Q2 MODULE 2 COMMONLY USED MICROBES Presentation .pdf

ppt in biotech

1. Biotechnology
Quarter 2 – Module 3:
Commonly Used Microbes in
Biotechnology



8

2. Biotechnology – Grade 8
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 2 – Module 3: Commonly Used Microbes in Biotechnology
First Edition, 2020

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JUNIOR HS MODULE DEVELOPMENT TEAM

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3. 8
Biotechnology
Quarter 2 – Module 3:
Commonly Used Microbes in
Biotechnology

4. ii
Introductory Message
For the facilitator:
Welcome to the Biotechnology – Grade 8 Alternative Delivery Mode (ADM)
Module on Commonly Used Microbes in Biotechnology!
This module was collaboratively designed, developed and reviewed by
educators both from public and private institutions to assist you, the teacher or
facilitator in helping the learners meet the standards set by the K to 12 Curriculum
while overcoming their personal, social, and economic constraints in schooling.
This learning resource hopes to engage the learners into guided and
independent learning activities at their own pace and time. Furthermore, this also
aims to help learners acquire the needed 21st century skills while taking into
consideration their needs and circumstances.
In addition to the material in the main text, you will also see this box in the
body of the module:






As a facilitator you are expected to orient the learners on how to use this
module. You also need to keep track of the learners' progress while allowing them to
manage their own learning. Furthermore, you are expected to encourage and assist
the learners as they do the tasks included in the module.











Notes to the Teacher
This contains helpful tips or strategies that
will help you in guiding the learners.

5. iii
For the learner:
Welcome to the Biotechnology – Grade 8 Alternative Delivery Mode (ADM)
Module on Commonly Used Microbes in Biotechnology!
The hand is one of the most symbolized part of the human body. It is often
used to depict skill, action and purpose. Through our hands we may learn, create
and accomplish. Hence, the hand in this learning resource signifies that you as a
learner is capable and empowered to successfully achieve the relevant competencies
and skills at your own pace and time. Your academic success lies in your own hands!
This module was designed to provide you with fun and meaningful
opportunities for guided and independent learning at your own pace and time. You
will be enabled to process the contents of the learning resource while being an active
learner.
This module has the following parts and corresponding icons:

What I Need to Know

This will give you an idea of the skills or
competencies you are expected to learn in the
module.

What I Know

This part includes an activity that aims to
check what you already know about the
lesson to take. If you get all the answers
correct (100%), you may decide to skip this
module.

What’s In

This is a brief drill or review to help you link
the current lesson with the previous one.

What’s New

In this portion, the new lesson will be
introduced to you in various ways such as a
story, a song, a poem, a problem opener, an
activity or a situation.

What is It

This section provides a brief discussion of the
lesson. This aims to help you discover and
understand new concepts and skills.

What’s More

This comprises activities for independent
practice to solidify your understanding and
skills of the topic. You may check the
answers to the exercises using the Answer
Key at the end of the module.

What I Have Learned

This includes questions or blank
sentence/paragraph to be filled in to process
what you learned from the lesson.

What I Can Do

This section provides an activity which will
help you transfer your new knowledge or skill
into real life situations or concerns.

6. iv

Assessment

This is a task which aims to evaluate your
level of mastery in achieving the learning
competency.

Additional Activities

In this portion, another activity will be given
to you to enrich your knowledge or skill of the
lesson learned. This also tends retention of
learned concepts.

Answer Key

This contains answers to all activities in the
module.

At the end of this module you will also find:

The following are some reminders in using this module:
1. Use the module with care. Do not put unnecessary mark/s on any part of the
module. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the exercises.
2. Don’t forget to answer What I Know before moving on to the other activities
included in the module.
3. Read the instruction carefully before doing each task.
4. Observe honesty and integrity in doing the tasks and checking your answers.
5. Finish the task at hand before proceeding to the next.
6. Return this module to your teacher/facilitator once you are through with it.
If you encounter any difficulty in answering the tasks in this module, do not
hesitate to consult your teacher or facilitator. Always bear in mind that you are
not alone.
We hope that through this material, you will experience meaningful learning
and gain deep understanding of the relevant competencies. You can do it!

References This is a list of all sources used in developing
this module.

