Quality assurance

Slides of Quality assurance

1. Quality Assurance

2. What is quality? Quality is the degree to which a commodity meets the requirements of the customer at the start of its life ISO 9000:2015 : “Degree to which a set of inherent characteristics of an object fulfill requirements.” The totality of features and characteristics of a product or service that bears on its ability to satisfy stated or implied needs. – American Society for Quality

3. User-based: better performance, more features Manufacturing-based : conformance to standards, making it right the first time Product-based : specific and measurable attributes of the product Different Views of Quality

4. 6- 4 Performance or operation. Features Reliability . Durability. Conformance. Serviceability. Aesthetics. Perceived quality. Quality Dimensions of Quality for Goods

5. Implications of Quality Company reputation Perception of new products Employment practices Supplier relations Product liability Reduce risk Global implications Improved ability to compete

6. “Quality does not Cost, it pays”

7. Costs of Quality

8. What are standards? A standard is a document that provides requirements, specifications, guidelines or characteristics that can be used consistently to ensure that materials, products, processes and service are fit for their purpose. They give world class specifications for products, service and systems, to ensure quality, safety and efficiency.

9. ISO

10. ISO international standards are applicable through out the earth . ISO 9000 certificate is not valid for more than 3 years. Re-audits are done by ISO registrars every three years. Surveillance audits are conducted at least twice a year.

11. TQM Tools Tools for Generating Ideas Check Sheet Scatter Diagram Cause-and-Effect Diagram Tools to Organize the Data Pareto Chart Flowchart (Process Diagram) For more insights refer the Ajay B. Sthapit Book

12. TQM Tools Tools for Identifying Problems Histogram Statistical Process Control Chart

13. Hour Defect 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 A B C Seven Tools of TQM (a) Check Sheet: An organized method of recording data / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / /

14. Seven Tools of TQM (b) Scatter Diagram: A graph of the value of one variable vs. another variable Absenteeism Productivity

15. Seven Tools of TQM (c) Cause-and-Effect Diagram/ Fish Bone Diagram/ Ishikawa Diagram: A tool that identifies process elements (causes) that might effect an outcome Cause Materials Methods Manpower Machinery Effect

16. Cause-and-Effect Diagrams Material (ball) Method (shooting process) Machine (hoop & backboard) Manpower (shooter) Missed free-throws Rim alignment Rim size Backboard stability Rim height Follow-through Hand position Aiming point Bend knees Balance Size of ball Lopsidedness Grain/Feel (grip) Air pressure Training Conditioning Motivation Concentration Consistency

17. Seven Tools of TQM Pareto Chart: A graph to identify and plot problems or defects in descending order of frequency 80% of activity is caused by 20% of factors. Focus on those 20% factors. Frequency Percent A B C D E

18. Pareto Charts Number of occurrences Room svc Check-in Pool hours Minibar Misc. 72% 16% 5% 4% 3% 12 4 3 2 54 – 100 – 93 – 88 – 72 70 – 60 – 50 – 40 – 30 – 20 – 10 – 0 – Frequency (number) Causes and percent of the total Cumulative percent Data for October

19. Seven Tools of TQM (e) Flowchart (Process Diagram): A chart that describes the steps in a process

20. Flow Charts MRI Flowchart Physician schedules MRI Patient taken to MRI Patient signs in Patient is prepped Technician carries out MRI Technician inspects film If unsatisfactory, repeat Patient taken back to room MRI read by radiologist MRI report transferred to physician Patient and physician discuss 11 10 20% 9 8 80% 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

21. Seven Tools of TQM (f) Histogram: A distribution showing the frequency of occurrences of a variable Distribution Repair time (minutes) Frequency

22. Seven Tools of TQM (g) Statistical Process Control Chart: A chart with time on the horizontal axis to plot values of a statistic Upper control limit Target value Lower control limit Time

23. Chance Causes Assignable Causes Consists many individual causes Consists one or just a few individual causes Results in small amount of variation Results in large amount of variation Elimination of chance causes is not feasible Elimination is feasible and should be done. E.g. voltage fluctuation and variations in temperatures. E.g. Negligence of operators, defective raw materials, faulty equipments .

24. SQC 1. Product Control (Acceptance Sampling) A. For Variables B. For Attributes Types of statistical tools for both- variables and attributes Single sampling plan Double sampling plan Sequential sampling plan Process Control A. For Variables X bar chart R-chart B. For Attributes P-chart np-chart C-chart

25. Form of quality testing used for incoming materials or finished goods Take samples at random from a lot (shipment) of items Inspect each of the items in the sample Decide whether to reject the whole lot based on the inspection results Only screens lots; does not drive quality improvement efforts

26. UCL CL LCL

27. Checking the sampling process Preparation of questionnaire Pilot survey Fix procedures Use of competent manpower Provide information Provide training Use of experts Checking data processing and analysis