QUARANTINE AND POST-ENTRY QUARANTINE.pptx

Post-entry plant quarantine (PEQ) is a measure used to prevent the introduction and spread of plant pests and diseases into a country or region. It involves the inspection, testing, and treatment of imported plants and plant products to ensure that they are free from pests and diseases.

PEQ is typically conducted at designated quarantine stations, which are facilities that are equipped to isolate and inspect imported plants. The length of time that plants are held in quarantine depends on the type of plant and the risk of pests or diseases.

PEQ can be an effective way to prevent the introduction of new pests and diseases into a country or region. However, it can also be a costly and time-consuming process.

Here are some of the benefits of post-entry plant quarantine:

* It can help to prevent the introduction of new pests and diseases into a country or region.
* It can help to protect existing plant industries from pests and diseases.
* It can help to maintain the health of the environment.

Here are some of the challenges of post-entry plant quarantine:

* It can be costly to implement and maintain.
* It can be time-consuming to inspect and test imported plants.
* It can be difficult to ensure that all imported plants are properly inspected and tested.

Despite the challenges, post-entry plant quarantine is an important tool in the fight against plant pests and diseases. It can help to protect plant industries, the environment, and human health.

Here are some examples of plant pests and diseases that can be prevented by post-entry plant quarantine:

* **Pests:** Insects, mites, nematodes, and other organisms that can damage plants.
* **Diseases:** Fungal, bacterial, and viral diseases that can infect plants.
* **Weeds:** Plants that can compete with crops and spread pests and diseases.

Post-entry plant quarantine is an important part of a comprehensive plant protection program. By combining PEQ with other measures, such as inspection at ports of entry, certification, and eradication, it is possible to reduce the risk of plant pests and diseases and protect plant industries and the environment. Post-entry plant quarantine refers to the measures and procedures implemented after plants, plant products, or plant materials have entered a new country or region. The purpose of post-entry plant quarantine is to prevent the establishment and spread of potentially harmful pests and diseases that might have been inadvertently introduced during international trade or travel

1. QUARANTINE AND POST-ENTRY QUARANTINE

2. QURANTINE The term ‘Quarantine’ means simply forty i.e., 40 days period is derived from Italian word “ quarantena  or  quarantaine ” Plant Quarantine’ refers to the holding of plants in isolation until they are believed to be healthy . Now, broader meaning of the plant quarantine covers all aspects of the regulation of the movement of living plants, living plant parts/plant products between politically defined territories or ecologically distinct parts of them. Intermediate quarantine and post entry quarantine are used respectively to denote the detention of plants in isolation for inspection during or after arrival at their final destination.

3. PLANT QUARANTINE A legal restriction on movement of agricultural commodities ( living plants and plant parts ) for the purpose of exclusion, prevention or delay in the establishment of plants, pests and diseases in the area where they are not present

4. WHY QUARANTINE IS NECESSARY…? A new pest, after arrival and establishment, can rapidly develop into destructive proportions Because pf the absence of natural enemies in the new environment Plant pest epidemics could result in the loss of agricultural produce Present day plant quarantine is essentially a legally based defense system against new arrivals of exotics organism called pest that compete with human beings for food, shelter, and health or otherwise threaten human comfort and welfare.

5. IMPORTANCE OF PLANT QUARANTINE Plant quarantine activities in India are carried out under the Destructive Insects and Pests Act (DIP Act) of 1914 as amended from time to time A number of foreign pest and entered subcontinent in early twenties because of inadequate quarantine control Prohibiting the import of plants and plant material, insects, fungi, and weeds to India from foreign countries Rules and regulations have been made prohibiting the movement of certain diseased and pest infected materials from one state to another state

6. IMPORTANCE OF PLANT QUARANTINE The significance of plant quarantine has increased in view of Globalization and Liberalization in International trade of plants and lant material in the wake of Sanitary and Phytosanitary (SPS) agreement under WTO ( World Trade Organization) . Prevent the introduction and spread of exotic pest that are destructive to crop by regulation/restricting the import of plants/ plant products To facilitate safe global trade in agriculture by assisting the producers and exporters by providing a technically competent and reliable phytosanitary certificate system to meet the requirements of trading partners