7. 1

What I Need to Know
This module was written and designed to help you familiarized with some
microorganism. You have seen several kinds of plants and animals. However, there
are other living organisms around us which we normally cannot see. These are called
microorganisms or microbes. Microbes are commonly used in Biotechnology.
At the end of this module, you are expected to:
1. identify commonly used microbes in biotechnology;
2. name their distinguishing characteristics; and
3. enumerate some of their importance.

8. 2

What I Know
I. Write the letter of the correct answer.

1. What kind of microorganism is used for commercial production of alcohol
and wine?
a. Lactobacillus b. Streptococcus c. Yeast d. Penicillium
2. The smallest of the microbes and are generally harmful to human.
a. Fungi b. Bacteria c. Virus d. Yeast
3. The complex carbohydrate found in the cell walls of most fungi.
a. Chitin b. Cellulose c. Glycogen d. Starch
4. Which of the following is never a part of a virus?
a. Nucleic acid b. Cell wall c. Protein coat d. Capsid
5. Which of the following is NOT a microbe?
a. Bacteria b. Insects c. Yeast d. Virus
6. The bacterial name associated with a rod shape.
a. Bacillus b. Coccus c. Spirillum d. Nucleic acid

II. Fill in the blanks

7. ____________ is a unicellular Fungus.
8. ____________ are on the borderline of living and non-living.
9. Good ___________ help us digest food.
10. ___________ produces spores and in the form of molds, yeast and
mushrooms.

III. True or False

11. Bacteria and fungi are good sources of antibiotics.
12. Viruses are smaller than bacteria.
13. Bacteria are generally harmful microorganisms.
14. Bacteria, viruses, and fungi are eukaryotes.
15. Fungi are useful in the production of some dairy products like milk and
cheese.

9. 3
Lesson
1
Commonly Used Microbes in
Biotechnology
In many ways, biotechnology is an ancient science. Without knowing the
principles of fermentation or genetics, humanity has been implementing some
biotechnological processes since ancient times, for example in the production of
cheese, bread, wine, the selective breeding of animals and plants, and so on.
Fermentation was perhaps first explored by chance since in earlier times nobody
knew how it worked. During the prehistoric era, so me civilizations considered
fermentation to be a gift from their gods. Later, it was discovered that
microorganisms, such as bacteria, yeast, or molds, hydrolyze sugars when they lack
oxygen and are ultimately responsible for fermentation. This process results in the
formation of products (food and drink). And in the early twentieth-century scientist
gained a greater understanding of microbiology and explored ways of manufacturing
specific products. The history of the use of biotechnological techniques by humanity
is cofounded by the history of the establishment of microbiology as a science.

What’s In
I. Based on your previous lesson on biotechnology which of the following
is a biotechnology product? Which is not? Put a check (√) if it is a
biotechnology product and a cross (x) if not.
1. Crayon 6. Soy sauce
2. Beer 7. Shampoo
3. Bread 8. Fish Paste
4. Toothpaste 9. Fish Sauce
5. Cheese 10. Vinegar

10. 4
II. Can you guess what particular organisms are involved in those
biotechnology products?
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________







What’s New
Read the story, then answer the guide questions below.
The Journey of the Microvillagers
In a faraway land, there was a place called Biolandia where the inhabitants
were called macrovillagers and microvillagers. Macrovillagers, the highest and
leading group, live separately with the microvillagers. They are known for their big
contribution to biolandia. While, the microvillagers, the most unfortunate group,
were always left behind.
One day, members of Eubactera (Eubacteria) group talked about their
sentiments in life. Coco (sphere eubacteria) asked his friends- “Do you have any idea
why we are treated differently by our co-villagers?”.

Notes to the Teacher
This module is preparing the students to identify some of
the microbes in biotechnology, their characteristics and some of
their uses.

