Questioned Document. comprehensive review

reviewer

1. Questioned Document A Comprehensive Review Rhem Rick N. Corpuz , Ph. D Crim Oliver G. Salta, MSCJE Questioned Document Specialist 1 RHEM RICK N. CORPUZ, Ph. D Crim

2. Order of Presentation Preliminaries Questioned Document: Timeline and Personalities Examination of Questioned Handwriting Standards in Questioned Document Examination of Signatures Examination of Fraudulent Alteration 2 RHEM RICK N. CORPUZ, Ph. D Crim

3. Order of Presentation Examination of Counterfeiting Examination of Inks and Writing Materials Examination of Typewritten Notes and Materials Laws on Questioned Documents Current Trends in Questioned Documents 3 RHEM RICK N. CORPUZ, Ph. D Crim

4. Meet your Lecturer Licensed Criminologist Faculty Member, Angeles University Foundation National Lecturer, Criminology Licensure Examination 2 nd Place, 2008 Criminology Licensure Examination Ph. D in Criminology- PCCr M.S. in Criminology- Univ. of Baguio B.S. in Criminology- Univ. of Baguio Researcher Questioned Document and Photography Specialist 4 RHEM RICK N. CORPUZ, Ph. D Crim

5. Preliminaries Document The term document came from the Latin word “ documentum ”, which means lesson , or e xample . It may have been derived also from the French word “ docere ” means to teach. Any material containing marks, symbols, or signs in which these components may either be visible or partially visible in conveying message or meaning to someone. 5 RHEM RICK N. CORPUZ, Ph. D Crim

6. Kinds of Document Public document A document created, executed or issued by a public official in response to the exigencies of the public service, or in the execution of which a public official intervened. (U.S. v. Asensi , 34 Phil. 765) Official document A document which is issued by a public official in the exercise of the functions of his office. An official document is also a public document. It falls within the larger class called public document. (U.S. v. Asensi ) 6 RHEM RICK N. CORPUZ, Ph. D Crim

7. Kinds of Document Private Document Every deed or instrument executed by a private person without the intervention of a notary public or of any person legally authorized, by which the documents some disposition or agreement is proved, evidenced or set forth (US v. Orera,11 Phil. 596).- Commercial Document Any instrument defined and regulated by the Code of Commerce (People v. Co Beng , 1913) or any other commercial law. 7 RHEM RICK N. CORPUZ, Ph. D Crim

8. What may not constitute as document? A draft of municipal payroll which not yet approved by the proper authority. Mere blank forms of official documents. Pamphlets or books which do not evidence any disposition or agreement are not documents but are mere merchandise. 8 RHEM RICK N. CORPUZ, Ph. D Crim

9. Questioned Document Is a document or paper/s whose contents have been contested either in whole or in any part as to their authenticity. A document is questioned when there is a controversy over its preparation, contents and other circumstances surrounding it. 9 RHEM RICK N. CORPUZ, Ph. D Crim

10. Questioned Document Examination Is a term used to refer to the act of making a close and critical study of any document which is questioned, disputed or attacked, necessary to discover the facts about them. 10 RHEM RICK N. CORPUZ, Ph. D Crim

11. Two Division of QDE Criminalistics Examination. This involves the detection of forgery, erasure, alteration or obliteration of documents. Dr. Wilson Harrison, a noted British Examiner of questioned documents said that an intelligent police investigator can detect almost 75% of all forgeries by careful inspection of a document with simple magnifiers and measuring tools. Handwriting Investigation/Analysis. This is more focused in determining the author of writing. It is more difficult procedure and requires long study and experience. 11 RHEM RICK N. CORPUZ, Ph. D Crim

12. Aspects of QDE Handwriting Examination (Graphology/ Graphoanalysis ) examination of signatures and initials examination of anonymous letters hand printing examination Examination of Typewritings and typeprints . Examination of Inks Examination of Erasures, alterations or obliterations, etc. Detection of alteration Decipherment of erased writings Restoration of obliterated writings Counterfeiting Examination of currency bills and coins and the like Examination of fake documents Miscellaneous aspects Determination of age of documents Identification of stamps Examinations of seal and other authenticating devices 12 RHEM RICK N. CORPUZ, Ph. D Crim

13. Purpose of QDE To reveal/ discover the following: Identity of the author. True contents of the document. Origin of the instrument or paper used in making the document. Alterations or erasures which have been made. Authenticity of the document. 13 RHEM RICK N. CORPUZ, Ph. D Crim

