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1. Quality Types of translation: free, authentic,certified,literal translation

2. Translation is a process based on the theory that it is possible to abstract the meaning of a text from its forms and reproduce that meaning with the very different forms of a second language. Translation, then, consists of studying the lexicon, grammatical structure, communication situation, and cultural context of the source language text, analyzing it in order to determine its meaning, and then reconstructing this same meaning using the lexicon and grammatical structure which are appropriate in the receptor language and its cultural context

3. Key aspects of accurate translation include: Fidelity : Staying true to the source material in terms of meaning. Clarity : Ensuring the translated text is clear and understandable in the target language. Cultural Relevance : Adapting phrases or references that may not translate directly to make sense in the target culture. Consistency : Using the same terms or phrases throughout the translation to maintain coherence. Accurate translations are crucial in various fields, including literature, legal documents, technical manuals, and international communication, to avoid misunderstandings and convey the intended message effectively.

4. Free translation Free translation is the reproduction of the source form and content in a loose way. This concept means adding extra elements of information or losing some essential ones. Of course, it is not very accomplished of a translator to add details not described by the author, as was often done by a well-known (sometimes notorious) Russian translator I. Vvedenski . Neither is it proficient to contract the source text like A. Houdar de la Motte who reduced the twenty-four books of the  Iliad  to twelve in his translation, leaving out all the “anatomical details of wounds” and some other information. Scholars of translation usually take a negative view of this type of free translation, known as adaptation in history of translation.

5. Nevertheless, free translation is appropriate in some cases: poetry translations are done with a certain degree of freedom. A translator is also free to modernize a classic text in order to subvert established target-language reader-response. Free translation is also admitted in the titles of novels, movies, etc. For instance, the outstanding Russian novel by Ilf and Petrov « Двенадцать   стульев » is known in the United States as “ Diamonds to Sit On” , which is accounted for by the bookselling advertising policies. The British movie “ Square Peg”  was translated into Russian as  « Мистер   Питкин   в   тылу   врага » , since the film translators did not find the adequate Russian idiom to convey the meaning “a person unsuitable for the place in which he works or lives” expressed by the English phrase “a square peg in a round hole”.

6. Recently translation theorists have begun to relate free translation to  communicative translation , depending on the purpose of the translation, and literal translation to the so-called  semantic translation . Communicative translation tends to undertranslate , i.e. to use more generic, catch-all terms in difficult passages. A semantic translation tends to overtranslate , i.e. to be more detailed, more direct, and more awkward. P. Newmark , however, distinguishes semantic translation - as the attempt to render as closely as possible the semantic and syntactic structures of the target language, from literal translation, when the primary senses of the lexical words of the original are translated as though out of context. He defines communicative translation as that which produces on its receptors an effect similar to that on the receptors of the original .

7. Free translation, that is, paraphrasing is a special type of translation used as a rule in annotations, précis, abstracts, etc. free translation is rendering of meaning regardless of form. The aim of such translation is to convey information to people in other countries in a most compact and condensed manner. There is another interpretation of the term “Free translation”. The translator in this case considers himself as co-author and takes great liberties with the original text resorting to unjustified expansion or omissions. “She burst out crying” is translated as “ Слезы показались на глазах моей милой малютки ” (Ch. Dickens, tr. By J.V. Vedensky ).

8. C ertified translation A  certified translation  is one which fulfills the requirements in the country in question, enabling it to be used in formal procedures, with the translator accepting responsibility for its accuracy. These requirements vary widely from country to country. While some countries allow only state-appointed translators to produce such translations, others will accept those carried out by any competent bilingual individual. Between these two extremes are countries where a certified translation can be carried out by any professional translator with the correct credentials (which may include membership of specific translation associations or the holding of certain qualifications ).

9. A certified translation is a document that has been translated from one language to another by a professional translator with a  signed translation certificate. It is a document issued by a professional translator or professional  translation agency, attesting that the translation is an accurate and authentic representation of the original document. This certificate typically includes the following : The translator’s signature A stamp Contact information The date of the translation

10. Additionally, the certificate of translation includes the translator’s qualifications, such as experience with the language in question, professional accreditations, or membership in a professional translation organization. These details can provide additional assurance of the translator’s expertise and capabilities. A translation certificate is required along with the translated document, primarily when it is used for official or legal purposes. Projects like immigration papers, educational transcripts, or legal contracts are just a few examples of when a translation from a certified professional may be necessary.

11. Authentic translation There are many ways to  translate a text  into a foreign language, but in case of a certified translation, the final result shall be accompanied by a clause attesting that the translation is legally equivalent to the original text. Authentic translation is needed in many walks of life – but it is mainly used in the public and legal sectors. But what exactly is an authentic translation and what criteria should it meet? What is the difference between an authentic and an official translation? We have already mentioned the official stamp of equivalence that shall be affixed to a certified translation, but the criteria are more.