11. 5
“According to my mom, we are avoided because of our size and our work.
Remember that we are dealing with dead bodies. And most of all some of us made
them sick.” Bacilla (rod-shaped eubacteria) answered.
“Aren’t they become unfair to us?” Spira (spiral shaped eubacteria) exclaimed.
“Yes, they are. But we can’t do anything about it. This is our destiny.” Cocco
said in low voice.
“How I wish our luck will come soon,” said Spira.
“I have a better idea!” said Bacilla
“What is it, anyway?” said Spira
“Let’s try our luck to Homo sapiena (Man) group.” Bacilla answered.
“Are you out of your mind! Remember, they used to kill us.” Cocco exclaimed
“But I heard that there is a company in their place which is looking for more
workers. Why don’t we try our luck there? They may offer us a new job that may
change our lives.” said Bacilla.
The three started their journey as they entered Macrovillage. Along their way,
they have encountered the macrovillagers.
“What are you doing here?” said Plantera (Plants)
“Don’t you dare coming closer to us and you will regret it!” Animalero (Animal)
said in loud voice.
“Let’s go kamacro, we have more important things to do rather than dealing
with such a mess,” said Plantera
“Yeah, right! Let’s just don’t mind them,” said Animalero.
The three continued and tried to ignore what happened to them, though in
their hearts they were hurt. Then soon, they reached the gate of Biotechno Company,
the most famous manufacturer and developer in their place. They met Homo sapiena
group and were introduced to Man-ny D. Scientipiko, the owner of the said company.
“What can I do to you, my dear microvillagers?” said Man-ny.

12. 6
“Perhaps, you can help us discover more of ourselves,” said Bacilla
“We want to try our luck in your company,” said Cocco
“Do we have a chance of working with you?” said Spira
“Why not?” said Man-ny
Then, he instructed Homo sapiena group to examine the three. Afterward, they
were placed in the scanning machine to reveal their characteristics and what they
can do in the company.
The result shows that Eubactera is unicellular prokaryotes. They have cell
walls but lack organelles and an organized nucleus. They can reproduce by splitting
in half. Some produce substances (toxins) that are extremely harmful and may cause
diseases; others are completely harmless and others can be completely useful to
them.
The company started working with the three eubacteria and were able to
discover not only their ecological importance but also their uses in the production of
dairy products such as yogurt and cheese, and other pharmaceutical products.
They also extended their studies and researches with the rest of the other
microvillagers, such as Yeastra (Yeast) and Penicello (Penicillium) from Fungera
(Fungi) group and Bacterophago (Bacteriophages) from Vero (Virus) group. Just like
the three eubactera groups they were able to find their place in Biolandia.
With the ability to ferment sugars for the production of alcohol and carbon
dioxide, Yeastra became useful in the wine and baking industry. While, Penicello, a
simple or branching structure blue/green mold is used in the production of
antibiotics.
Vero group, an unusual kind of organism which posses some characteristics
of life but on the acellular (not a cell) level, was identified generally harmful. However,
Bacterophago under this group which uses to infect and replicate within bacteria
and archaea is now used either alone or in combination with antibiotics to treat
bacterial infections. They also find them useful in genetic modification.
Bactera group and the rest of the other microvillagers became the most
important tool in the Biotechno Company. So, in the end, they were able to realize
their importance in Biolandia.

13. 7

Guide Questions.

1. What the story is all about?
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
2. Why are the macrovillagers separated from the microvillagers?
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
3. Who are the members of the macrovillagers? microvillagers?
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
4. Who are the main characters of the story?
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
5. Why they are always left behind?
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
6. What kind of microbes are they?
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
7. What are their contributions in Biolandia?
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
8. Who gave them that opportunity?
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
9. What is the company they are working with?
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
10. What is the lesson of the story?
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________



What is It

You have read from the story that not only macro-organisms are important
in our ecosystems, equally important are the micro-organisms. What are these
micro-organisms? Read and Study the boxes below.

14. 8
Three Different Types of Microbes


Bacteria


What is it – Bacteria are one-celled organisms. They can be found almost
everywhere. They come in three basic shapes- rods, spheres, and spirals. Some have
tails called flagella that enable them to move.

What structure – Some bacteria have a sticky gelatinous capsule around their cell
wall. The cell wall that contains peptidoglycan protects the bacterium by preventing
it from bursting. They also have genes located in a single circular chromosome and
not enclosed in a nucleus. A few genes are located in a small circular chromosome
piece called a plasmid. Some have pilli, a hairlike structure emerging from the cell
surface which helps the bacterium stick to a surface and also bridges the exchange
of DNA between two bacteria. And a plasma membrane that surrounds the cell and
regulates what enters and leaves the cell.

What are examples – Lactobacillus is generally one of the good bacteria. For
instance, it is friendly to our gut. It is also noted for its effect on milk products,
producing buttermilk, yogurt, sour cream, and cheese. Escherichia coli is the most
common bacteria in our intestine. They help our body breakdown the food we eat
and assist in the production of vitamins that our body cannot reproduce by itself.
But they may also cause human infections. Similarly, Pseudomonas may cause
diseases to us, but some are important in decomposition and bioremediation. While,
Streptomyces, a filamentous and soil-dwelling bacterium is used in the production of
antibiotics such as streptomycin and chloramphenicol.