14. Scientific Examination of QDE Analysis (Recognition) - properties or characteristics, observed or measured. Comparison  -  Properties or characteristics  of  the  unknown determined  thought  analysis  are now  compared  with  the familiar or recorded properties of known items. Evaluation - Similarities or dissimilarities in properties or characteristics will each have a certain value for identification, determined by its likelihood of occurrence.  The weight or significance of each must therefore be considered. 14 RHEM RICK N. CORPUZ, Ph. D Crim

15. Instruments used in QDE Stereoscopic Microscope The stereoscopic microscope, two low-powered microscopes arranged to converge on a single specimen, provides a three-dimensional image. 15 RHEM RICK N. CORPUZ, Ph. D Crim

16. Instruments used in QDE The  compound microscope uses two lenses, an objective lens and an ocular lens, mounted at opposite ends of a closed tube, to provide greater magnification than is possible with a single lens. The objective lens is composed of several lens elements that form an enlarged real image of the object being examined. 16 RHEM RICK N. CORPUZ, Ph. D Crim

17. Instruments used in QDE Shadowgraph an instrument that the images are cast in shadow: an image of a shape made by casting a shadow onto a surface 17 RHEM RICK N. CORPUZ, Ph. D Crim

18. Instruments used in QDE Handwriting Protractor An instrument for measuring angles: an instrument shaped like a semicircle marked with the degrees of a circle, used to measure or mark out angles. 18 RHEM RICK N. CORPUZ, Ph. D Crim

19. Instruments used in QDE UV Lamp – this is usually used in the detection of counterfeited bills but can actually be used to detect security features of qualified documents. 19 RHEM RICK N. CORPUZ, Ph. D Crim

20. Instruments used in QDE Transmitted Light a device where light comes from beneath or behind glass on document is placed. 20 RHEM RICK N. CORPUZ, Ph. D Crim

21. Instruments used in QDE Photo- enlarger A device used to enlarge negatives and transfer the image to the photo paper. 21 RHEM RICK N. CORPUZ, Ph. D Crim

22. Instruments used in QDE Forensic Comparator An instrument which captures images and projects them on a black and white screen for enlargement purposes. 22 RHEM RICK N. CORPUZ, Ph. D Crim

23. Instruments used in QDE Electro- Static Detection Device An Electro Static Detection Apparatus is used to visualize indentations by applying an electrostatic charge to a transparent film. The film is laid across the page in question and once the charge has been applied, black toner is passed across the film and reveals any indentations. This method can also determine if something has been added to a journal or log after the original entry was made 23 RHEM RICK N. CORPUZ, Ph. D Crim

24. Instruments used in QDE Video Spectral Comparator is used to analyze inks and see whether they are the same or different. This is done by looking at them under different lighting conditions where some wavelengths of light are blocked. This technique can uncover layers in documents where words have been scribbled out or written over 24 RHEM RICK N. CORPUZ, Ph. D Crim

25. Instruments used in QDE Thin Layer Chromatography is used to do a more thorough analysis of ink. The ink is mixed with chemicals and deposited onto a silicate plate where its constituents can be measured 25 RHEM RICK N. CORPUZ, Ph. D Crim

26. Instruments used in QDE Infrared Reflectance is used to show the residue of pencil marks. This can be done clearly even if the writing has been erased. Pencils are made of graphite which is a form of carbon – and this absorbs infrared light well 26 RHEM RICK N. CORPUZ, Ph. D Crim

27. Instruments used in QDE Magnifying Lens For increased magnification 27 RHEM RICK N. CORPUZ, Ph. D Crim

28. Instruments used in QDE Camera with Macro Lens To capture the handwriting sample and enlarge the same for court presentation. 28 RHEM RICK N. CORPUZ, Ph. D Crim

29. Basic Terminologies DISPUTED DOCUMENT. A term suggesting that there is an argument or controversy over the document, and strictly speaking this is true meaning.  STANDARD a.k.a. STANDARD DOCUMENT - Are condensed and  compact  set  of authentic specimens which, if adequate and proper, should contain  a  cross  section  of  the  material  from a known source. EXEMPLAR . A term used by some document examiners and attorneys to characterize known material. Standard is the older term. 29 RHEM RICK N. CORPUZ, Ph. D Crim

30. Basic Terminologies HOLOGRAPHIC DOCUMENT . Any document completely written and signed by one person; also known as a holograph. REFERENCE COLLECTION . Material compiled and organized by the document examiner to assist him in answering special questions. Reference collections of typewriting, check writing specimens, inks, pens, pencils, and papers are frequently maintained. 30 RHEM RICK N. CORPUZ, Ph. D Crim

31. Basic Terminologies ERASURE  - The removal of writings, typewriting or printing, from a document is an erasure. Mechanical Chemical EXAMINATION - It is the act of making a close and critical study of any material and with questioned documents, it is the process necessary to discover the facts about them.   EXPERT WITNESS . A legal term used to describe a witness who by reason of his special training or experience is permitted to express an opinion regarding the issue, or a certain aspect of the issue, which is involved in a court action. 31 RHEM RICK N. CORPUZ, Ph. D Crim

