Psychotherapys and authors for therapies

Talks about the clinicians about their therapeutic approach and Therapy session

1. CBT
Helps identify and replace negative behaviour patterns adapted from the past. It largely focuses
on the idea that thoughts, emotions and behaviours are interconnected.
Subtypes:
●​Exposure therapy: slowly introducing anxiety inducing stimulus at structured periods of
time. Generally used in
OCD
●​Dialectical behaviour therapy: includes things like mindfulness and emotional regulation
through talk therapy in individual settings, generally used for
BPD, MDD or Eating
disorders
●​Acceptance and commitment therapy: learning to accept unwanted or negative thoughts.
Mostly effective in individuals with
Instructive and catastrophic thoughts.
●​Mindfulness based cognitive therapy: generally used in PTDS, GAD
●​Rational emotive behaviour therapy: original form of CBT, particularly focuses on how
negative thought patterns affect emotions and behaviors. Generally used in
MDD,
Anxiety, Sleep disorders and Deaddiction
Steps:
●​Learning new problem solving techniques
●​Recognizing how thought distortions lead to negative behaviours
●​Role playing, calming techniques and learning to face new challenges
Clinical application:
●​Mood D
●​Anxiety and phobia
●​Eating disorders
●​Substance use
●​OCD
●​Sleep D (insomnia)

Therapy
Method
Research
Title
Aim Method Result Extra notes
CBT The
Relationship
Between Use
of CBT Skills
and
Depression
Treatment
Outcome: A
Theoretical
and
Methodologic
al Review of
the Literature
-University of
Oklahoma,
2013
The primary
aim of the
study was to
examine
whether the
use of
cognitive
behavioral
therapy
(CBT) skills
mediates
treatment
outcomes in
depression.
It is not an
original study,
it was a
review of 23
studies,
which
included
patients with
MDD where
CBT skills
were used.
Higher
frequency
and better
quality of
CBT skill use
were
consistently
associated
with better
treatment
outcomes.​

Several
studies found
that CBT
skills use

2. predicted:​
-Reduction in
depressive
symptoms.​
-Lower risk of
relapse.​
-Improved
quality of life.

Effectiveness
of cognitive
behavioral
therapy in
treating
bipolar
disorder: An
updated
meta-analysi
s with
randomized
controlled
trials
-collaboration
between
Guangzhou,
China and
texas
medical
university
(2016)
The aim of
this updated
meta-analysi
s was to
further
assess the
effectiveness
of cognitive
behavioral
therapy
(CBT) in
treating
bipolar
disorder
(BD).
9 randomized
controlled
trials with a
total of 520
patients with
bipolar I or II
disorder.​


Reducing
relapse rates.​

Improving
mania
symptoms.

No significant
effect of CBT
on:
Reducing
overall
relapse rate.​

Improving
depression
levels.

CBT and
Exposure
therapy
Cognitive-be
havioral
therapy for
anxiety
disorders: an
update on the
empirical
evidence-
2022
To review
and update
the empirical
evidence for
the efficacy
and
effectiveness
of
Cognitive-Be
havioral
Therapy
(CBT)—partic
ularly
exposure
therapy and
cognitive
therapy—for
the treatment
Narrative
review
CBT is
effective
across all
anxiety
disorders,
though the
magnitude of
effect can
vary by
disorder and
technique.​

Exposure
therapy:​
Highly
effective and
often the
first-line

3. of anxiety
disorders
treatment for
OCD and
specific
phobias

CBT vs
Interpersonal
therapy
The efficacy
of
cognitive-beh
avioral
therapy for
eating
disorders: A
systematic
review and
meta-analysi
s.
- APA journal
of counseling
and
psychotherap
y 2017
To examine
the efficacy
of Cognitive
Behavioral
Therapy
(CBT) for
eating
disorders,
specifically
bulimia
nervosa and
binge eating
disorder,
through a
meta-analysi
s of
randomized
controlled
trials (RCTs).

Randomized
control trials
CBT showed
greater
reductions in
behavioral
and cognitive
symptoms
than
interpersonal
psychotherap
y (IPT) at
posttreatment
. It is
particularly
effective for
bulimia and
binge eating
disorder.
While it
performs
similarly to
some other
treatments,
its consistent
superiority
over
interpersonal
psychotherap
y and inactive
controls
supports the
specificity
and value of
CBT
CBT Cognitive-Be
havioral
Therapy for
Substance
Use
Disorders
-National
library of
medicine
2011
To review the
evidence
supporting
the efficacy
of Cognitive
Behavioral
Therapy
(CBT) for
substance
use disorders
Narrative
review
CBT is
effective as
both
standalone
treatment
and as
combination
treatment as
well. It is a
well-supporte
d, effective
treatment for
substance
use
disorders,
with broad
applicability
and robust
empirical
backing.
Despite
heterogeneity
in CBT
protocols,
core
elements
include:​

Operant
learning
principles
Cognitive
restructuring
Motivational
enhancement
Skills training
These core

4. components
help patients
resist the
reinforcing
effects of
substance
use.