12. It is also very important that the document in question: be accurately transcribed , it shall have a unique identifier, be proofread by an official, it shall be written on security paper and be an exact copy of the original document, and that the finished text is inseparably linked to the translation. There are translation agencies, such as Polyglot, where it is stapled and glued to the original document, so it does not need to be printed on special paper and uniquely identified, and this is not a requirement anyway.

13. The wording implies that the two documents are bound together by an authentication that would be damaged if separated. It is therefore important to be very careful not to lose them, because if they are opened by an unauthorized person, the certified translation will also be invalidated and will not be accepted. This is precisely the reason for a preference nowadays for sending certified translations online, which the customer receives in a drive or some other protected folder. These translations will also bear the electronic stamps issued by  the translation agency  to certify the authenticity of the documents .

14. The main need for certified translators is when a document issued in another country needs to be translated very accurately and its content needs to be clear and understandable in its own language – while maintaining its official character. It is thus not surprising that the main clients are public sectors and leading personalities. For example, in negotiations with foreign countries, the government often requests the assistance of certified translators, whose presence is particularly important. Their job is to ensure that every word of written communication is translated accurately. With their help, the two negotiators can avoid misunderstanding each other.

15. Literal translation  is the translation that reproduces communicatively irrelevant elements of the source text, This usually happens when the translator copies the source language form on this or that level of the language. According to the language level, there exist various types of literal translation: on the sound level : this type of literal translation results in the so called “translator’s false friends”, that is words similar in sounds but different in meaning:  conductor –  not  кондуктор , but  дирижер ; herb –  not   герб ,  but  лекарственная   трава ;  computer silicon chips –  not  компьютерные   силиконовые   чипсы , but   кремниевые   чипы   компьютера .

16. on the syntactic level : copying the structure of the source language. Sometimes an inexperienced translator is hypnotized by the source language, and, to translate “accurately”, he tries to render the meaning word for word, thus breaking combination rules of his/her own language. As an example,  We often heard his name mentioned. – * Мы   часто   слышали   его   имя   упомянутым . on the semantic level : giving the primary meaning of the word or its part, whereas a semantic transformation is required:  But  outside  it kept on raining. - * Но   снаружи   шел   дождь ,  which is incorrect .  Or   под полковник - * sub colonel ,   the word not existing in English . etymological errors : disregarding language changes. Words acquire new meanings over time and use:  There, there, don’t cry. - * Там ,  там ,  не   плачь .

17. following the style of the source text : different registers require different language means. Thus , to use the example by V. Komissarov , to a Russian, who got accustomed to brief and abrupt structures in the weather forecast, an English weatherman’s sentence can sound like a poem line:  Mist covered a calm sea in the Strait of Dover last night. – Туман покрывал спокойное море в Па - де - Кале прошлой ночью .  Therefore, to produce the same impact upon the receptor as does the original, the translator has to partition the English sentence and make it more adaptable to a Russian:  Прошлой ночью в проливе Па - де - Кале стоял туман .  Море было спокойно.

18. We can see that very often literal translation is not necessarily a word-for-word translation, although it is often associated with a rather negative evaluation of the translation. Literal translation is sometimes referred to as formal, or grammar translation, though it is not the same. However, sometimes literal translation on this or that level is a must. The translator cannot do without it when rendering proper and geographical names ( Khabarov , Nakhodka);  some borrowings  (Red Guards –  хунвэйбины   is a literal translation (on a semantic level), into English of the Chinese  hong   (Red)   wei bing   (Guard), while the Russian word is a literal reproduction of the Chinese word on a sound level. In some works, literal translation is called ‘faithful’ translation – this term does not necessarily imply the negative connotation of slavish literalism.

19. In spite of the fact that there are cases of semantic and structural coincidences they are rather an exception. A literal or word translation is obviously unacceptable because it results in a violation of form, or a distortion of sense, or both. No desire on the part of the translator to preserve in his translation the lexical, grammatical or stylistic peculiarities of the original text can justify any departure from the norms of the TL. Literal translation imposes upon the TL text alien lexical and grammatical structures, alien collocability , alien connotations and alien stylistic norms. In literal translation form prevails over content and the meaning of the text is distorted. Literalism may be lexical, grammatical or stylistic, e.g. He wagged a grateful tail and climbed on the seat ( Georgetta Heyer ). Он благодарно завилял хвостом и вскарабкался на сиденье .

20. She was letting her temper go by inches (Monica Dickens). Она понемногу теряла терпение. (Она все больше и больше теряла терпение). The pragmatic aspect of translation does not admit literalism either – and requires interpreting translation or substitution. The Tory Team, however, aren’t all batting on the same wicket. The metaphor is taken from cricket, a very popular game in Britain but hardly known to Russian readers. Однако, консерваторы не едины. Однако, команда консерваторов играла не дружно.