32. Basic Terminologies HANDWRITING IDENTIFICATION EXPERT . A common name for the document examiner. IDENTIFICATION (Identity) – as used in this text it is the state of being identical or absolutely the same as in similarity of source or authorship of the questioned document and the standard document. INSERTION  OR  INTERLINEATION  -  The  term  "insertion"  and "interlineations"  include the addition of writing and  other material  between  lines or paragraphs or  the  addition  of whole page to a document. 32 RHEM RICK N. CORPUZ, Ph. D Crim

33. Basic Terminologies NON-IDENTITIFICATION (Non-identity) – as used in this text it means that the source or authorship of the compared questioned and standard specimens is different. OBLITERATION - the blotting out or shearing over the writing to make the original invisible to as an addition. OPINION. In legal language, it refers to the document Examiner's conclu­sion. Actually in Court, he not only expresses an opinion but demonstrates the reasons for arriving at his opinion. Throughout this text, opinion and conclusion are used synonymously. QUALIFICATION . The professional experience, education, and ability of a document examiner. Before he is permitted to testify as an expert witness, the court must rule that he is qualified in his field. 33 RHEM RICK N. CORPUZ, Ph. D Crim

34. Basic Terminologies ADDITION  - Any matter made a part of the document after its original preparation may be referred to as addition. CONCLUSION - A scientific conclusion results form relating observed facts by logical, common-sense reasoning in accordance with established rules or laws. The document examiner's conclusion, in legal term is referred to as "opinion". DOCUMENT EXAMINER . One who studies scientifically the details and elements of documents in order to identify their source or to discover other facts concerning them. 34 RHEM RICK N. CORPUZ, Ph. D Crim

35. Care and Preservation of Documents The improper or careless handling of a disputed document can lead to serious curtailment of certain technical examinations. DO’s Keep documents unfolded in protective envelope. The most useful and effective protective covering of a disputed documents is a transparent plastic envelop. 35 RHEM RICK N. CORPUZ, Ph. D Crim

36. Care and Preservation of Documents Take disputed papers to the documents examiners laboratory at the first opportunity. If storage is necessary, keep the document in a dry place away from excessive heat and strong light. Once a document is disputed it is seldom stored or filed for a long, but important documents should be kept properly for a long period of time. 36 RHEM RICK N. CORPUZ, Ph. D Crim

37. Care and Preservation of Documents Do not handle disputed papers excessively or carry them in a pocket for along time. Do not mark disputed documents (either by consciously writing or by pointing at them with writing instrument or dividers). Do not mutilate or damage by repeated refolding, creasing, cutting, tearing or punching for filing purposes. ” 37 RHEM RICK N. CORPUZ, Ph. D Crim

38. Care and Preservation of Documents Do not allow anyone except qualified specialist to make chemical or other do not treat or dust for latent fingerprints before consulting a document examiner. Do not allow “Amateur Testing When possible, the charred documents should be moved in the container in which they all found. 38 RHEM RICK N. CORPUZ, Ph. D Crim

39. Historical Developments in QDE 1609- The first treatise on systematic document examination was published by Francis Demelle of France 16 22- The first person that carried out systematic observations on the manner of handwriting was Camillo Baldi . He published the book entitled “Treated how, by a letter missive, one recognizes the writer’s nature and qualities”, which is considered the first known graphological essay. 1810- The first recorded use of questioned document analysis occurred in Germany. Konigin Hanschritt . 39 RHEM RICK N. CORPUZ, Ph. D Crim

40. Historical Developments in QDE 1810- The first recorded use of questioned document analysis occurred in Germany. A chemical test for a particular ink dye was applied to a document known as Konigin Hanschritt . 1882- Gilbert Thompson, railroad builder with the US Geological survey in New Mexico, put his own thumbprint on wage chits to safeguard himself from forgeries. 1894- Alfred Dreyfus of France was convicted of treason based on mistaken handwriting identification by Bertillion . 1910- Albert S. Osborne- an American and arguably the most influential document examiner, published Questioned Documents. 40 RHEM RICK N. CORPUZ, Ph. D Crim

41. Techniques in Examination MICROSCOPIC EXAMINATION - Any examination or study which is made with the microscope in order to discover minute physical details. With proper angle and intensity or illumination, it aids in the decipherment of erasures, some minute manipulations not perfectly pictured to the unaided eye and the sequence of entries done by different writing instruments. TRANSMITTED LIGHT EXAMINATION – In this examination, the document is viewed with the source of illumination behind it and the light passing through the paper. Documents are subjected to this type of examination to determine the presence of erasures, matching of serrations and some other types of alterations. 41 RHEM RICK N. CORPUZ, Ph. D Crim