CBT and
Exposure
therapy
Efficacy of
cognitive-beh
avioral
therapy for
obsessive–co
mpulsive
disorder
-2015

The efficacy
of Cognitive
Behavioral
Therapy
(CBT)
approaches
—including
Exposure
with
Response
Prevention
(ERP) and
Cognitive
Therapy
(CT)—for
OCD.
Meta analysis Even though
Exposure
therapy is the
first line of
treatment of
OCD,
additional
CBT can help
improve:

Distress
tolerance​

Reduction of
symptom-rela
ted
dysfunctional
beliefs​

Adherence to
treatment​

Treatment
retention
(lower
dropout
rates)


CBT Effectiveness
of Cognitive
Behavioral
Therapy for
Sleep
Disorder: An
overview of
Systematic
To
summarize
and evaluate
the evidence
on the
effectiveness
of Cognitive
Behavioral
Therapy
(CBT) for
sleep
Systematic
review
CBT is
effective for
sleep
disorders,
particularly
insomnia,
with
consistent
improvement
s in symptom
severity and
sleep quality
ISI:insomnia
severity index
SOL:sleep
onset latency
WASO:wake
after sleep
onset

5. Review
-journal of
korean
medicine
2022
disorders by
reviewing
existing
systematic
reviews
(SRs) and
meta-analyse
s (MAs).

metrics (ISI,
SOL,
WASO).

Humanistic Therapy
Focuses on how one's world view can influence their decisions, especially decisions causing
distress. It helps you better understand what you are going through and offers support without
interpreting your emotions. In this form of therapy, the therapist will show unconditional positive
regard, mostly just listen or ask a few questions. Subtypes:
●​Existential therapy: is a philosophical approach to therapy. You will asked to consider
things such as responsibility behind choices, freedom of speech
●​Person centered approach: This approach believes that emotional distress arise as a
result of others criticism towards an individual. Here in therapists offer empathy and
consideration while an individual navigates through their personal goals
●​Gestalt therapy: looks at unresolved issues like relational or familial conflict and how it
affects emotional wellbeing. Generally involves role playing, acting out scenarios etc
Steps:
●​Goal setting to live the most fulfilled life (reaching ideal self)
●​Exploring ways to grow self acceptance
●​Coping with negative judgements
Clinical application:
●​Self-esteem issues
●​Coping with trauma
●​Health concerns
●​Depression
●​Relationship issues

Therapy Title Aim Method Result Additional
notes
humanistic
Effective
humanistic
psychothera
py
processes
and their
outcomes.
To review
research on
humanistic
psychothera
pies,
Meta
analysis Humanistic
therapies
are
effective,
grounded in
a strong

6. -Humanistic
psychothera
pies;
handbook of
research,
APA 2016
focusing on:
Their
theoretical
foundations
Outcomes
of treatment
(vs. no
treatment,
placebo,
and other
therapies)
In-session
processes
that
influence
outcomes
Innovations
to improve
effectivenes
s
philosophica
l stance on
human
growth,
freedom,
and choice.
New
innovations
and training
strategies
are needed
to enhance
therapist
effectivenes
s and
maximize
client
outcomes.​


humanistic-
existential
The efficacy
of individual
humanistic-
experiential
therapies for
the
treatment of
depression
-book of
psychothera
py research
published
by taylor
and francis
journal 2023
To conduct
a systematic
review and
meta-analys
is of
randomized
controlled
trials (RCTs)
evaluating
the efficacy
of individual
humanistic-
experiential
therapies
(HEPs) for
depression.
Meta
analysis
HEPs are
effective in
the
short-term
compared to
usual care​

Less
effective
than active
treatments
at follow-up​

Limitations:
Imprecision,
inconsistenc
y, and risk of
bias


Humanistic REINVENTI
NG
STUDENTS'
SELFESTE
EM IN
CLASSROO
MS: THE
To explore
how
humanistic
pedagogy
can be used
as a
Theoretical
review Humanistic
pedagogy
can address
these gaps
by:
Antihumanis
tic teaching
systems
contribute to
low
self-esteem
in students​

7. NEED FOR
HUMANISTI
C
PEDAGOG
Y
-journal of
education,
learning and
training
2022
teaching
approach to:
Address
students’
lack of
self-esteem
Develop
students
holistically
Promote
academic,
social, and
societal
growth

Creating
student-cent
ered
classrooms
Valuing
students’
feelings and
individuality
Encouragin
g creativity
and
innovation
Humanizing
education


