Psychotherapy and counceling.pptx

Psychotherapy and counseling

1. PSYCHOTHERAPY AND COUNSELLING By Mrs. Nuwamanya Ethel

2. COUNCELLING Definition of the term “councelling” Councelling is the consultation, mutual interchanging of opinions, deliberating together( Webster’s dictionary) Councelling is helping an individual become aware of himself and the ways in which he is reaching to behavioral influences of his environment. It further helps him to establish some personal meaning for this behavior and to develop and clarify a set of goals and values for future behavior.(blocker 1966) Councelling is an accepting, trusting and safe relationship in which clients learn to discuss openly what worries them, to define precise behavior goals, to acquire the essential social skills, and to develop the courage and self-confidence to implement desired new behavior. ( M erie . M. ohlsen )

3. 4. Councelling relationship refers to the interaction which occurs between two individuals called counselor and client Takes place within a professional setting. Is initiated and maintained as a means of facilitating changes in the behavior of the client . ( Pepinsky and pepinsky 1954) The relationship develops between two individuals the professionally trained worker the service and the one seeking the service. The goal of councelling is to help individuals welcome their immediate problems and to also help equip them to meet future problems. Councelling to be meaningful has to be specific for each client since it involve their unique problems and expectation

4. When is councelling needed? Adolescent identity, concerns, teen-parent relationships , peer relationships. Anxiety Anger management Children’s concerns within a family unit, siblings relationships, school experiences, peer relationships Family of origin dynamics and issues Gender identity, sexuality, homosexuality. Grief and bereavement Relationships personal and interpersonal dynamics Challenges, limitations , transitions

5. Levels of councelling Informal councelling: This is done by elders for years without any training Non specific counseling: It is done as part of work for example a teacher Professional counseling: It is given by a fully trained professional person. Usually known as counselor Essentials of counseling It involves two people Its objectives is to assist the counselee solve his problem independently It is a professional task and must be performed by professionally trained people.

6. Characteristics of counseling It concentrates on the normal individual It considers extent rather than seriousness It involves a wide range of techniques It must be a cooperative affair and the counsellor must act as a point of contact. It should not be solely based upon psychology. It must take the help of other branches of study. It should meet all the needs. It should be neither child centered nor technique centered, nor problem centered and nor counselor centered alone

7. Basic principles of counseling It is strongly dedicated to self direction and self realization of the client. It is the development of the insights and understanding of the relations of self and environment It is a structured learning situation Its methods vary with the needs of the client It is primarily a preventive and remedial process It is voluntary

8. Who does counselling? Eductionist , social workers, clergy, elders, counselors , nurses etc Types of Counseling Here are some of the most common types of counselors: Marriage and family counseling Guidance and career counseling Rehabilitation counseling Mental health counseling Substance abuse counseling Educational Counseling Debt counseling Child development counseling Eating disorder therapy Grief counseling Art therapy Musical therapy

9. PSYCHOTHERAPY Definition This is a form of help- giving with which we are here concerned, differs from informal help in two significant ways. The practitioners are specifically trained to conduct this activity and they are sanctioned by their society or by a subgroup to which they and the patients belong. Their activity is systematically guided by an articulated theory that explains the source of the patient’s distress and disability and prescribes methods for alleviating them. This implies that it is concerned with the content of the symptoms and their meaning for the patient’s life

10. It is the use of psychological methods particularly when based on regular personal interaction to help person change behavior and overcome problems in desired ways. It aims to improve an individual’s wellbeing and mental health to resolve or mitigate troublesome behavior, beliefs, compulsions, thoughts or emotions and to improve relationships or social skills

11. Practitioners of psychotherapy Earlier in the up to until the twentieth century empirical-scientific psychotherapy was conducted by physicians, initially neurologists, later psychiatrists. In recent decades they have been joined by: Psychiatric social workers Clinical psychologists Psychiatric nurses Mental health professionals who usually work under medical supervision. Other trained practitioners

12. DIFFERENT APPROACHES TO PSYCHOTHERAPY

13. Psychologists generally draw on one or more theories of psychotherapy A theory acts as a roadmap for psychologists, it is a guide through which they understand clients and their problems and develop solutions. Approaches to psychotherapy fall into five broad categories: Psychoanalytic and psychodynamic therapy Behavior therapy Cognitive therapy Humanistic therapy Integrative or holistic therapy

14. Psychoanalytic and psychodynamic therapy This approach focuses on changing problematic behavior, feelings and thoughts by discovering their unconscious meanings and motivations. Psychoanalytically oriented therapies are characterized by a close working partnership between therapist and patient. Patients learn about themselves by exploring their interactions in the therapeutic relationship. Psychoanalysis is closely identified with Sigmund Freud it has been extended and modified since his early formulations.