42. Techniques in Examination OBLIQUE LIGHT EXAMINATION - An examination with the illumination so controlled that it grazes or strikes the surface of the document from one side at a very low angle. Decipherment of faded handwriting, determination of outlines in traced forgery, embossed impressions, etc. are subjected to this type of examination. PHOTOGRAPHIC EXAMINATION - This type of examination is very essential in every document examination. Actual observations are recorded in the photographs 42 RHEM RICK N. CORPUZ, Ph. D Crim

43. Techniques in Examination ULTRA-VIOLET EXAMINATION - Ultraviolet radiation is invisible and occurs in the wave lengths just below the visible blue-violet end of the spectrum (rainbow).  These visible rays react on some substances so that visible light is reflected, a phenomenon known as FLOURESCENCE. This type of examination is done in a darkroom after the lamp has been warmed up in order to give a maximum output of the ultra-violet light. Exposure to the ultra-violet light should be to the minimum duration in order to avoid fading of some writing ink and typewriter ribbon. INFRARED EXAMINATION - This examination of documents employs invisible radiation beyond the red portion of the visible spectrum (rainbow) which is usually recorded on a specially sensitized photographic emulsion. 43 RHEM RICK N. CORPUZ, Ph. D Crim

44. Classes of QD Documents containing questioned signatures. Questioned documents alleged to have been containing fraudulent alterations. Questioned or disputed holographic will. a. Holographic Will b. Notarial Will- Documents investigated on the question of typewriting. Questioned documents on issues of their age or date. Questioned documents on issues of materials used in their production. Documents or writings investigated because it is alleged that they identify some persons through handwriting. 44 RHEM RICK N. CORPUZ, Ph. D Crim

45. Principle of QDE “ When two items contain a combination of corresponding or similar and specifically oriented characteristics of such number and significance as to preclude the possibility of their occurrence by mere coincidence and there are no unaccounted differences, it may be concluded that they are the same in their characteristics attributed to the same cause .” 45 RHEM RICK N. CORPUZ, Ph. D Crim

46. HANDWRITING ANALYSIS Examination of Handwriting Specimen 46 RHEM RICK N. CORPUZ, Ph. D Crim

47. Handwriting Defined It is the result of a very complicated series of acts, being used as a whole, and combination of certain forms of visible mental and muscular habits acquired by long, continued painstaking effort. Some defined handwriting as “visible speech”. 47 RHEM RICK N. CORPUZ, Ph. D Crim

48. Physiological Basis This center near the motor area of the cortex is responsible for the finger movement involved in handwriting. The importance of this center is that when it becomes diseased as in a graphic, one loses the ability to write although he could still grasp a fountain pen, ball pen or pencil. Thus, the ability or power to hold a fountain pen or pencil to form symbols and words can be said to emanate from its cortical center. 48 RHEM RICK N. CORPUZ, Ph. D Crim

49. Muscles involved in Handwriting A group of extensor muscles push up the pen to form the upward strokes and ease the tension produced as a result by a group of muscle called the flexor muscles that push the pen to form a downward strokes. 49 RHEM RICK N. CORPUZ, Ph. D Crim

50. Development of Handwriting Children learn writing by following the school copy or model. After acquiring some degree of skill the children no longer follow the school model. As speed increases, conscious design and regularity begin to break down. In the course of trial and error, modification are made, simplification and elaborations, addition and omissions occur. The writing pattern of each child embodies unique combinations of such deviation from the standard letter forms or school model, and becomes his personal habits. 50 RHEM RICK N. CORPUZ, Ph. D Crim

51. Kinds of Handwriting Cursive – connected; writing in which one letter is joined to the next. Script – separated or printed writing. Block – all CAPITAL LETTERS. 51 RHEM RICK N. CORPUZ, Ph. D Crim

52. Basis of Handwriting Examination In Wigmore's Principles of judicial Proof, handwriting is defined as a visible effect of bodily movement which is an almost unconscious expression of fixed muscular habits, reacting from fixed mental impression of certain ideas associated with script form. Environment, education and occupation affect individuals so variously in the formation of these muscular habits that finally the act of writing becomes an almost automatic succession of acts stimulated by these habits. The imitation of the style of writing by another person becomes difficult because the other person cannot by mere will power reproduce in himself all the muscular combination from the habit of the first writer. 52 RHEM RICK N. CORPUZ, Ph. D Crim