Students
often lack
critical
thinking,
communicat
ion, and
relationship
skills

Humanistic Humanistic
Existential
Counselling
Model to
Improve
Psychologic
al WellBeing
in
Adolescents
-university
of
indraprasta
2017
To describe
the
influence
and
contribution
of existential
humanistic
counselling
in improving
psychologic
al well-being
(PWB) in
adolescents
—particularl
y those
exhibiting
maladaptive
behaviors
Literature
review Existential
humanistic
counselling
is presented
as a
suitable and
effective
model to
enhance
adolescent
PWB by
addressing
these issues
holistically.​


The
post-moder
n era has
contributed
to increases
in
maladaptive
behavior
among
adolescents
.​

A key cause
is low levels
of
psychologic
al
well-being,
characterize
d by:​

Lack of
self-accepta
nce
Symptoms
of
depression
Absence of

8. life purpose

Humanistic
and
existential
Humanistic
and
existential
approach to
treatment of
PTSD
- book
humanistic
psychology,
current
trends and
future
prospects
2017
To discuss
the role of
humanistic
and
existential
psychothera
pies in
addressing
post-trauma
tic stress
disorder
(PTSD),
highlighting
the
limitations of
medication
and the
unique
value of
meaning-foc
used
approaches.

Literature
review
While
meditation
can be a
short term
fix for
trauma it
has its own
set backs.
Humanistic
and
existential
psychothera
pies Have a
potential
key role in
addressing
trauma’s
existential
dimensions

PTSD is not
just the
event itself
but also
how an
individual
makes
meaning out
of it
Medication
may be
useful in the
short term,
but:
Does not
address
deep
existential
and
meaning-rel
ated issues
May have
side effects
that
counteract
psychothera
peutic
benefits

Humanistic End of life:
the
humanist
view

-british
humanistic
association
2005
to explain
the
humanist
approach to
death and
dying and
provide
guidance for
medical
professional
s on
Theoretical
analysis
Humanist
beliefs: Life
is finite;
morality is
independent
of religion;
autonomy
and
self-authors
hip are
central.

9. meeting the
end-of-life
needs of
humanists,
ensuring
these needs
are
respected
equally to
those of
religious
patients.

Support
patients in
approaching
death on
their own
terms

Respect for
autonomy in
decision-ma
king,
including
euthanasia
preferences
humanistic
Treating
couples and
families
from the
humanistic
perspective:
More than
the
symptom,
more than
solutions.

-Humanistic
psychothera
pies;
handbook of
research,
APA 2016

To discuss
relationship
enhanceme
nt and
emotionally
focused
therapy
(EFT) for
couples and
families
from a
humanistic
perspective,
and to
emphasize
the need for
empirical
evaluation
of
humanistic
intervention
s to ensure
their
continued
relevance in
the field.
Theoretical
analysis Humanistic
approaches
to couples
and family
therapy:
Prioritize
empathy,
collaboratio
n, and client
empowerme
nt
Aim to
create new
relational
meanings
that can
transform
interactions


Without
empirical
validation,
humanistic
approaches
risk
marginalizat
ion
compared to
more
manualized
and
empirically
supported
models.
Humanistic
Empirically
supported
humanistic
approaches
to working
with couples
To present
new
theoretical
developmen
ts and
empirically
supported
Conceptual
review
Evidence
supports
these
humanistic-
based
models for
improving
These
approaches
share:
Emphasis
on the

10. and
families.
-Humanistic
psychothera
pies;
handbook of
research,
APA 2016


humanistic
approaches
for working
with couples
and
families,
highlighting
their shared
principles
and
therapeutic
goals.
relationship
quality and
emotional
connection
in couples
and
families.
therapeutic
relationship
as a catalyst
for change​

Nonpatholo
gizing
stance
toward
clients’
struggles​

Experiential
focus to
promote
emotional
awareness
and
connection


Systemic-motivational Therapy
A family-focused, integrative intervention for treating substance use and chemical dependency.
It combines two approaches:
Subtypes:
●​Systemic Therapy: Focuses on family and relational dynamics within the broader
system—understanding how patterns of interaction between family members influence
individual behavior.​
●​Motivational Interviewing: A client-centered communication style designed to resolve
ambivalence and enhance intrinsic motivation for change.
Steps:
●​System-wide approach: Instead of isolating the individual, it leverages the family’s
role—transforming family relationships to support recovery.​

●​Motivational grounding: Uses the empathetic, autonomy-supporting stance of
motivational interviewing to actively engage the entire system.​

11. ●​Especially relevant in substance use treatment where family dynamics often contribute to
both the development and resolution of the issue.