15. Behavior therapy This approach focuses on learning’s role in developing both normal and abnormal behaviors. They Include: Classical conditioning(associative learning) by Ivan Pavlov. Desensitizing. A therapist helps a client with phobia through repeated exposure to whatever it is that causes anxiety. Operant conditioning. This type of therapy relies on rewarding and punishment to shape desirable behavior Cognitive- behavioral therapy. It focuses on thoughts and behaviors.

16. Cognitive therapy by Albert Ellis and Aron Beck These approaches emphasize what people think rather than what they do. Cognitive therapists believe that its dysfunctional thinking that leads to dysfunctional emotions or behavior. By changing their thoughts people can change how they feel and what they do

17. Humanistic therapies This approach emphasizes people’s capacity to make rational choices and develop to their maximum potential. Concern and respect for others are important Types of humanistic therapy include: Client centered therapy . This therapy rejects the idea of therapists as authorities on their clients’ inner experiences, instead therapists help clients change by emphasizing their concern, care and interest. Gestalt therapy . This therapy emphasizes what it calls organismic holism the importance of being aware of the here and now and accepting responsibility fro yourself. Existential therapy . This therapy focuses on free will, self determination and the search for meaning.

18. Integrative or holistic therapy Many therapists don’t tie themselves to any one approach. Instead, they blend elements from different approaches and tailor their treatment according to each client’s needs.

19. Types of psychotherapy 1. Individual long term psychotherapy The aims of this psychotherapy are symptom relief and personality change. Psychoanalytic as a psychotherapeutic procedure has prescribed rules: Four sessions per week, each 50 minutes long Using free association to gather data and the method of interpretation, particularly of the patient’s relationship with the therapist( transference) to induce inner understanding (insight). Infantile problems are delineated and how these problems are reflected in the current inhibitions and difficulties, in symptoms, in the psychopathology of everyday life and in dreams are looked at(worked through) from many angels to complete the process of therapeutic change

20. 2. Brief focal psychotherapy This psychotherapy has come into its own in recent years and brought into question the optimal duration of psychodynamically oriented treatment. The typical process of treatment is described in terms of three phases Beginning phase ( assessment, preparation and negotiation of a contrast) The active phase Termination phase Like psychotherapy in general there are at least three major approaches: psychodynamic, cognitive- behavioural and client centered.

21. 3. Group psychotherapy Human beings live, work and play in a variety of social groups. Not surprisingly many of the emotional problems they come to experience stem from disturbed relationships within these groups. These psychotherapies focus on problems between people rather than within the individual, They include, family therapy, marital therapy, sex therapy, the wards of psychiatric hospitals, therapeutic communities, private psychotherapist’s office and many more. Its procedure entails Selection Composition of the group Preparation of patients Development of the group Mature- working group

22. 4. Crisis intervention These are short term psychotherapies designed to help persons who are overwhelmed by some stress and are in a state of crisis. Basic concepts Coping and failure to cope. This is how one responds to a problem or threatening situation. There are four principal types of copying: Problem solving behavior Regression Denial Inertia Common problems tackled in crisis intervention Loss problems Change problems Interpersonal problems Conflict problems

23. 5. Cognitive and behavioral therapies. Cognitive and behavioral therapies are brief treatments, directed to specific goals and concerned with present rather than past circumstances. Features that distinguish cognitive-behavioral methods from other treatments are: They are concerned more with factors maintaining symptoms and abnormal behaviors than with original causes. They are based on psychological experimentation and they have limited and rather specific indications Most cognitive- behavioral treatments are also designed to encourage self-help.

24. DIFERENCES BETWEEN COUNSELING AND PSYCHOTHERAPY

25. Counselling generally refers to short-term consultation while psychotherapy typically refers to longer-term treatment.  Counselling typically deals with present issues that are easily resolved on the conscious level whereas psychotherapy intensively and extensively examines a person’s psychological history.  C ounselling is more concerned with practical or immediate issues and outcomes while psychotherapy is more focused on helping a person understand his/her life in a profound and reflective manner . Counselling normally helps a client process powerful emotions such as grief or anger, deal with immediate causes of stress and anxiety, clarify values and identify options when making important personal or professional decisions, manage conflicts within relationships, develop better interpersonal and communication skills, or intentionally change unproductive thoughts and behaviours .

26. Psychotherapy is an evolutionary process that helps a person look at long-standing attitudes, thoughts, and behaviors that have resulted in the current quality of one’s life and relationships.  It goes much deeper to uncover root causes of problems, resulting in more dramatic changes in perspective regarding oneself, one’s life experience, and the world in general.  P sychotherapy aims to empower the individual by freeing him/her from the grip of unconscious triggers or impulses through increased self-awareness.