53. History of Handwriting Cuneiform Script The impressions left by the stylus were wedged shaped, thus giving rise to the name cuneiform (“wedge shape, “form the Latin cuneus , meaning “wedge”) Is the earliest writing system in the world. 53 RHEM RICK N. CORPUZ, Ph. D Crim

54. Handwriting as an Exact Science In the hand of a qualified examiner operating under right conditions: Sufficient questioned writing Sufficient known writing Sufficient time use of scientific instruments 54 RHEM RICK N. CORPUZ, Ph. D Crim

55. History of Handwriting Paleography  (from Greek   palaiós , "old" and  graphein , "to write") is the study of ancient handwriting and the practice of deciphering and reading historical manuscripts. The first time the term "paleography" was used was perhaps in 1708 by Bernard de Montfaucon , a Benedictine monk 55 RHEM RICK N. CORPUZ, Ph. D Crim

56. History of Handwriting Calligraphy (from Greek  kallos  "beauty" + graphẽ  "writing") is a type of visual art. It is often called the art of fancy lettering ( Mediavilla 1996:17). A contemporary definition of calligraphic practice is "the art of giving form to signs in an expressive, harmonious and skillful manner" ( Mediavilla , 1996: 18). 56 RHEM RICK N. CORPUZ, Ph. D Crim

57. History of Handwriting Petrography The word comes from the Greek words  petros  meaning "stone" and  glyphein  meaning "to carve" (it was originally coined in French as  pétroglyphe ). (also called rock engravings) are images created by removing part of a rock surface by incising, pecking, carving, and abrading. 57 RHEM RICK N. CORPUZ, Ph. D Crim

58. History of Handwriting Neolithic man began written communication as long as 20,000 years ago when he graphically represented objects and ideas in drawings on cave walls known as Iconography. 58 RHEM RICK N. CORPUZ, Ph. D Crim

59. History of Handwriting An  Ideogram or Ideograph  (from Greek idea "idea" +   grafo "to write") is a graphic symbol that represents an idea or concept. . 59 RHEM RICK N. CORPUZ, Ph. D Crim

60. History of Handwriting From the Italian “graffito” meaning “a scatch ” refers to handwriting or images on the walls or surfaces of a public area, such as building, parks, toilets, and trains, etc.. Graffiti" is applied in art history to works of art produced by scratching a design into a surface. 60 RHEM RICK N. CORPUZ, Ph. D Crim

61. History of Handwriting A scribe is a person who writes books or documents by hand as a profession and helps the city keep track of its records. 61 RHEM RICK N. CORPUZ, Ph. D Crim

62. Principles of Handwriting No two writers write exactly alike. The physical writing conditions and position of the person including his writing instrument may affect the handwriting characteristics but they do not confine all its identifying elements. Age, sickness, emotional state (transitory state), position 62 RHEM RICK N. CORPUZ, Ph. D Crim

63. Principles of Handwriting Individuality in handwriting can only be determined through comparative examination with the standard written or prepared under comparable conditions. Under similar purpose Similarity does not mean identity. Complete identity means definite forgery 63 RHEM RICK N. CORPUZ, Ph. D Crim

64. Variations in Writing A more or less definite pattern for each is stored away in the subjective mind but the hand does not always produce a ster­eotyped duplicate of that pattern. The hand ordinarily is not an instrument of precision and therefore we may not expect every habitual manual operation to be absolutely uniform. 64 RHEM RICK N. CORPUZ, Ph. D Crim

65. Causes of Variation Function of some external condition i.e. influence of the available space. Abnormal conditions such as physical injury, toxic effects, inebriation's, emotion and deception. Position of letter - all the letters are to be found initial­ly, medially, and finally. The fact of a different position, especially in combination with another and particular letter, may modify any of them in some way or another. 65 RHEM RICK N. CORPUZ, Ph. D Crim

66. Importance of Variation Personal variation encountered under normal writing conditions is also a highly important element of identification. The qualities of personal variation include both its nature and its extent. It becomes necessary to determine the amount, extent, and exact quality of the variations. With a group of signatures of a particular writer, certain normal divergence in size, lateral spacing and proportions actually indicate genuineness. Variation in genuine writing is ordinarily in superficial parts and in size, proportions, degree of care given to the act, design, slant, shading, vigor, angularity, roundness and direction of stroke. 66 RHEM RICK N. CORPUZ, Ph. D Crim

67. Copybook System refers to the standard of handwriting instruction taught in particular school. Classes of copybook depend on the standard school copy adopted by a writer. 67 RHEM RICK N. CORPUZ, Ph. D Crim

