Psychopathology depression

Psychopathology depression

1. PSYCHOPATHOLOGY OF DEPRESSION

2. 1- Psychodynamic The psychodynamic understanding of depression defined by Sigmund Freud and expanded by Karl Abraham is known as the classic view of depression Loss of love object>projective identification and introjection>ambivalence>anger and turning against self>depression

3. That theory involves four key points: ( 1) disturbances in the infant mother relationship during the early oral – late anal predispose to subsequent vulnerability to depression (2) depression can be linked to real or imagined object loss (3 ) introjection of the departed objects is a defense mechanism invoked to deal with the distress connected with the object's loss (4) because the lost object is regarded with a mixture of love and hate, feelings of anger are directed inward at the self.

4. Melanie Klein understood depression as involving the expression of aggression toward loved ones, much as Freud did Bibring regarded depression sets in when a person becomes aware of the discrepancy between high ideals and the inability to meet those goals Jacobson saw the state of depression as similar to a powerless , helpless child victimized by a punishing parent .

5. Silvano Arieti observed that many depressed people have lived their lives for someone else rather than for themselves. Depression sets in when patients realize that the person or ideal for which they have been living is never going to respond in a manner that will meet their expectations .

6. Heinz Kohut's Self psychology the developing self has specific needs that must be met by parents to give the child a positive sense of self-esteem . When others do not meet these needs, there is a massive loss of self-esteem that presents as depression

7. Bowlby believed that damaged early attachments and traumatic separation in childhood predispose to depression . Adult losses are said to revive the traumatic childhood loss and so precipitate adult depressive episodes.

8. 2- Cognitive Theory According to cognitive theory, depression results from specific cognitive distortions present in persons susceptible to depression. Those distortions, referred to as depressogenic schemata , are cognitive templates that perceive both internal and external data in ways that are altered by early experiences . Aaron Beck postulated a cognitive triad of depression that consists of negative views of self, world and future. Therapy consists of modifying these distortions.

9. 3- Learned Helplessness(Seligman) connects depressive phenomena to the experience of uncontrollable events. internal causal explanations are thought to produce a loss of self-esteem after adverse external events. Behaviorists who subscribe to the theory stress that improvement of depression is contingent on the patient's learning a sense of control and mastery of the environment.

10. 4-Social model ( brown and harris )