PURPOSIVE COMMUNICATION BY NARRATION.pdf

all about writings, taught you how to write a proper paper

1. Lesson 3
Purposive Communication

Elmer P. Brabante, JD
Department of English, Foreign Languages & Linguistics

2. I NARRATION (tells a story or events)
II DESCRIPTION (gives qualities for the senses)
III EXPOSITION (explains something)
Process
Definition
Classification
Exemplification
Cause and Effect
Comparison and Contrast
Analogy
IV PERSUASION (influences to take a course of action)
V ARGUMENTATION (builds the truth /falsity of an assertion)

3. Narration is the method of communication used in telling a
story or events.
Narration may be in oral, written, visual, or audio-visual
forms.
Can you think of samples of each of these forms?

4. Oral narration: songs, radio drama, testimony, news report
Written narration: novel, short story, biography, news article
Visual: photojournalism, pantomime
Audio-visual: film or movie

5. TIME ARRANGEMENT
(CHRONOLOGICAL)
SPACE ARRANGEMENT
(SPATIAL)
LOGICAL ARRANGEMENT
Normal Chronology: events
are arranged from the past to
the present (A-D-M-Z)
In Medias Res: Narration
begins from the middle of the
story (L-Z)
Flashback: from the present,
gives snippets from a point in
the past (Z-L-M-Z)
Stream of Consciousness:
Events are told in random
order

Story is told from left to right
or right to left, upward or
downward, circular, north to
east, south to west, north to
south, east to west…

Spatial arrangement may
also be by point of view: first
person, second person, third
person, omniscient
Story is told deductively or
inductively, thematically, or
contextually.

6. What is news?
What makes an event newsworthy?
What are the attributes of a good news article?
What is the structure of a news story?
What are the parts of a news article?

7. News is any timely (fresh), interesting, and real (not imagined)
event that occurs in the north, east, west, and south.
“News” developed in the 14
th
century as a special use of the plural
form of new.
Jessica Garretson Finch is credited with coining the phrase
current events while teaching at Barnard College in 1890s.

8. Newsworthiness means having sufficient relevance to the public
or a special audience to warrant press attention or coverage.
News worthiness is judged variably from culture to culture.
Persons tend to be interested in news to the extent which its has a
big impact, describes conflicts, happens nearby, involves well-
known persons, and deviates from the usual daily events.
Even seemingly dull events can be given angles that interest the
audience.

9. 1. ACCURACY
A news story should contain all the necessary information
correctly. It should answer the questions of (1) what happened,
(2) where it happened, (3) when it happened, (4) who are
involved in the happening, and even (5) how it happened, and
(6) why it happened – the 5Ws and 1H.
The story should not contain any false information or “fake
news.” To avoid any misinformation and inaccuracy of
information, always check the numbers, spellings of names or
organizations, and the 5Hs and 1H.

10. 2. BREVITY
Because a news story consumes space on print and broadcast and
because the readers and viewers don’t have the luxury of time,
every word counts. Words and sentences should be kept short and
direct to the point. Unnecessary words and phrases should be
discarded. Put all the important facts in the lead, the first
sentence and first paragraph of the story.
Use variety of sentence lengths, but avoid compound complexes.
Long sentences convey relaxed, slow mood, while short sentences
convey more active, tense part of the story

11. 3. CLARITY
This is a matter of careful choice of easily understandable
vocabulary and sentence structure. Unless the publication or
news program has defined group of audiences, the news should
be understood by the general public. Avoid using jargon and
technical terms. If these terms are necessary, these should be
explained or translated into the ordinary language.
Observe correct grammar and punctuation. Use transitional
devices appropriately. Progress logically from point to point; put
everything in order

12. 4. FAIRNESS
Fairness pertains to the way the news is delivered or the truth
is being pursued. That is, in delivering the truth of the subject
of the news story, no damage should be caused to anyone. The
ethics of journalism should be observed at all times, and the
rights of everyone concerned must be respected.
Get quotes right. Be careful in rephrasing somebody’s
statements so as not to misrepresent nor take it out of
context.

13. 5. IMPACT
Impact is determined by the number of people and
communities affected by the news story. The more people
involved in a disaster, or the bigger the “names” at an event,
the more likely the item is to be on the news agenda.
 Any news about the COVID-19 has great impact worldwide
precisely because no one is safe from the onslaught of the
pandemic. Any news about the Korean male band BTS has
impact insofar as BTS enjoys massive popularity among the
youth who are into K-Pop mania.

