Pyrexia

1. PYREXIA

2. DEFINITION OF PYREXIA
When body temperature rises
above 99 degree f.or37 degree
c. It is called pyrexia or fever.

3. CAUSES OF PYREXIA
Infection
Disease of nervous system
Certain malignant neoplasm
Blood diseases such as
leukaemia,embolism, and
thrombosis.

4. CAUSES OF PYREXIA
Heat strokfrom exposure to hot
environment
Dehydration
Surgical trauma and crushing injuries
Skin abnormalities that interferwith
heat loss
Allergic reaction to foreign proteins
and pyogens.

5. THPES OF PYREXIA
Constant pyrexia or continuous
fever-there is temperature
varies not more than two
degrees between morning and
evening and does not reach
normal for a period of days or
weeks.

6. INTERMITTENT PYREXIA OR QUOTIDIAN
FEVER OR SWINGING PYREXIA OR
HECTIC PYREXIA
Temperature rises from normal or
subnormal to high fever and back at
regular intervals.
The interval may vary from few hours
to three days,usuallytemperature is
higher in the evening than in the
morning.

7. REMITTENT FEVER
Remittent fever is a fever
characterized by variation of
more than two degree between
morning and evening but does
not reach normal

8. INVERSE FEVER
In this type the highest range of
temperature is recorded in the
morning hours and the lowest in
the evening which is contrary to
that found in the normal course
of fever.

9. RELAPSING FEVER
Relapsing fever is one in which
there are brief febrile periods
followed by one or more days of
normal temperature.

10. IRREGULAR FEVER-
When fever is entirely irregular
in its course it is called irregular
fever.

11. SUSTAINED FEVER
Constant body temperature
.Continuously above 38 degree
c. Or 100.4 degree f. That
demonstrate little fluctuation.

12. TERMS USED TO DESCRIBE
PHASES OF FEVER
on set or invasion-it is period
when body temperature is rising.
fastigiumor stadium-of fever is
the period when the body
temperature has reached its
maximum and remains fairly
constant at a high level.

13. TERMS USED TO DESCRIBE
PHASES OF FEVER
Defervescenceor decline-
period when the elevvated
temperarureis returingto
normal. The fever may subside
suddenly or gradually.

14. CRISIS
Crisis is a sudden return to
normal temperature from a very
high temperature with in a few
hours or days. Crisis is divided
into true crisis and false crisis.

15. DEFENCE MECHANISM OF
PYREXIA
Enhances body immune system
by stimulating w.B.C. Production
Increased temperature reduces
the content of iron in blood
plasma
Suppressing the growth of
bacteria

16. DEFENCE MECHANISM OF
PYREXIA
Fever fights again viral infection
by stimulating interferon ( body’s
natural virus fighting substance
Fever result from an alteration in
hypothalamus

17. DEFENCE MECHANISM OF
PYREXIA
Hormones promote the body’s
defenceagainst infection
Induced febrile episode
Body produces and conserves
heat
Person experiences
chill,shivering, and cold

18. DEFENCE MECHANISM OF
PYREXIA
Skin becomes warm and flushed
because of vasodilatation
Body’s inability to promote heat
loss or reduce heat production

19. DEFENCE MECHANISM OF
PYREXIA
Fever is sign of disease
It is protective function
Increase in the temperature prevents
growth of organism causing disease
There is destruction of bacteria
through phagocytosisand producing
immune bodies.

20. NURSING CARE OF
PATIENT WITH PYREXIA
Objectives-
To increase heat loss
Reduce heat production
Prevent complication
Promoting balance between
heat production and heat loss.

21. NURSING CARE OF
PATIENT WITH PYREXIA
ASSESSMENT-
Obtain frequent temperature
reading
Assess for contributing factors
such as dehydration, infection
environmental temperature

22. NURSING CARE OF
PATIENT WITH PYREXIA
ASSESSMENT-
Identify physiological response
to fever
Obtain all vital signs
Assess skin colourand
temperature
Assess for presence of thirst,
malaise

23. NURSING CARE OF
PATIENT WITH PYREXIA
Assess clients comfort and well
being
Observe for shivering and
diaphoresis

24. NURSING CARE OF
PATIENT WITH PYREXIA
NURSING INTERVENTION OF
FEVER-
1) minimize heat production-reduce
the frequency of activities that
increases oxygen demand,suchas
excessive turingand ambulation,
allow rest period, limit physical
activity.

