PTEROCARPUS- TANNINS

Tannins are one of the most widely occuring group of natural substances in different families of higher plants. They are of two types-
1. Hydrolysable
2. Condensed
The pterocarpus is an example of condensed tannins which are non-hydrolysable.

1. Drugs containing tannins- PTEROCARPUS Presented By- Aditi Petwal B. Pharm , V semester School of Pharmacy

2. Pterocarpus Vernacular Names- Bijasal (Hindi); Indian kino tree; Malabar kino (English);Red sandal wood; (Trade) or Rakta Chandan .

3. Taxonomical Classification Kingdom Plantae Clade Angiosperms Clade Eudicots Clade Rosids Order Fabales Family Fabaceae Submaily Faboideae Tribe Dalbergiae Genus Pterocarpus Species P. macrocarpus

4. Biological & Geographical Source Biological It consists of the dried juice of the plant Pterocarpus marsupium Linn. Family Leguminosae obtained by making vertical incisions of the stem bark collected and dried. Geographical It is found in hilly regions of Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, Uttarpradesh , Bihar, Orissa. It is also found in forests of Karnal , Kerala, West Bengal and Assam.

5. Description Basic Characters Tree - Pterocarpus is a deciduous tree  that can grow up to 30 m (98 ft) tall. Leaves and flowers - The leaves are alternate, 3–9 cm long, trifoliate with three leaflets. The flowers are produced in short racemes. Fruit - The fruit is a pod 6–9 cm long containing one or two seeds. Bark- 50–150 cm diameter. Other- It is fast-growing when young, reaching 5 metres (16 ft) tall in three years, even on degraded soils. It is not frost tolerant, being killed by temperatures of −1 °C. Macroscopic Character Colour - Ruby Red Odour - None Taste - Astringent Size - About 3-10mm granules. Shape - angular grains Extra Feature- The pieces of kino are angular, glistening, transparent, breaking with vitreous fracture. It is partly soluble in water (about 80-90-%), completely soluble in alcohol (90%).

6. Chemical Constituents Kino contains about 70–80% of kinotannic acid , kino -red, k- pyrocatechin ( catechol ), resin and gallic acid . Kinotannic acid is glucosidal tannin, whereas kino -red is anhydride of kinoin . Kinoin is an insoluble phlobaphene and is produced by the action of oxydase enzyme. It is darker in colour than kinotannic acid. Roots contain liquid- ritigenin , garbanzol , pterosupin , pseudo- dobatigenin , and 5-deoxy-kaempferol. Kino gum contains kitannic acid.

7. Chemical Tests When the solution of drug is treated with ferrous sulphate , green colour is produced.  With alkali (like potassium hydroxide) violet colour is produced.  With mineral acid, a precipitate is obtained. Identification Water soluble extractives- not less than 18.75% Alcohol insoluble extractives- not less than 80.0%

8. Uses Astringent - Used as an astringent for boils, skin eruptions and ulcers; Toothache Dysentry and Diarrhea Passive haemorrhage Diabetes- The aqueous infusion of the wood is considered to be of much use in diabetes Anti fungal activity -plant extract reacts on the growth of various fungal growth like Piricularia Oryzae as well as colletotrichum falactum Hypoglycemia - The alcoholic, as well as, aqueous extracts of heartwood are known to possess hypoglycaemic action. Printing Other-Dying and Tanning

9. Marketed Products It is the one of the components of the preparation known as Gludibit ( Lupin Herbal Laboratory) and Diabecon ( Hima-laya Drug Company) for diabetes mellitus. The cups made of wood are available with Khadi and Gramodyog commission for treatment of diabetes.

10. References Pharmacognosy , C. K. Kokate , A. P. Purohit , S. B. Gokhale , 54 th Edition, Nirali Prakashan , Drugs Containing Tannins, Page 10.19-10.20. http://www.pharmacy180.com/article/black-catechu-323/

11. Thank you!