14. 6. OBJECTIVITY
The objective of the news is to tell the truth. Personal
opinions and biases about the subject of the news should be
set aside. That getting both sides of a controversial story is not
a cliché. All primary persons involved in the story should be
given ample space—in the same story—to air their respective
sides to provide the public with balanced reporting.
Use neutral language; avoid exclamation points and bold
letters.

15. 7. ODDITY
No one really cares anymore about the usual, predictable, and
daily routine like the early morning queue of passengers at the
MRT or the kilometric traffic congestion at EDSA. Our
curiosity is rather aroused by events that do not normally
exist.
Hence, “trending” news stories are those pertaining to the
odd, unusual, and extraordinary affairs and phenomena,
those of crimes, vices, tragedies, and everything extreme—
extremely good or extremely base.
News story can be a good source of humor and entertainment
values as well.

16. 8. PROXIMITY
Related to impact is proximity, which pertains not only to the
geographic nearness but to cultural, psychological and emotional
connection of a news event to the audience. As a rule of thumb,
nearby events take precedence over similar events at a distance.
The 9-11 attack on the world’s commercial center has the attribute
of news proximity to those outside New York and the United
States, because of the fear that anyone could be the next target of
terrorist attacks. If the terrorists could raze to the ground the
primary icons of world trade and economy, the World Trade Center
and Twin Towers, they could do the same to other parts of the
world.

17. 9. PROMINENCE
Prominence may pertain to the stature or popularity of the
subject of the story, or to the treatment of the news story on
the page layout or news program. Those with most
prominence are allotted bigger space and longer time
treatment.
Since news is about people, this is reflected in the need to
reduce complex events and issues to the actions of
individuals.

18. 9. PROMINENCE
A news story about the activities of country’s leaders has more
prominence than those of leaders of local communities. More
prominent news stories occupy the front page and main
headlines, while those of local communities take the inner
pages or local sections. Less prominent news stories can be
removed from a news broadcast to save air time.
Prominence also pertains to the structure of the news story.
Follow the “inverted pyramid” or deductive structure in
presenting the details of the story. The most prominent part is
the topmost part. The first sentence or first paragraph should
already present the what, where, who, and when of the story.

19. 9. PROMINENCE

what, who, where, when
how, why
next most important info
less impt. info
least impt.
info

20. 9. PROMINENCE


Lead:
Who, what, when, where. 30 words or less. Double-spaced,
indented. Use past tense.
2
nd
paragraph
Quote from someone that relates to and supports the lead (how).
Double-spaced, indented.
3
rd
paragraph One sentence expanding the lead (why). Double-spaced, indented.
4
th
paragraph Description. Double-spaced, indented.
5
th
paragraph Another quotation from another person. Double-spaced, indented.
6
th
paragraph Continue weaving together the facts until everything is exhausted.

21. 10. SIGNIFICANCE
News should have long term or short term values. Not only
does news inform the public of events happening around
them. It can be stored and retrieved for research and future
references.
Since news records important and relevant events, it records
facts and data as part of history.

22. 11. TIMELINESS
Freshness is a vital attribute of news. It should be delivered
promptly, immediately after the occurrence of the event, or
as it happens. Competition between news outlets puts a
premium on exclusives and scoops.
The trend now among multimedia news organizations is to
take the public to the very scene of the newsworthy event, to
go live streaming via the social media.
Just like food, news that has been stocked overnight and
recycled is no longer as much sellable as the “out-of-frying-
pan” items. Events that happened weeks ago are history, not
news items of today anymore.

23. Hard news article is one with a straightforward delivery of
information and formal narration of events. It focuses on crucial
and serious matters like politics, economics, and public safety and
security.

Soft news article pertains to the non-traditional news story that
is lighter (informal) in tone, often focusing on entertainment and
lifestyle topics. It includes entertainment news, sports news,
celebrity news, lifestyle stories, and other human-interest stories.

24. Lead is the first paragraph that tells the reader what the story is
about. A lead is similar to a foreshadowing in a short story, in that
it teases the reader ‘s curiosity to read on.
Hard Lead (summary lead) summarizes directly to the point in
the first sentence what the story is about.
Nut Graph (focus graph) is a paragraph that explains the point of
the story.
Soft Lead (feature lead or delayed lead) can be several paragraphs
long, and can get a little longer to get to the main point of the
story.

25. The Alpha Gamma Rho fraternity president says it was a
practical joke that got blown out of proportion.
Police say it was a hazing incident that involved new AGR
members preparing to have sex with a goat.
And Western officials are still trying to determine if AGR
members violated university policy by having a goat in their
dorm that may have been used to intimidate new members.