25. NURSING CARE OF
PATIENT WITH PYREXIA
NURSING INTERVENTION OF
FEVER-
Maximize heat loss-minimize
external covering on clients body,
keep clothing and bed linen
dry,preventpatient from gettting
draughts.Exposepatient to cool air
by an electicalfan

26. NURSING CARE OF
PATIENT WITH PYREXIA
NURSING INTERVENTION OF
FEVER-
Maximize heat loss-
Administationof cool drinks
Application of cold compress and ice
bags
Cold sponging and cold packs.
Cold bath
Use of hypothermic blanket

27. NURSING CARE OF
PATIENT WITH PYREXIA
Prevent shivering-shivering is
prevented because it increases
metabolic activity
Produces heat, increases oxygen
demand, and circulation.May
cause hyperventilation and
respiratory alkalosis.

28. NURSING CARE OF
PATIENT WITH PYREXIA
Promote client comfort-
Encourage oral hygiene,
Prevent dehydration
Control temperature of
environment. Provide complete
bed rest
The clothing should be light,loose,
smooth, cotton,nonirritating.

29. NURSING CARE OF
PATIENT WITH PYREXIA
Satistysupplement for increased
metabolic rate-provide supplemental
oxygen therapy .
Replace fluid lost
Provide high caloric diet-because
oxygen consumtionin body tissues
increases.
Diet should be easily digestible and
palatable
Fluid intake upto3000ml.

30. NURSING CARE OF
PATIENT WITH PYREXIA
Encourage patient to take plenty
of fluid.
Maintain intake out put
chart.Providesmall frequent
feeds.Makefood
palatable.Plentyof fluid and
fruits will help to evacuate bowel
regularly.

31. NURSING CARE OF
PATIENT WITH PYREXIA
Maintenance of personal hygiene—
Frequent mouth care
Care of skin and pressure points.
Give sponge bath daily.Iftemperature
remains high cold sponging is given
to bring down the temperature.

32. NURSING CARE OF
PATIENT WITH PYREXIA
Safety of patient—
Never leave a patient alone.Rigor
and convulsions may occur at
any time constant observation is
important .
Evaluate urine output periodically.

33. DEFINITION OF RIGOR
A rigor is a sever attack of
shivering which may occur at
the onset of disease
characterisedby a rise in
temperature.

34. STATES OF RIGOR
First stage-also called as cold
stage.Patientshivers
uncontrollably skin is cold. Face
is pinched and pale,pluseis
feeble and rapid. Temperature
rises rapidly to 103 degree f.
Patient will feel cold.

35. SECOND STAGE OF RIGOR
It is also called as hot stage.
During this stage patient
become uncomfortably hot.His
skin is very hot and dry. Patient
will complain of extreme thirst
and headache.Shiveringstops.

36. THIRD STAGE OF RIGOR
It is also called sweating stage. Patient
begins to sweat profusely,
temperature decreases,pluserate
also decreases.Discomfortsubsides,
patient may go into a state of shock
and collapse, if not cared properly.

37. CARE OF PATIENT WITH
RIGOR
A patient suffering from rigor should
never be left alone.
First stage care-during shivering
attack he should be given hot drinks
and have blanket put around
him,untilhe feels warm. Apply
warmth with hot water bag.

38. CARE OF PATIENT WITH
RIGOR
SECOND STAGE CARE -
during the hot stage patient should be given
cool drinks, and cold compresses or an ice
bag, applied to his head will help to relieve
headaches. patient temperature is
recorded every 10 to 15 min. Give tepid
sponging. it is important to observe
carefully for first signs of swatting. Remove
all blankets and hot appliances .Cover
patient with thin bed sheet.

39. CARE OF PATIENT WITH
RIGOR
THIRD STAGE CARE-Swatingis one
of the bodysusual ways of reducing
temperature, but the swatingmust
be wiped from pt’s face, neck and
chest. At the end of the rigor patient
may feel very exhausted and nurse
should ensure that the patient is
comfortable.

40. CARE OF PATIENT WITH
RIGOR
Change patient’s clothing and also change
linen.
Observation must be continued at regular
intervals until the temperature has
remained regular. Sweet drinks may be
given to tratfatige.
When temperature comes down and pluseis
not improved it is considered as false
crisis,andpatient’s condition may
deteriorate.

41. HYPOTHERMIA
If the temperature falls below 95
degree f. Or 35 degree c. The
condition is called hypothermia.

42. NURSING CARE OF PATIENT
WITH HYPOTHERMIA.
patient is rewarmedby placing him in a
warm room, with warm blankets and
drinks. prevent a further decrease in
body temperature removing wet
clthes, replacing them with dry
cloth.ifpossible give hot liquids such
as soup.avoidalcohol and
caffeinated fluid . keep the head
covered.

43. Thank you