15. 9



Virus



What is it – Viruses are the smallest type of microbes, even smaller than
bacteria. They come in many shapes. Many have geometric shapes, like cut
diamonds, others are liked spiky eggs and some are more complicated, like a tiny
space ship landing pods. They are considered nonliving because they don’t exhibit
all the criteria for life except reproduction. Viruses reproduce only when they are
inside a living cell. Once inside the host cell, they rapidly multiply destroying the
cell in the process.

What structure – A typical virus has an inner core of nucleic acid, either RNA or
DNA, which contains instructions for making copies of the virus. And an outer
protein coat called a capsid. The capsid includes a protein that enables a virus to
enter a host cell.

What are examples – Some viruses were named after the disease they caused.
Rabies virus and influenza virus are some of these examples. Rabies virus is a
neurotrophic virus that causes rabies in humans and animals. While, Influenza
virus is a contagious respiratory illness that infects the nose, throat, and
sometimes lungs. Most viruses are highly specific to the cells they infect. Bacterial
viruses infect only a certain type of bacteria. Bacteriophage virus is a virus that
infects a bacterium. It is now used as antibacterial agents. It is also used as DNA
delivery vehicles, moving genes from one bacterium to another resulting in
bacterial adaptive evolution.

16. 10


Fungi


What is it – Fungi are eukaryotic nonmotile organisms that obtain food by
decomposing organic matter. Most species are multicellular, but there are some
which are unicellular, such as yeast. Fungi come in a variety of shapes and sizes
and different types. They can range from single cells to enormous chains of cells
that can stretch for miles. Yeast cells look round or oval under a microscope.
They are as bigger than a bacterium but too small for your eyes to see them
individually. Most fungi reproduce asexually by forming spores while some like
yeast is through budding. And there are some which reproduce sexually when
the two mating strains come in contact.

What structure – The cell walls of most fungi contain a hard substance called
chitin. The basic structural units of multicellular fungi are their threadlike
filaments called hyphae which develop from fungal spores. It contains cytoplasm
and one or more nuclei. Intertwined hyphae make up the body of the fungus, the
mycelium.

What are examples – Fungi can be harmful by causing infection or being
poisonous to eat. Others can be beneficial or harmless. Candida, a yeast, grows
in moist regions of the body, may cause a painful infection. Agaricus can be eaten
(button mushroom). Aspergillus may cause diseases but also useful in the
production of citric acid and extracellular enzymes. Penicillium may also harm us
once inhaled or ingested. But some members may be used as antibiotics which
can inhibit the growth of a certain bacteria. Saccharomyces, which means “sugar
fungi”, is the most common yeast used for baking and brewing.

17. 11

What’s More

Based on what you have read, what are these three commonly used microbes
in Biotechnology? Yes, you answer it right! These are bacteria, fungi, and viruses.
But how these three differ from one another in terms of their cellular structure. Let’s
find out.

I. Examine the following cell structure of a yeast, a bacterium and a virus.

18. 12


A. Guide Questions
1. Which structures do bacterial cells have in common with yeast cells?
2. What feature do yeast cells have that bacteria and virus cells do not have?
3. What structure does a virus have in common with a bacterium and a yeast cell?
4. Are the three types of microbes alive? If yes, what characteristics of life it
possesses, and if not, what makes it nonliving?



B. Refer to the Model to complete the chart below. Write YES or NO in the
box for each type of microbes.

Cell Structure Yeast Virus Bacterium
Cell wall

Cell membrane

Cell nucleus

cytoplasm

19. 13
II. From the pictures and descriptions can you work out which
microbe is which.