Clinical application: substance dependence


Therapy Title Aim Method Result Additional
information
Skill training
and
motivational
therapy
Integrating
Skills
Training and
Motivational
Therapies:
Implications
for the
Treatment
of
Substance
Dependenc
e

To examine
how
substance
abuse
treatments
can
integrate
skills
training and
motivational
enhanceme
nt
approaches
—two
well-researc
hed but
often
separate
models—in
order to
improve
recovery
outcomes
and relapse
prevention.
Conceptual
analysis
Recovery
from
addiction is
often
nonlinear,
involving
slips,
relapses,
and
repeated
quit
attempts—r
equiring
both
motivational
support and
skill
acquisition.

Integrated
approaches
may:
Enhance
treatment
engagement
Improve
relapse
prevention
Address
both
readiness
and
capacity for
Skills
training and
motivational
enhanceme
nt address
complement
ary change
processes:
Motivation =
Why a client
might
pursue
change
Skills = How
a client can
maintain
change and
prevent
relapse

12. change
simultaneou
sly

Art therapy
Art therapy integrates creative processes (drawing, painting, sculpting) with
psychotherapy to support mental, emotional, and physical well-being.​

Works on the principle that art-making can facilitate expression of thoughts and
feelings that might be difficult to verbalize.

●​Reducing stress and emotional distress​

●​Enhancing self-awareness and self-esteem​

●​Encouraging problem-solving and coping skills​

●​Strengthening social connections in group settings

Clinical applications:
●​Trauma​

●​Depression and anxiety​

●​Neurological conditions​

●​Chronic illness​

●​Developmental and learning disabilities

-​Art Therapy and the Brain: An Attempt to Understand the
Underlying Processes of Art Expression in Therapy (Journal of art
therapy association 2004)

Music therapy
●​Music can evoke, express, and regulate emotions.​

●​Rhythm and melody can synchronize with physiological processes (entrainment).​

●​Musical interaction between therapist and client fosters communication, even
nonverbally.

Steps:

13. ●​Emotional processing: Activates the limbic system, allowing safe expression and
regulation of feelings.​

●​Neurological activation: Stimulates motor, language, and memory areas in the
brain (e.g., Broca’s, Wernicke’s areas, hippocampus).​

●​Social engagement: Enhances interpersonal connection via shared musical
experiences.​

●​Physiological regulation: Music’s tempo, volume, and rhythm can modulate heart
rate, breathing, and muscle tension.​

●​Cognitive engagement: Supports attention, sequencing, problem-solving, and
memory recall.​

Clinical application:
●​Depression and anxiety
●​Ptsd
●​Schizophrenia
●​Palliative care



Technique Title Aim Method Result Additional
notes
Art therapy Effectiveness
of Art
Therapy With
Adult Clients
-university of
israel 2019
To investigate
whether art
therapy can
improve
psychological
well-being in
women
diagnosed
with breast
cancer,
focusing on
emotional
expression,
coping, and
quality of life.
Randomized
control rials Art therapy
group
showed
significant
improvement
s in:
Emotional
expression
and
self-awarene
ss.
Psychological
well-being.
Certain
aspects of

14. quality of life.

Music
therapy
Music
therapy for
depression
-2017
Assess the
effects of
music
therapy for
depression in
people of any
age
compared
with
treatment as
usual (TAU),
psychological
,
pharmacologi
cal, and/or
other
therapies.​

Compare
effects of
different
forms of
music
therapy for
people with
depression.

Comparative
analysis Music
therapy +
TAU provides
short-term
beneficial
effects for
people with
depression
compared to
TAU alone.​

Improves
depressive
symptoms,
anxiety, and
functioning
without
increasing
adverse
events.


Music
therapy The Impact of
Music
Therapy on
Anxiety in
Cancer
Patients
Undergoing
Simulation for
Radiation
Therapy
-inter national
journal of
oncology
To evaluate
whether
music
therapy (MT)
reduces
anxiety and
distress
during the
simulation
procedure for
patients with
newly
diagnosed
head and
neck or
breast cancer
undergoing
Randomized
control trials MT
significantly
reduced
anxiety and
distress
during RT
simulation
compared to
no MT.

15. radiation
2017
radiation
therapy (RT).

Music
therapy Music
therapy for
posttraumatic
stress in
adults: A
theoretical
review.-psych
oimmunology
: MUSIC
MIND AND
BRAIN (APA
2017)
To describe
the practice
of music
therapy and
present a
theoretically
informed
model for
how it can
address
symptoms of
posttraumatic
stress
disorder
(PTSD),
including a
review of
empirical
evidence and
mechanisms
underlying its
therapeutic
potential.
Narrative ana
Some
empirical
studies
suggest
reductions in
PTSD
symptoms
and improved
functioning
when music
therapy is
added to
care.


Emotion focused therapy