26. A nervous flight attendant was having trouble taking a urine drug test. So
she drank a glass of water—and another.
After guzzling three liters in three hours, she still couldn’t urinate.
But hours later, the 40-year-old woman staggered into a Burlington hospital,
her speech slurred, her thinking fuzzy.
The diagnosis: She was drunk—on water.
The unidentified San Mateo County resident is the first drug-test taker
known to suffer from “water intoxication,” doctors reported yesterday in the
Journal of the American Medical Association. There have been only seven other
reported cases of unhealthy people with the dangerous condition, which causes
waterlogged brain cells and a dilution of body minerals. One died.

27. Who: Three boaters
What happened: Two killed, the third injured when the small boat
capsized
When: Easter Sunday
Where: Lamon Bay in Quezon Province
Why: High winds and waves
How: (Explained later in the story—in the nut graph)

* Do not turn to the next slide until you have performed this exercise.

28. Two boaters were killed and a third was injured
last Easter Sunday when their small boat capsized in
high winds and waves off the coast of Lamon Bay in
Quezon Province.

29. WHAT Lead
A small boat that capsized in high winds and
waves off the coast of Lamon Bay in Quezon
Province caused the death of two boaters and
injuries to a third on Easter Sunday.

30. WHEN Lead
On Easter Sunday, two boaters were killed and a
third was injured when their small boat capsized in
high winds and waves off the coast of Lamon Bay in
Quezon Province.

31. WHERE Lead
Off the coast of Lamon Bay in Quezon Province, a
small boat capsized on East Sunday in high winds
and waves, causing the death of two boaters and
injuries to a third.

32. WHY Lead
High winds and waves off the coast of Lamon Bay in
Quezon Province caused a small boat to capsize on
Easter Sunday, killing two boaters and injuring a
third.

33. Descriptive Lead
Skippack farmer John W. Smith stood ankle-deep in mud, pumping milk
into a wooden trough as his pigs, squealing and grunting, snouts quivering,
climbed over each other to get to their feed.
Smith inhaled deeply.
“Does that smell sour to you?
That’s what they call noxious fumes,” he said with a sniff toward his new
neighbors, Ironbridge Estates, a subdivision of two-story colonial houses
costing $200,000 plus.
Ironbridge’s developer say Smith’s farm smells.
And his 250 pigs squeal too much.
So they have filed suit in Montgomery County to force him to clean up his
act. The case was scheduled to be heard May 8.
- Erin Kennedy, The Philadelphia Inquirer

34. Anecdotal Lead
Late one spring night, after drinks at a bar and a bit of protest, Elaine Hollis agreed to
her boyfriend’s desire to capture their passion on videotape.
Inside Edward Bayliss’ apartment, the video camera rolled at the foot of his bed.
He promised to erase the tape.
Seven years later, Hollis, who has a son with Bayliss, was in Delaware County Court
accusing him of contriving to bring her into disrepute by exhibiting the tape. Bayliss,
president of Philadelphia Suburban Electrical Service in Upper Darby, admitted showing the
tape to one of his friends.
Hollis contended he showed and distributed the tape to Delaware Country and
surrounding areas, as as gave copies of it to two bar owners in Darby, who played it for
customers.
Last week, after three years of litigation, a county judge upheld an Oct. 15 Common
Pleas Court order that mandated Bayliss pay Hollis $125,000 to settle her lawsuit.
- Patrick Scott, The Philadelphia Inquirer

35. GOOD NEWS/BAD NEWS LEAD

Good news! The city administration has been giving signals that it
might not have to give out any pink slips, at least for now.
Bad news! The city administration has shown no signs of scaling back
its proposal to raise taxes for the next several years.

36. CRYSTAL BALL LEAD

John Jones never imagined when he boarded the plane that it was going to
crash.

* * * *
When 10-year-old Jason Finser of Clermont was saved from choking to death at
a family dinner two years ago, he never dreamed he would be able to return the
favor.
But luckily for his classmate, 9-year-old Abby Muick, Jason knew exactly what
to do when she choked on a chocolate-and-Rice Krispies treat in the
lunchroom at Minneola Elementary Schoo.

37. NIGHTMARE LEAD

The past three days were like a nightmare for John Jones.

* * * *
The nightmare became reality for local police yesterday when a Niagara
Falls drug dealer was arrested at the Greater Buffalo International
Airport.
Hidden in his baggage were $50,000 worth of heroin, some PCP, and a
sampling of a new drug he referred to as “smokable cocaine.”

39. SAMPLE NEWS FOR ANALYSIS

Campus vegetarians will hold a puke-in at Turkle Hall Friday to protest the dormitory’s
unhealthy food policies. All students are encouraged to attend.