68. Old Copybook System Old English round hand - in fact an Italian hand popular in 1840. Modified round hand - early edition of the Spencerian , and the Payson, Dunton , and Scribners copybook - 1840 -1860. Spencerian - there is simplification by the omission of extra strokes and flourishes. And a general tendency toward plain­er letters than the preceding system, some of which were very ornate - 1860-1890. Modern Vertical writing 1890-1900 68 RHEM RICK N. CORPUZ, Ph. D Crim

69. 69 RHEM RICK N. CORPUZ, Ph. D Crim

70. Modern Copybook System Spencerian Script (1850- 1895) Introduced by Platt Rogers Spencer Palmer Copybook (1900- 1980) Austin Norman Palmer D’ Nealian Copybook (1980) British Copybook French Copybook German Copybook 70 RHEM RICK N. CORPUZ, Ph. D Crim

71. Spencerian Script Palmer Script D’ Nealian Copybook RRNC 71

72. Importance of Copybook to the nationality of the writer. to the system learned to the date when the writing was acquired and to some of the influences that have surrounded the writer. 72 RHEM RICK N. CORPUZ, Ph. D Crim

73. Terminologies in Handwriting Alignment Is the relation of parts of the whole of writing or line of individual letters in words to the baseline. It is the alignment of words. The relative alignment of letters. 73 RHEM RICK N. CORPUZ, Ph. D Crim

74. Terminologies in Handwriting GARLAND FORMS – A cup-like connected form that is open at the top and rounded on the bottom. ARCADE FORMS – Forms that look like arches rounded on the top and open at the bottom. 74 RHEM RICK N. CORPUZ, Ph. D Crim

75. Terminologies in Handwriting ANGULAR FORMS – Sharp, straight strokes that are made by stopping the pen and changing direction before continuing. THREADY FORM – An indefinite connective form that looks flat and wavy. 75 RHEM RICK N. CORPUZ, Ph. D Crim

76. Terminologies in Handwriting DISGUISED WRITING - A writer may deliberately try to alter his usual writing habits in hopes of hiding his identity. The results, regardless of their effectiveness are termed disguised writing. 76 RHEM RICK N. CORPUZ, Ph. D Crim

77. Terminologies in Handwriting COLLATION - side by side comparison; collation as used in this text means the critical comparison on side by side examination. COMPARISON - the act of setting two or more items side by side to weigh their identifying qualities; it refers not only a visual but also the mental  act in which the element of one item are related to the  counterparts of the other. 77 RHEM RICK N. CORPUZ, Ph. D Crim

78. Terminologies in Handwriting Topline Midline Baseline Zones in Writing 78 RHEM RICK N. CORPUZ, Ph. D Crim

79. Terminologies in Handwriting GRAPHOANALYSIS - the study of handwriting based on the two fundamental strokes, the curve and the straight strokes. GRAPHOMETRY - analysis by comparison and measurement. GRAPHOLOGY - the art of determining character disposition and amplitude of a person from the study of handwriting. It also means the scientific study and analysis of handwriting, especially with reference to forgeries and questioned documents. 79 RHEM RICK N. CORPUZ, Ph. D Crim

80. Terminologies in Handwriting GESTALT – The German word that means “complete” or “whole”. A good gestalt needs nothing added or taken away to make it “look right”. Also a school of handwriting analysis that looks at handwriting as a whole picture. HANDLETTERING. Any disconnected style of writing in which each letter is written separately; also called handprinting 80 RHEM RICK N. CORPUZ, Ph. D Crim

81. Terminologies in Handwriting WRONG-HANDED WRITING. Any writing executed with the opposite hand that normally used; a.k.a. as “with the awkward hand.” It is one means of disguise. Thus, the writing of a right-handed person which has been executed with his left hand accounts for the common terminology for this class of disguise as "left-hand writing". 81 RHEM RICK N. CORPUZ, Ph. D Crim

82. Terminologies in Handwriting LETTER SPACE – The amount of space left between letters. LINE DIRECTION – Movement of the baseline. May slant up, down, or straight across the page. LINE QUALITY - the overall character of the ink lines from the beginning to the ending strokes. There are two classes: Good Line quality and Poor Line quality. LINE SPACE – The amount of space left between lines. 82 RHEM RICK N. CORPUZ, Ph. D Crim

83. Terminologies in Handwriting MANUSCRIPT WRITING . A disconnected form of script or semi-script writing. This type of writing is taught in young children in elementary schools as the first step in learning to write. MARGINS – The amount of space left around the writing on all four sides. MOVEMENT – It is an important element in handwriting. It embraces all the factors which are related to the motion of the writing instrument skill, speed freedom, hesitation, rhythm, emphasis, tremors and the like. The manner in which the writing instrument is move that is by finger, hand, forearm or whole arm. 83 RHEM RICK N. CORPUZ, Ph. D Crim

