2019Discuss why & how news coverage in media affect us. 10
2020‘Values cannot be fostered through TV and mass media’. Critically evaluate the statement. 10
2020How does media influences Pro and anti-social behaviour? Discuss one instance of pro-social and one instance of anti-social behaviour. 20
2020How can psychology contribute to managing IT and mass media for ‘Atma Nirbhar Bharat’? Discuss. 15
2021Describe the impact of electronic media on the adolescents' behaviour. 20
11
11. Psychology and Economic
development:
Achievement motivation and
economic development;
Characteristics of entrepreneurial
behaviour; Motivating and
training people for
entrepreneurship and economic
development; Consumer rights
and consumer awareness,
Government policies for promot
ion of entrepreneurship among
youth including women
entrepreneurs.
2011Compare procedural and distributive justice, and present their effect on employees’ motivation. 30
2012
Can achievement motivation be included as a base of training for economic growth and development of a country? Discuss the contribution of McClelland and his team in
this context.
12
2014Explain psychological characteristics of a successful entrepreneur. 20
2014What psychological motives have retarded economic development in India, according to some psychologists ?Discuss. 20
2014What psychological knowledge can be used to develop a programme for women entrepreneurs ? 20
2015
What is the relationship that has been found, between need for achievement, need for affiliation and need for power with economic development? Discuss the relevance of
these findings in the context of Indian society.
20
2016Does need for affiliation come in the way of economic development of the tribal people ? Discuss. 15
2017
Explain the characteristics of entrepreneurial behaviour. Discuss critically as to how entrepreneuricd behaviour can be cultivated through training. Cite evidence in the
Indian context.
20
2018What psychological factors act as barriers in the context of women's entrepreneurship? How can they be overcome ? 10
2018
Explain the interrelationship among achievement motivation, entreprenurial behaviour and economic development. Discuss critically as to whether achievement motivation
can be enhanced through training. Cite relevant Indian studies.
20
2019Discuss the relationship of achievement motivation to entrepreneurial behaviour, citing relevant research. 10
2020Explain the psychological conceptualization that helps in understanding economic development. 10
2020On the basis of the psychology of motivation, write a program sketch for entrepreneurship development. 15

20. S NoSyllabus / Topic YearQuestions Marks
11
11. Psychology and Economic
development:
Achievement motivation and
economic development;
Characteristics of entrepreneurial
behaviour; Motivating and
training people for
entrepreneurship and economic
development; Consumer rights
and consumer awareness,
Government policies for promot
ion of entrepreneurship among
youth including women
entrepreneurs.
2021What do you understand by psychology of advertising? How can consumer awareness be enhanced through advertising? 15
2021Illustrate the characteristics of entrepreneurial behaviour. How can it be promoted among the youth? 15
12
12. Application of psychology
to environment and related
fields:
Environmental psychology-
effects of noise, pollution and
crowding; Population
psychology: psychological
consequences of population
explosion and high population
density; Motivating for small
family norm; Impact of rapid
scientific and technological
growth on degradation of
environment.
2011Define the notion of environmental pollution. How would you explain the impact of scientific and technological innovation on environment 30
2012Explain the psychosocial factors and myths that demotivate people from following small family norms. Suggest relevant motivational strategies in this context.20
2012Explain the consequences of short-term and long-term exposure to noise. How does noise affect our social behavior? Cite the impact of crowding in this context.30
2014What social and psychological factors come in the way of population control in India ? 10
2012As a psychologist, develop a programme to bring about attitudinal change in favour of small family norm. 10
2015How are indigenous knowledge systems related to environmental degradation? Mention some psychological processes underlying environmental attitudes and values.10
2015Indian soldiers defend the country in extreme and, at times, hostile physical environments. What kinds of psychological problems are they likely to experience?15
2015
How is population growth in India affected by psychological processes of attribution, beliefs and values? Discuss possible implications of these processes for population
education in India.
15
2016Analyze the impact of crowding on mental health. Discuss the psychological measures that can be adopted to reduce the stress resulting from crowding. 20
2017Explain the effects of short-term and chronic exposure to noise on the performance on cognitive tasks, 10
2017Explain the effects of rapid scientific and technological growth on environmental degradation. Discuss the role of psychologists in reducing. 15
2018Explain the psychosocial consequences of crowding and high population density. Suggest appropriate policies to deal with the related problems in Indian context.15
2018With some examples show how can indigenous knowledge systems be used in management of biodiversity and cultural diversity ? 10
2018Explain the psychosocial factors demotivating people from small family norms. 10
2019
"Rapid scientific and technological growth are responsible for degradation of env, although, scientific and technological developments are necessary for National
Development. " Discuss the above assertion and point out the mechanisms for controlling the environmental degradation.
20
2019
"Population explosion and high population density have negative psychological consequences." Explain this statement especially stressing light on negative psychological
consequences.
15
2020Environmental degradation is a major issue. Explain what has led to this and how it has impacted the lives of people and society in India. 15
2020How has population growth impacted human and social lives? Discuss this in the light of the COVID-19 pandemic crisis. 10
2021Elaborate upon strategies for inducing pro-environment behaviour. 10
2021Highlight the psychological consequences of living in high population density area. 15
13
13. Application of psychology
in other fields:
(a) Military Psychology
Devising psychological tests for
defence personnel for use in
selection, Training, counseling;
training psychologists to work
with defence personnel in
promoting positive health;
Human engineering in defence.
(b) Sports Psychology
Psychological interventions in
improving performance of
athletes and sports. Persons
participating in Individual and
Team Games.
(c) Media influences on pro and
antisocial behaviour.
(d) Psychology of terrorism.
2011Examine the role of ‘mental-plus- muscle’ practices in training of athletes 30
2012
Explain the characteristics of standardized psychological tests. Discuss the major steps in developing self-report personality inventory. Illustrate you answer with a suitable
example.
30
2012Explain the concept of 'team cohesiveness' in the context of sports. How can teamwork be improved through the application of sports psychology? 12
2012What is man-machine system in the context of human engineering? Highlight the applications of human engineering in defence with reference to equipment design.20
2014What psychological factors keep the group of terrorists cohesive ? 15
2014What role can mental imagery play in enhancing the performance of sportspersons ? Discuss. 10