“The menu in that dorm is just meat, meat, meat,” said Ben Dover, the highly respected
president of Vegetarians Opposed to Meat in Turkle (VOMIT). “That’s why so many Turkle
residents have been getting sick this year.”
According to Dover, Turkle’s 200 residents were fed more than 160,000 hamburgers last
year while eating just 1,000 pounds of carrots in other words, a typical student ate just one
carrot for every 160 burgers.
Dover said the protest was sparked after a student worker in Turkel’s cafeteria spotted a
crate of beef labeled “Grade D: Fit for Human Consumption.” Many colleges try to save
money by buying Grade D meat products, which include brains, skin and testicles.

40. Research has shown that a diet heavy in meat is bad for you. In Japan, where rice is a
staple in people’s diets, there is a mucn lower incidence of cancer. My own health has
improved dramatically since I stopped eating meat last year.
Even spiritual master like Gandhi and the Buddha proved that a vegetarian lifestyle
brings you closer to God.
“Our puke-in has received letters of support from famous vegetarians like Opra Wnfrey
and Dwight Yukum,” Dover added.
The event begins at noon Friday, February 30, outside the Turkle Hall cafeteria.

41. Unhealthy? Says who?
That’s an unsupported
opinion.

Campus vegetarians will hold a puke-in at
Turkle Hall Friday to protest the dormitory’s
unhealthy food policies. All students are
encouraged to attend.

Encouraged to
attend? By whom?

“The menu in that dorm is just meat, meat,
meat,” said Ben Dover, the highly respected
president of Vegetarians Opposed to Meat in
Turkle (VOMIT). “That’s why so many Turkle
residents have been getting sick this year.”

Highly respected? In
whose opinion?

Says who? Based on
what statistic?

42. “The menu in that dorm is just meat, meat,
meat,” said Ben Dover, the highly respected
president of Vegetarians Opposed to Meat in
Turkle (VOMIT). “That’s why so many Turkle
residents have been getting sick this year.”

Highly respected? In
whose opinion?

Bad math alert! The
dorm is open 40 weeks
per year, that means
each resident ate 20
burgers a week.
Likely? No. One carrot
does not weigh one
pound, so this statistic
is bogus and
misleading.

According to Dover, Turkle’s 200 residents
were fed more than 160,000 hamburgers last
year while eating just 1,000 pounds of carrots
in other words, a typical student ate just one
carrot for every 160 burgers.

43. Dover said the protest was sparked after a
student worker in Turkel’s cafeteria spotted a
crate of beef labeled “Grade D: Firl for Human
Consumption.” Many colleges try to save money
by buying Grade D meat products, which include
brains, skin and testicles.

There is no such thing
as “Grade D” meat. In
fact, this entire
paragraph is an urban
legend.

This is pseudoscience.
What specific
“research” has proven
that meat is bad?
Which cancer rates are
lower in Japan? Aren’t
other factors
responsible for cancer?

Research has shown that a diet heavy in meat
is bad for you. In Japan, where rice is a staple in
people’s diets, there is a much lower incidence of
cancer. My own health has improved dramatically
since I stopped eating meat last year.

Never inject yourself
into a news story.
“My” opinions and
anecdotes about “me”
are irrelevant and
unprofessional.

44. Inserting religious
opinion into any news
story is a sure way to
offend readers.

Even spiritual master like Gandhi and the
Buddha proved that a vegetarian lifestyle brings
you close to God.

“Our puke-in has received letters of support
from famous vegetarians like Opra Winfrey and
Dwight Yukum,” Dover added.

By misspelling Oprah
and Yuakam, the
reporter undermines
the credibility of this
entire story. Notice
too the inconsistency
in the spelling of
Turkel.

45. February only has 28
days except on a leap
year.

The event begins at noon Friday, February 30,
outside the Turkle Hall caferia.

46. STRUCTURE OF A SIMPLE HARD NEWS

The world’s oldest dog has died in Sakura, Japan, at the age of 26 years and eight
months—equal to 125 human years.
Pusuke, a fluffy tan Shiba mix, died Monday after suddenly failing ill and refusing to
eat.
“I thank him for living so long with me,” owner Yumiko Shinohara told reporters. “I
felt as if he was my child.”
The dog was born at the home of Shinohara’s sister in March 1985 and was
registered as a pet in April that year.
In 2008, he suffered serious injuries after being hit by a car. A veterinarian told
Shinohra it would be difficult to save Pusuke’s like, but the dog underwent a successful
surgery.
Pusuke was recognized as the world’s oldest living dog last December. The
Guinness record for canine longevity is 29 years, set by Bluey, an Australian cattle dog
who died in 1939.