84. Terminologies in Handwriting PEN EMPHASIS - The act of intermittently forcing the pen against   the paper surfaces.  When the pen-point   has flexibility, this emphasis produces shading, but with more rigid  writing points  heavy point emphasis  can  occur  in writing w/out any evidence of shading; the act intermittently forcing the pen  against  the paper with increase pressure. PEN HOLD – The place where the writer grasps the barrel of the pen and the angle at which he holds it. PEN POSITION - relationship between the pen point and the paper. 84 RHEM RICK N. CORPUZ, Ph. D Crim

85. Terminologies in Handwriting PEN PRESSURE - the average force with which the pen contacts the paper. Pen pressure as opposed to pen emphasis deals with the usual of average force involved in the writing rather than the period increases. PRINTSCRIPT – A creative combination of printing and cursive writing. 85 RHEM RICK N. CORPUZ, Ph. D Crim

86. Terminologies in Handwriting PROPORTION or RATIO - the relation between the tall and the short letter is referred as to the ratio of writing. QUALITY . A distinct or peculiar character. Also, “quality” is used in describing handwriting to refer to any identifying factor that is related to the writing movement itself. RHYTHM – The element of the writing movement which is marked by regular or periodic recurrences. It may be classed as smooth, intermittent, or jerky in its quality; the flourishing succession of motion which are re­corded in a written record. Periodicity, alternation of movement. 86 RHEM RICK N. CORPUZ, Ph. D Crim

87. Terminologies in Handwriting SHADING - Is the widening of the ink strokes due to the added pressure on a flexible pen point or to the use of a stub pen. SIGNIFCANT WRITING HABIT – Any characteristic of handwriting that is sufficiently uncommon and well fixed to serve as a fundamental point in the identification. SIMPLIFICATION – Eliminating extra or superfluous strokes from the copybook model. SIZE – May refer to the overall size of the writing or the proportions between zones. SKILL - In any set there are relative degrees or ability or skill and a specimen of handwriting usually contains evi­dence of the writer's proficiency; degree, ability, or skill of a write proficiency . 87 RHEM RICK N. CORPUZ, Ph. D Crim

88. Terminologies in Handwriting SLOPE/SLANT - the angle or inclination of the axis of the letters relative to the baseline. There are three classes: Slant to the left; Slant to the right; and Vertical Slant. SPEED OF WRITING - The personal pace at which the writer’s pen moves across the paper. TENSION – The degree of force exerted on the pen compared to the degree of relaxation. WORD SPACE – The amount of space left between words. 88 RHEM RICK N. CORPUZ, Ph. D Crim

89. Kinds of Handwriting Finger Movement - the thumb, the first, second and slightly the third fingers are in actual motion. Most usually employed by children and illiterates. Hand Movement - produced by the movement or action of the whole hand with the wrist as the center of attraction. Forearm Movement - the movement of the shoulder, hand and arm with the support of the table. Whole Forearm Movement - action of the entire arm without resting. i.e., blackboard writing. 89 RHEM RICK N. CORPUZ, Ph. D Crim

90. Strokes in Handwriting Path followed by the pen in the paper Arc - a curved formed inside the top curve of loop as in small letters “h”, “m”, “n”, & “p”. Arch - any arcade form in the body of a letter found in small letters which contain arches. Ascender - is the top portion of a letter or upper loop. Baseline - maybe actually on a ruled paper, it might be imaginary alignment of writing; it the ruled or imaginary line upon which the writing rests. 90 RHEM RICK N. CORPUZ, Ph. D Crim

91. Strokes in Handwriting Diacritic- “t” crossing and dots of the letter “ i ” and “j”. The matters of Indian script are also known as diacritic sign; an element added to complete a certain letter, either a cross bar or a dot. Ending/Terminate stroke of toe - the end stroke of a letter. Eye/ Eyelet/ Eyeloop - a small loop or curved formed inside the letters. This may occur inside the oval of the letters “ a,d,o ”; the small loop form by the stroke that extend in divergent direction as in small letters. Foot - lower part which rest on the base line. The small letter ”m” has three feet, and the small letter “n” has two feet. 91 RHEM RICK N. CORPUZ, Ph. D Crim

92. Strokes in Handwriting Hesitation - the term applied to the irregular thickening of ink which is found when writing slows down or stop while the pen take a stock of the position. Hiatus/ pen jump - a gap occurring between a continuous stroke without lifting the pen. Such as occurrence usually occurs due to speed; may be regarded also as a special form of pen lift distinguished in a ball gaps and appear in the writing. Hook - it is a minute curve or ankle which often occurs at the end of the terminal stroke. It also sometimes occurs at the beginning of a initial stroke. The terminal curves of a letters “ a,d,n,m,p,u ” is the hook. 92 RHEM RICK N. CORPUZ, Ph. D Crim