21. S NoSyllabus / Topic YearQuestions Marks
13
13. Application of psychology
in other fields:
(a) Military Psychology
Devising psychological tests for
defence personnel for use in
selection, Training, counseling;
training psychologists to work
with defence personnel in
promoting positive health;
Human engineering in defence.
(b) Sports Psychology
Psychological interventions in
improving performance of
athletes and sports. Persons
participating in Individual and
Team Games.
(c) Media influences on pro and
antisocial behaviour.
(d) Psychology of terrorism.
2015
Indian defense personnel tend to experience depression, sometimes leading to Suicides. What type of psychological interventions can foster positive mental Health in
them?
15
2016How can human engineering be put to use in devising instruments that are used by the defence personnel posted in the border areas? Discuss. 15
2017Critically evaluate the role of self-report personality inventories in personnel selection. 10
2017Explain how cohesiveness can be promoted in sport teams by using psychological principles.
2017What is man-machine system? In this context, explain the applications of human engineering in designing the display systems of the aircrafts. 15
2018Discuss the most commonly used techniques or skills psychologists teach to athletes for improving their performance. 10
2016Discuss the role of cognitive and behaviour therapies in improving the performance of sports persons. 15
2018What role can psychologist play in promoting psychological well being of defence personnel in the context of prolonged deprivational and stressful condition?15
2019Explain the influence of media towards antisocial behaviour through different learning theories. 15
2019How can group cohesion method be a strong psychological intervention in enhancing the team performance? 10
2019How can one differentiate between learning & training? Discuss any 2 executive training methods giving suitable examples. 10
2019"Psychological tests are important in personnel selection." Give reason to it and describe which psychological tests are generally used. 10
2020What are some of the problems faced by defence personnel in tough train? Discuss how positive mental health can be promoted of them. 15
2021Discuss the psychological tests used for the selection of defence personnel. 10
2021Elaborate on psychological interventions for improving performance in team games like hockey. 15
14
14. Psychology of Gender:
Issues of discrimination,
Management of diversity; Glass
ceiling effect, Self fulfilling
prophesy, Women and Indian
society.
2011Discuss the challenges of managing gender biases in Indian society 30
2014What are gender stereotypes in India? How do they feed into gender discrimination? 15
2014What are gender stereotypes in India ? How do they feed into gender discrimination ? 15
2015Does the notion of self-fulfilling prophecy relating to achievement satisfactorily explain gender differences in achievement? 15
2015Glass ceiling effects in organizations are rooted in socialization and family.” Discuss with reference to the psychological bases of gender role development .15
2016What factors account for gender differences in India ? Suggest some psychological measures to reduce gender differences. 15
2017What is the role of the community in handling social problems? Prepare a plan for involving the community to handle crime against women. 20
2018Discuss the relationship between sex-role stereotyping, self-fulfilling prophesy and glass ceiling effect in Indian society 15
2019How can cimmunity play an important role in providing safety to women? Discuss. 10
2020What is meant by the glass ceiling effect? Discuss the factors that facilitated some women to break this class feeling. Illustrate with some examples. 10
2021How does a self-fulfilling prophecy work? Describe how the gender bias is an example of self-fulfilling prophecy in Indian context. 15
Misc 2019What is successful ageing? What are components of successful ageing. 10
2015To what extent would you agree that human resource development is more about inculcation of human values and less about development of competencies? 10
2015How will you go about constructing a test for assessing aptitude for Civil Services? Discuss the details. 20
2016How is competency mapping made use of for human resource Development modern organizations? Illustrate. 15

22. S NoSyllabus / Topic YearQuestions Marks
Misc
2018How does stress contribute to the causation of physical illness ? Discuss the role of optimism as factor moderating the impact of stress. 10
2015How can psychological knowledge be put to use in changing the behaviour of children inclined to consume ‘junk food’? 10
2017What is relative deprivation? Explain its consequences on adolescent 15
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