47. This lead summarizes the three Ws
of the story: the who (world’s oldest
dog), the what (death), and the
where (Japan).
The world’s oldest dog has died in Sakura,
Japan, at the age of 26 years and eight
months—equal to 125 human years.
The second paragraph adds more
descriptive details about the dog and
the cause of the death.
Pusuke, a fluffy tan Shiba mix, died
Monday after suddenly failing ill and
refusing to eat.
The third paragraph delivers an
affectionate sound bite from the
dog’s owner.
“I thank him for living so long with me,”
owner Yumiko Shinohara told reporters. “I
felt as if he was my child.”

48. This gives some extra documentation
to validate the dog’s age.
The dog was born at the home of
Shinohara’s sister in March 1985 and was
registered as a pet in April that year.
This paragraph recaps perhaps the
most dramatic event in the dog’s life.
In 2008, he suffered serious injuries after
being hit by a car. A veterinarian told
Shinohra it would be difficult to save
Pusuke’s like, but the dog underwent a
successful surgery.
The final paragraph gives more
supplemental facts. This
information is dispensable, though
the “world’s oldest dog” angle is what
made this story newsworthy.
Pusuke was recognized as the world’s
oldest living dog last December. The
Guinness record for canine longevity is 29
years, set by Bluey, an Australian cattle dog
who died in 1939.

49. Again, follow the inverted pyramid structure in organizing the
information.

MOST IMPORTANT FACTS: what, who,
where, when
LESS IMPORTANT FACT: how, why
AN EVEN DULLER FACT
A NEGLIGIBLE FACT
least impt.
info

50. Headline Teen sentenced to read book about Holocaust
Summary headline He must write report on “Diary of Anne Frank” for his role in
cross burning on black family’s lawn.
Summary lead: who
(delayed
identification), what,
why
Instead of being sent to jail, a teenager was sent to the library to
read the grim Holocaust tale, The Diary of Anne Frank, for his part
in a cross burning on a black family’s lawn.
Backup” who, when Matthew Ryean Tole, 18, was sentenced Friday to read the
famous story by a young Jewish girl of her family’s failed attempt to
escape Nazi persecution during World War II.
Supporting facts:
why
King County Superior Court Judge Anthony Warnik said Tole
received a light sentence because he was not one of the leaders in
the April 6 cross burning in Bothell, a suburb north of Seattle.

51. Supporting quote “The Anne Frank book is great for someone to get a picture of
the most extreme thing that can happen if people aren’t willing to
step forward and say this is wrong,” Warnik said. “I’m hoping it will
make him more sensitive.”
More explanation Wartnik told him to write a book report on The Diary of Anne
Frank within three months.
Background Tole pleaded guilty to rendering criminal assistance in the
cross burning, which involved at least a dozen Bothell High School
students. The cross was built during a party at Tole’s home.
Factual ending Tole did not help build or light the cross, but some of the
materials belonged to him.
- The Associated Press

53. SQUEEZE A FACT ON EVERY LINE – Allow one idea per sentence.
FOCUS TIGHTLY – Think about what the real story is, and choose a
slice of it. Emphasize what’s new, what’s coming and what it means to
readers. Tell them the impact, how they can act on or use this
information.
USE IMPACT LEADS – Don’t ignore the news just to be different, but
avoid rehashing what readers already know. Think forward spin.
Instead of writing “A jet crashed Tuesday, killing 534 people,” write
“Airline takeoff procedures might be overhauled after Tuesday’s crash
that killed 534 people.”

54. MAKE THE STORY MOVE – Make your point early. Use only the
information that helps make the point.
KEEP IT TIGHT – Propel the story with punctuation.
USE SPECIFIC DETAILS INSTEAD OF ADJECTIVES – Instead of
writing “the ancient windmill,” refer to “the 100-year-old windmill.”
DON’T OVER-ATTRIBUTE – You don’t need a “he said” after every
sentence, although it should be clear where the information came
from.

55. USE STRONG, LIVELY VERBS – Instead of writing “There were
hundreds of people in the streets to see the pope,” write “Hundreds of
people lined the streets to see the pope” (or jammed, crowded or
thronged the streets). Sentences that start with there force you to use a
weak to be verb.
AVOID WEAK TRANSITIONS – A well-organized story needs only a
few transitions.
CHOOSE QUOTES THAT ADVANCE THE STORY – Avoid quotes that
merely illustrate the last point made. Also, don’t paraphrase if you
have a good quote. Be selective. Don’t repeat information.