Pictures Description

I am Saccharomyces, I am useful in
making bread and beer. Who Am I
________________

I am Lactobacilli, I am useful in making
yogurt and cheese. Who Am I
________________

I am Penicillium, I am useful in making
antibiotic, which kills or stops the
growth of certain kinds of bacteria. Who
Am I ________________

I am Escherichia coli, I used to live in
human intestines, aiding in digestion.
Who Am I ________________

I am Aspergillus, I am useful in waste
management and production of citric
acid. Who Am I ________________

20. 14

I am Streptomyces, I play an important
role in the decomposition of dead plants
and can also be a source of antibiotics.
Who Am I ________________

I am Pseudomonas, I am useful in
bioremediation because of my ability to
metabolized pollutants. Who Am I
________________

I am Candida, I am normally living on
the skin and inside human body. Some
of us can cause infections. Who Am I
________________

I am Bacteriophage, I often used as
vectors to genetically modify bacteria.
Who Am I ________________

I am Influenza, I used to attack man’s
respiratory system. Who Am I
________________

21. 15

What I Have Learned

I. Fill in the missing spaces.


Microbes in Biotechnology

Microbes are extremely ____1____ organisms. Most cannot be seen
without using a ____2____. Most microbes are made up of a ____3____ cell. Just like
other organisms, many of the microbes need the same thing to survive. They are
found everywhere, floating around in the ____4____ we breathe, on the food we eat,
on the surface of our bodies, in our mouth, nose, and stomach. Most of the microbes
in the world are not harmful to humans but can be very ____5____.
Advances in science and technology allowed us to make many other
products from organisms, better yet, from parts of organisms using biotechnology.
____6____ are used to make bread ri se. They are also used in brewing and
fermentation processes. ____7____ can be added to milk to produce yogurt, sour
cream, and cheese. They are also used in the production of biological substances
useful to human existence. However, some microbes are ____8____ too. They caused
diseases such as mumps, chickenpox, measles, and rabies. ____9____ that infect the
bacteria are called bacteriophages. But they are used efficiently in modern
____10____ as alternatives to antibiotics for many antibiotic-resistant bacterial
strains and as biocontrol agents in the agriculture industry.

22. 16
II. In a sheet of paper, construct a table similar to the table below but insert a row
at the top for the heading of the four columns: picture, type of Microbes,
description, and kind of reproduction. Then regroup the boxes to group the facts.


These are the
smallest type of
microbe. They are
very simple and
do not really have
cells.


Bacteria
They are easy to
see because they
have big
reproductive
structures. They
make dust like
spores that spread
in the air.
These are tiny,
single cells. The
cells are different
from ours because
they do not have a
nucleus.
Fungi
They reproduce by
growing and then
splitting into two.


They need to be in
the cells of other
living things to
reproduce, this is
why they cause
diseases.
Most of these are
formed from thin
threads called
hyphae.
Viruses

23. 17

What I Can Do


Knowing the existence of these tiny organisms or microbes around us, use the
statement, “Small but not simple” in constructing a paragraph in order to express
your ideas about the commonly used microbes in biotechnology.

“Small but not simple”

24. 18

Assessment

I. Choose the letter of the correct answer.

1. Which of the following correctly describes the size of fungi compared to the size
of the bacteria?
a. Fungi are larger. c. They are about the same size.
b. Bacteria are larger. d. They are the same size but different shapes.

2. The basic structural unit of a multicellular fungus.
a. spore b. hyphae c. stalk d. mycelium

3. A single-celled organism that lacks a nucleus.
a. bacteria b. fungi c. virus d. both a & c

4. What tiny nonliving particle invades and multiplies inside a living cell?
a. fungi b. virus c. bacteria d. both a & b

5. Which of the following contains a cell wall?
a. Virus b. fungi c. bacteria d. both b & c

6. Which of the following is NOT a common bacterial shape?

a. b. c. d.

7. What characteristic do viruses share with all living organism?
a. respiration b. metabolism c. reproduction d. movement

II. Match the following microbes in biotechnology in their uses.

Microbes Uses

8. Lactobacillus a. Used as vectors to genetically modify bacteria.
9. Aspergillus b. A friendly microbe in our intestine aiding in
digestion.
10. Penicillium c. Used to sour milk and converts it into curd.
11. Bacteriophage d. Useful in making antibiotics.
12. Escherichia coli e. Used in waste management and production of
citric acid.

25. 19

III. Fill in the blanks.

13. Bacteria have different shapes. Some have tails called ________ that let them
swim.
14-15. A typical virus is composed of a core of either ________ or _________, which
is surrounded by a protein coat or capsid.




Additional Activities

Choose only one and explain.

A. Compare yourself to any of the three microbes and give some similar
characteristics that you share.

B. Choose any one member of your family similar to any of the three microbes and
identify similar characteristics that they share.

