Quality Control of Drugs of Natural Origin.pdf

Quality control of crude drugs, Adulteration, Types of Adulteration, Methods of Adulteration

1. Prepared By:
Mrs. Sonawane P. D.
M.Pharmacy (Pharmacognosy )
Faculty,
PES Modern College of Pharmacy for ladies,
Moshi, Pune.
Quality Control of Crude Drugs
Adulteration of Drugs of Natural Origin

2. ❖Introduction
❖Definition
❖Types of Adulterants
❖Reasons for Adulteration
❖Conditions or stages of Adulteration
❖Methods of Adulteration
Contents

3. •Adulteration is a practice of substituting original crude drug
partially or whole with other similar looking substances but the
latter is either free from or inferior in chemical and therapeutic
properties.
OR
•Adulteration in simple words is called as Debasement of an article.
OR
•It is defined as admixture or substitution of original or Genuine
article with defective, inferior or otherwise useless or harmful
substances.
Definition

4. •The adulterant must be some material which in both cheap
and available in fairly large amount.
•Substitution is the addition of an entirely different article in
place of that which is required.
•Example: cheap cotton seed oil in place of Olive oil (Sweet oil)
Adulterant

5. Types of Adulteration
•1. Deliberate adulteration (Intentional)
•2. In – Deliberate (Accidental)

6. 1. Deliberate Adulteration
•Deliberate adulteration: are normally commercial mainly with
the intention of enhancement of profits..

7. 2. In - deliberate (Accidental) Adulteration
•In - deliberate adulteration: are normally naturally occurring,
accidental, careless or by ignorance.

8. ➢Confusion in Vernacular Name
➢Lack of knowledge about authentic source
➢Similarity in Morphology
➢Lack of authentic plants
➢Unscientific collection
➢High Price of drug in market ex: Clove, Cinnamon, Cardamom
➢With the intension of enhancing profits
Reasons For Adulteration

9. •Inferiority
•Spoilage
•Deterioration
•Admixture
•Sophistication
•Substitution
Conditions or stages of Adulteration

10. •Inferiority is a natural substandard condition
•Ex: where a crop is taken whose natural constituent is below
the minimum standard for that particular drug.
Inferiority

11. •Is a substandard condition produced by microbial or other pest
infestation, which makes a product unfit for consumption
Spoilage

12. •It is the loss in quality or value of an article due to destruction
of valuable constituents by bad treatment or aging or to the
deliberate extraction of the constituents.
Deterioration

13. •Is the addition of one article to another through accident,
ignorance or carelessness.
•Ex: inclusion of soil on an underground organ or the co –
collection of two similar species.
Admixture

14. •Is the deliberate addition of inferior material with intent to
defraud (cheat to get money), such materials are produced and
may appear at first site to be genuine.
•Ex: powder ginger may be diluted with starch with addition of
little coloring material to give the correct shade of yellow color.
Sophistication

15. •Is the addition of an entirely different article in place of that
which is required.
•Ex: supply of cheap cottonseed oil in place of olive oil (Sweet
oil)
Substitution

16. 1.Substitution with inferior or sub standard Commercial Varieties.
2.Adulteration by Artificially Manufactured Substitutes .
3.Substitution by Exhausted Drugs
4.Adulteration by Addition of worthless Heavy Materials (Harmful
Adulteration)
5.Addition of Synthetic Principles
6.Usage of Vegetative Matter from the same plant
7.Adulteration of Powders.
Methods of Drug Adulteration

17. •Due to Morphological resemblance to the authentic drugs,
different inferior commercial varieties are used as adulterant
which may or may not have any chemical or therapeutic
potential as that original natural drug
1. Substitution with Inferior/Sub standard Commercial
Varieties

18. •This is the most common type of adulteration
•Ex: Arabian Senna & Dog Senna have been used to adulterate Indian Senna
(Cassia senna)
•Medicinal ginger (Zingiber officinale) is replaced by Japanese ginger
(Zingiber mioga)
•Cloves by Mother cloves
•Saffron adulterated with dried flowers of Carthamus tinctorious (Safflower)
1. Substitution with Inferior/Sub standard Commercial
Varieties

20. •Here the substances artificially prepared to resemble the
original drug (provide the general form and appearance i.e.
color, shape, size) and are used as substitute of the original one
2. Adulteration by Artificially Manufactured Substitutes

21. •Generally, this practice is followed for much costlier drugs
•Ex: Artificial invert sugar for honey
•Ex: Paraffin wax made yellow coloration and substituted for
bees wax
•Ex: Compressed chicory in place of coffee
2. Adulteration by Artificially Manufactured Substitutes

22. •In this type the same plant drug is admixture but it is devoid of
any medicinally active constituents as they are already
extracted out. (No active medicinal components as they have
already been extracted out)
3. Substitution by Exhausted Drugs

23. •This practice is most common in case of volatile oil containing
materials like clove, fennel, cardamom, cinnamon, saffron, tea etc,
•Ex: Exhausted clove to clove
•Ginger mixed with starch & colored to
produce proper shade.
•Exhausted saffron is colored artificially
3. Substitution by Exhausted Drugs

24. •Here, the wastes from Market are collected and admixed with
original drug.
•This is particularly noticed for liquids and unorganized drugs
4. Adulteration by Addition of worthless Heavy Materials
(Harmful Adulteration)

25. •Ex: Limestone in Asafoetida
•Ex: Pieces of amber colored glass in Colophony
•Ex: Addition of rodent waster matter to cardamom seed is a
very harmful adulteration
•Ex: White stones in rice
4. Adulteration by Addition of worthless Heavy Materials
(Harmful Adulteration)

26. •Sometimes to fortify inferior natural products, synthetic
principles are added.
•Ex: Adding Citral to oil of Lemon grass
•Ex: Benzyl benzoate to balsam of Peru
•Camphor oil and eucalyptus oil in Rosemary oil etc.
5.Addition of Synthetic Principles

27. •Some times the other plants growing along with medicinal
plant are mixed due to their resembling color, odor, and in
some cases constituents.
6. Usage of Vegetative Matter from the same Plant

28. •Ex: the lower plants like Moss, Liver warts and epiphytes
growing on plant (bark) portion are mixed with Cinnamon or
Cinchona
•Ex: Stems portions are mixed along with leaf drugs like Lobelia,
Senna, Datura etc.
6. Usage of Vegetative Matter from the same Plant

29. •Besides the entire drugs, the powdered forms are frequently,
found to be adulterated.
•Ex: Red sandal wood in capsicum
•Ex: Exhausted Ginger powder in powdered Ginger
•Ex: the powdered bark is frequently adulterated with Brick
powder
7. Adulteration of Powders