Purine and pyrimidine final

purine and pyrimidine

1. RUNGTA COLLEGE OF SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY DEPARTMENT OF BIOTECHNOLOGY & MICROBIOLOGY SUBJECT- BIOMOLECULES (Paper 2) GUIDED BY :- MR. ARPAN DEY PRESENTED BY:- ANKIT SHARMA M.Sc 1 st sem

2. STRUCTURE OF PURINE & PYRIMIDINE BASE

3. CONTENT Introduction  History  Nitrogenous base Composition Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA ) Ribonucleic acid (RNA) Mechanism of action Function Conclusion  Current research  Reference

4. Introduction Purine and Pyrimidine are the names of the parent compounds of two types of nitrogen containing heterocyclic aromatic compound. Adenine and guanine are the principle Purine of both DNA and RNA. Pyrimidine that occur in DNA are cytosine and thymine. Cytosine and uracil are the Pyrimidine in RNA.

5. History The word Purine was coined by the German chemist Emil Fischer in 1884. He synthesized it for the first time in 1898. The starting material for the reaction sequence was uric acid. The origin of the term Pyrimidine dates back to 1884 when Pinner coined the term from a combination of the words pyridine and amidine because of the structural similarity to those compound.

6. Chemical composition Two long strands makes the shape of a double helix. Two strands run in opposite directions to each other and are therefore anti-parallel. Chemically, DNA consists of two long polymers of simple units called nucleotides, with backbones made of base, sugars and phosphate groups.

7. Nitrogenous base Types:- Purine - (adenine and guanine) Pyrimidine –(cytosine & thymine) Purines - Adenine and Guanine (fused five- and six- membered heterocyclic compounds) Pyrimidines – Cytosine Thymine & Uracil (six- membered rings) Uracil (U) - Usually takes the place of thymine in RNA. PAIRING : A =T and A=U and G≡C

8. Purine base Purine bases include  adenine  (6-aminopurine) and  guanine  (2-amino-6-oxypurine).

9. Pyrimidines base  The pyrimidine bases are  thymine  (5-methyl-2,4-dioxipyrimidine),  cytosine  (2-oxo-4-aminopyrimidine), and  uracil  (2,4-dioxoypyrimidine)

10. Nucleotide hydrolysis produces two types of substances derived from the heterocyclic rings  purine  and  pyrimidine  known as the purine and pyrimidine bases.

11. Deoxyribose nucleic acid ( DNA ) DNA is a nucleic acid that contains the genetic instructions used in the development and functioning of all known living organisms and some viruses. The DNA molecule consists of two strands that wind around one another to form a shape known as a double helix. Each strand has a backbone made of alternating sugar (deoxyribose) and phosphate groups. Attached to each sugar is one of four bases--adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G), and thymine (T). The two strands are held together by bonds between the bases; adenine bonds with thymine, and cytosine bonds with guanine.

12. Ribonucleic acid ( RNA ) A nucleic acid that carries the genetic message from DNA to ribosomes and is involved in the process of protein synthesis is referred to as RNA(Ribose Nucleic Acid). Ribonucleic acid is one of the two types of nucleic acids found in all cells. RNA is similar to DNA but containing ribose in place of deoxyribose and uracil in place of thymine. RNA is a nucleic acid polymer consisting of nucleotide monomers that acts as a messenger between DNA and ribosomes and is also responsible for making proteins out of amino acids. Some viruses use RNA instead of DNA as their genetic material.

13. Mechanism of action The basic mechanism of action of purine and pyrimidine antimetabolites is similar. These compounds diffuse into cells (usually with the aid of a membrane transporter1) and are converted to analogues of cellular nucleotides by enzymes of the purine or pyrimidine metabolic pathway.

14. Functions Purine Catabolism :  The end product of purine catabolism in man is  uric acid . Uric acid is formed primarily in the liver and excreted by the kidney into the urine.

15. Pyrimidine Catabolism :  In contrast to purines, pyrimidines undergo ring cleavage and the usual end products of catabolism are beta-amino acids plus ammonia and carbon dioxide. 

16. Conclusion DNA is very important for life. It can replicate well, which means that the next generation will retain the characteristics of the parents. DNA, adenine bonds to thymine via two hydrogen bonds, while guanine bonds to cytosine via three hydrogen bonds. In all DNA, the amount of adenine should equal the amount of thymine, and the amount of guanine should equal the amount of cytosine (1:1 ratio of A:T and G:C).

17. Current research Electrochemical evaluation of DNA methylation level based on the stoichiometric relationship between purine and pyrimidine basesPo Wang 1 , Hanbin Chen, Jiuying Tian, Zong Dai, Xiaoyong ZouAffiliations expandPMID: 23454340 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2013.01.057. Accurate Base Pair Energies of Artificially Expanded Genetic Information Systems (AEGIS): Clues for Their Mutagenic CharacteristicsB Behera 1 , P Das 1 , N R Jena 1Affiliations expandPMID: 31290661 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.9b04653.23/07/2019.

18. Reference C.B. Power-Cell Biology, First Edition (2005), Himalaya Publishing House. Gerald Karp - Cell and Molecular biology, 4th Edition (2005). P.K. Gupta- Cell and molecular biology, Second Edition (2003), Rastogi publications. Tortora, Funke and Case-Microbiology : An introduction 6th Edition (1998), Binjamin/ Cummings Publishing Co. K. Wilson and J. Walker :Principle and Techniques of Biotechnology and Molecular Biotechnology.