7. IMPORTANCE OF PLANT QUARANTINE Pathogens of minor consequence in their native environment may be destructive in a new environment Plant quarantine is vital to prevent the introduction of non-indigenous pests and diseases into a country, or to intercept and eradicate them before they can be widespread and well- established

8. POST-ENTRY QUARANTINE(PEQ) Quarantine applied to a consignment after entry Post-entry plant quarantine refers to the measures and procedures implemented after plants, plant products, or plant materials have entered a new country or region. The purpose of post-entry plant quarantine is to prevent the establishment and spread of potentially harmful pests and diseases that might have been inadvertently introduced during international trade or travel. PEQ is defined as growing of imported plants and plant materials ( seed, bulbs, rhizomes etc.) in confinement for a specified period of time in glass house or screen house or poly house or any facility or isolated field or an off shore island that is established in accordance with guidelines/ standards and are duly approved and certified by an inspection authority notified under plant quarantine after reached destination

9. OBJECTIVES OF POST ENTRY QUARANTINE 1. Detection and identification: Plants and plant materials entering a new country or region are thoroughly inspected , and samples may be collected for laboratory analysis to detect any potential pests or diseases that may not have been detected during pre-entry inspections. 2. Isolation and containment: If any harmful pests or pathogens are found, the affected plants or plant materials are isolated and contained to prevent their spread to other plants or the natural environment. 3. Risk assessment: Authorities conduct risk assessments to evaluate the potential impact of any detected pests or diseases on the local agricultural and ecological systems.

10. OBJECTIVES OF POST ENTRY QUARANTINE 4 . Treatment and eradication: In some cases, treatments may be applied to eliminate or control the detected pests or diseases . Eradication measures are taken to ensure that the introduced pests or diseases do not become established in the new area. 5 . Monitoring and surveillance: Post-entry plant quarantine includes ongoing monitoring and surveillance to detect any potential outbreaks or signs of established pests or diseases in the region. 6. Education and public awareness : Raising awareness among the public, importers, and travelers about the importance of complying with plant quarantine regulations can help prevent the accidental introduction and spread of pests and diseases.

11. POST-ENTRY QUARANTINE(PEQ) Growing of plants in isolation for any specified period in a glass house and a facility area or nursery approved by plant protection adviser Plants and planting materials should be grown in post entry quarantine facilities designed by the inspection authority to get permit for distribution across nation Some pathogens survive as symptomless carrier or latent infection in seeds it is very difficult to find with visual observation, PEQ provides time to identify pathogens and eliminate them PEQ supervise the import of plant and plant materials and kept for isolation so that disease and pest can be easily detected

12. POST-ENTRY QUARANTINE(PEQ) After supervision in PEQ facilities disease free seeds are certified by inspection authority under plant protection adviser, in case any disease or pest found they can uproot and destroyed Disease and pest free seeds are permitted to distributed across the nation The screening may be done by visual inspection, labour investigation, fumigation/ chemical treatments and grow out tests. Post- entry quarantine may have different degree of security to deal with different levels of risk High security- special secure facilities with diagnostics & destruction equipment and Medium security- facilities which are audited by NPPO ( National plant protection organization)

13. National bureau of plant genetic resources (NBPGR) is the nodal agency in India deals with exchange (export and import ) of germplasm Plant quarantine organization in India 1946- ministry of Food and Agriculture Central Directorate Of Plant Protection, Quarantine, & Storage

14. PLANT QUARANTINE LAWS S.no Year laws 1 1914 DIP Act -Destructive Insects and Pests Act 2 1951 UP Locust Destruction Act- by UP Govt 3 1954 UP Agricultural disease and pest Bill by UP Govt 4 1961 Plant Introduction Division established in IARI 5 2003 Plant Quarantine (Regulation of Import into India) Order

15. Introduction of foreign diseases In india Disease Causal organism Year Introduced from Coffee leaf rust Hemileia vastatrix 1879 Sri Lanka Late blight of potato Phytophthora infestans 1883 Europe Downy mildew of grapes Plasmopara viticola 1910 Europe ( France ) Downy mildew of cucurbits Peronosclerospora cubensis 1918 Sri Lanka Flag smut of wheat Urocystis tritici 1906 Australia

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