26. 20


Answer Key











What I Know:
1.c
2.c
3.a
4.b
5.b
6.a
7.Yeast
8.Virus
9.Bacteria
10.Fungi
11.True
12.True
13.False
14.False
15.False
What’s In:
1.X
2.√ - Fungi
3.√ - Fungi
4.X
5.√ - Bacteria
6.√ - Fungi
7.X
8.√ - Bacteria
9.√ - Bacteria
10.√ - Bacteria


What’s New:
1. It’s all about the
journey of the
microvillagers/
microorganisms.
2. They are separated
because of their
different status and
contribution to
biolandia.
3. Macrovillagers-
plantera, animalera,
and homo sapiena
group.
Microvillagers-
eubactera, yeastra,
fungera, and vera
4. The Microvillagers
-Cocco, bacilla, spira
-Yeastra, penicello -
Bacterophago
5. Because of their size
& work, & some of
them made the
macrovillagers sick.

continuation…...
What’s New:
6. Cocco, bacilla, &
spira are bacteria
Yeastra& Penicello
are fungi
Bacterophago is a
virus
7. Bacteria – useful in
the production of
dairy products
Yeastra- wine &
baking industry
Penicello- antibiotics
Bacterophago-
genetic modification
8. Man-ny D.
Scientipiko
9. Biotechno
company
10. Answers may
vary.
What’s More:
I. A.
1. Cell wall, cell
membrane and
cytoplasm
2. Cell nucleus
3. DNA/ genetic
material
4. Bacteria & fungi are
alive; Virus is living
if it is inside a living
cell & nonliving
because it is on the
acellular level.
B.
Y V B
CW / x /
CM / x /
CN / x x
C / x /
II.
. 1. F 6. B
2. B 7. B
3. F 8. F
4. B 9. V
5. F 10. V

27. 21






What I Have Learned:
II.
Picture
Type of
Microbes Description Reproduction

Bacteria
These are tiny, single
cells. The cells are
different from ours
because they do not
have a nucleus.
They reproduce by
growing and then splitting
into two.


Viruses
These are the
smallest type of
microbe. They are
very simple and do
not really have cells.

They need to be in the
cells of other living things
to reproduce, this is why
they cause diseases.

Fungi
Most of these are
formed from thin
threads called
hyphae.
They are easy to see
because they have big
reproductive structures.
They make dust like
spores that spread in the
air.


What I have Learned:
I.
1. tiny
2. microscope
3. single
4. air
5. useful
6. Yeast
7. Bacteria
8. harmful
9. Viruses
10. Biotechnology

What I Can Do:
Answers
may vary.


Assessment:
1.a
2.b
3.a
4.b
5.d
6.c
7.c
8.c
9.e
10.d
11.a
12.b
13.flagella
14.DNA
15.RNA

Additional
Activities:
Answers may
vary.

28. 22

References
Biggs, A., Hagins, W., Kapicka, C., Lundgren, L., Rillero, P., Tallman, K. and Zike,
D., 2004. Biology: The Dynamics of Life. The McGraw-Hill Companies,
Inc.
Miller, K. and Levine, J., 2004. Biology. Saddle River, NewJersey: Pearson Prentice
Hall.
1991. Biology Today (Annotated Teacher's Edition). 8th Floor, Orlando, FL 32887:
Holt, Rinehart, & Winston, Inc.
1994. Science Plus: Technology & Society (Annotated Teacher's Edition). 8th Floor,
Orlando, FL 32887: Holt, Rinehart, & Winston, Inc.
Rabago, L., Joaquin, C. and Lagunzad, C., 1997. Science & Technology II (Biology).
Quezon City: SD Publication, Inc.
Capco, C. and Yang, G., 1996. You & The Natural World Series II (Biology). 2nd ed.
Phoenix Publishing House, Inc.


https://science.jrank.org/pages/7439/Yeast-importance-yeast-humans.html

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteria

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteriophage
https://healthfully.com/5-different-types-of-bacteria-4793782.html
https://sciencing.com/uses-aspergillus-niger-6849868.html

https://www.webmd.com/food -recipes/food-poisoning/what-is-e-coli

https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php/Pseudomonas_and_Bioremediation
https://www.cdc.gov/fungal/diseases/candidiasis/index.html

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streptomyces_griseus

29. For inquiries or feedback, please write or call:

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