Qing dynasty

1. Qing Dynasty (pure) 1644-1911 The last dynasty in Chinese history

2. Two foreign reigns in Chinese history Yuan Dynasty – Mongolians Genghis Khan Qing Dynasty – Manchurians Nurhachi Foreign rule

3. Eight banners troops

4. Dorgon Manchurian ruling

5. Taiping rebellion Boxer Rebellion (1850-1864) (1898-1903) 1644 1911 Kang xi Qianglong 1662-1722 1736-1795 opium wars Tongzhi (1839-1860) restoration (1862-1874) 100 day’s reform Ruling time

6. One of the most successful emperors in Chinese history (61 years of ruling) Tours of inspections of the south Compiled history books, encyclopedia, and Kangxi Dictionary Emperor Kang Xi

7. Politically Manchu conquered China Culturally they were called “uncivilized northern tribe” Culturally Manchu was greatly sinocized by Chinese culture Early Qing emperors studied Chinese classics and Confucianism books systematically Kangxi could recite the Four Books and Five Classics Balancing Manchurian culture and Han Chinese traditions

8. Qing rulers adopted various Chinese political institutions Assimilated sophisticated Chinese beliefs and way of life Chinese culture was also influenced by Manchurian culture, such as the language “Mandarin” Qipao Mutual influence

9. During his reign, the territory expanded to its greatest size Compiled the Complete Library of Four Treasuries (3,000 volumes of Chinese poetry and prose) Emperor Qianlong

10.  served as a means to control trade with the west focused all trade on the southern port of Canton (now  Guangzhou ) Was highly resented by the foreign traders Trading product: silk, porcelain, tea Canton System 一口通商

11. -numerous military campaigns Corruption and extravagance Growing population 450 million Incompetent government The Decline of Qing

12. The Opium Wars 1 st Opium War (1839-1842) 2 nd Opium War (1856-1860) The coming of Modernity

13. The biggest peasant uprising in China’s history Set up a rival dynasty in Nanjing The Heavenly Kingdom of Great Peace ( taiping tianguo ) Controlled a large portion of territory Taiping Rebellion

14. Posed a serious challenge to the Manchu dynasty Has great implications in later time Inspiration of Communist revolution Source of rejection of Confucianism Source of the idea of communism (collective cultivation of the land) Equality of the sexes and the prohibition of concubinage arranged marriages, foot-binding, opium-smoking, and gambling.)

15. Tong zhi Restoration (1862-1874) Self-strengthening movement - Zongli Yamen to deal with foreign powers -non-traditional subjects such as math were offered -arsenals and shipyards were built -policy studies and questions on governance became the focus Qing Restoration

16. Guangxu (puppet emperor) Kang Youwei Liang Qichao Tan Sitong Sun Yat-Sen One Hundred Day’s Reform

17. The goal of the reform is to turn the imperial system into a constitutional monarchy or republic government The reform threatened the interests of upper class group and the reign of Ci Xi (Empress Dowager) Emperor Guangxu was arrested, Kang and Liang fled, and Tan was executed.

18. Guangxu died in 14 th Nov 1908 Ci xi 15 th Nov 1908 100 years of cold case 2008 confirmed that he was poisoned to death Ci xi / eunuchs / Yuan Shikai

19. Emperess Dowager Cixi

20.  an imperial concubine for the Xianfeng After Xianfeng’s death, she attended state affairs behind the throne unofficially but effectively controlled the Manchu Qing dynasty in China for 47 years, from 1861 to her death in 1908 Was claimed for the collapse of the Qing dynasty the most notorious empress in Chinese imperial history

21. -resentment towards foreign power -target: Christian missionaries and foreign embassies -was originally anti- qing movement -was used later to fight for foreign power - surpressed by the Eight Nation Alliance Boxer rebellion

22. Puyi 12 th Feb 1012 The last Emperor