93. Strokes in Handwriting Long letter - those letters with both upper and lower loops. Loop - a oblong curve such as found on the small letter “ f,g,I ” and letter stroke “f” has two. Majuscule - a capital letter. Miniscule - a small letter. Movement impulses - this refers to the continuality of stroke , forged writing is usually produced by disconnected and broken movements and more motion or movement impulses then in genuine writing. Patching - retouching or going back over a defective portion of a stroke. Careful patching is common defect on forgeries. 93 RHEM RICK N. CORPUZ, Ph. D Crim

94. Strokes in Handwriting Shoulder - outside portion of the top curve, small letter “m” has three shoulders and the small letter “n” has two, the small letter “h” has one shoulder. Spur - a short initial or terminal stroke. Staff - any major long downward stroke of a letter that is the long downward stroke of the letter “ b,g ”. Stem or shank - the upright long downward stroke that is the trunk or stalk, normally seen in capital letters. Tick/ Hitch - any short stroke, which usually occurs at the top of the letters. Tremor - a writing weakness portrayed by irregular shaky strokes is described as writing tremor. Whirl - the upstroke of looping ascender. 94 RHEM RICK N. CORPUZ, Ph. D Crim

95. Strokes in Handwriting Linear Letters - lower case letters having no ascending loops or stems, or descending loops or stems sometimes called minuscule. No capital letters. Supralinear - letters that extend a distance vertically above the linear letters, (b, d,h,k,l and t) Infralinear - Letters are those that extend a distance vertically below the baseline of the writing or of the linear letters. ( g,j,p,q,y,z ). Double-Length Letters - are those few letters that extend a distance vertically both above and below the linear letters. (f, y, z,p ) 95 RHEM RICK N. CORPUZ, Ph. D Crim

96. Characteristics of Handwriting General(Class) Characteristics - These  characteristics  refer to those habits  are  part  of basic writing system or which are modifications of the system of writing found among so large a group of writes that  have  only slight identification value.   Individual Characteristics - They are characteristics which are the result of the writer's muscular control, coordination, age, health, and nervous tempera­ment, frequency of writing, personality and character. 96 RHEM RICK N. CORPUZ, Ph. D Crim

97. Individual Characteristics Writing  movement   Form and design of letters Muscular  control or motor control - Loose writing - this is characterized by too much freedom of movement and lack of regulation. This is noticed especially in tall letters forms. Restrained writing - there is lack of freedom and inhibited movements.  It gives you the impression that every stroke was made with great difficulty.  This writing is small. There is  distortion of letter forms which may lead to illegibility. Motor  Coordination Shading Skill 97 RHEM RICK N. CORPUZ, Ph. D Crim

98. Individual Characteristics Alignment Pen pressure Connection Pen hold Rhythm Disconnections  or pen lifts between letters Speed . Slant as a writing habit Proportion of letters Quality of stroke or line quality Variation 98 RHEM RICK N. CORPUZ, Ph. D Crim

99. Standards in Handwriting STANDARD. They are known writings which indicate how a person writes. A writer manifests fixed habits in his writings that identify him.  This fact provides the basis for an opinion of conclusion regarding any writing identification problem. EXEMPLARS - Specimen of the writing of suspects are commonly known as exemplars. The term standards is  a general  term referring to all authenticated writings of the suspects while  exemplars  refers more especially to a  specimens  of standard writing offered in evidence or obtained or  request for comparison with the questioned writing. SAMPLE  - A selected representative portion of the whole is known as a sample. In this text, the term "sample" follows closely the statistical usage. 99 RHEM RICK N. CORPUZ, Ph. D Crim

100. Types of Standards Collected Standards are KNOWN (genuine) handwriting of an  individual  such  as  signature  and  endorsements  on  canceled checks,  legal papers letters, commercial, official,  public and private document and other handwriting such as  letters, memoranda,  etc. written in the course of daily life, both business and socials. Request standards are signature or other handwritings (or hand printings) written by an individual upon request for the purpose of comparison with other handwriting or for specimen purposes. Post Litem Motan Exemplars - writings produced by the subject after evidential writings have come into dispute and solely for the purpose of establishing his contentions. 100 RHEM RICK N. CORPUZ, Ph. D Crim

101. Considerations in Acquiring Standard The amount of Standard written Similarly of Subject Matter. If the questioned writings are hand printed, then get hand printed standard or exemplar. Relative  Dates  of the questioned and the  standards  writing standard  signatures or writing must be those  written  five (5) years before or five (5)after the date of the questioned signature or writing. Contemporaneous Standards Condition under which both the questioned and the standard are prepared. look for standards prepared under comparable circumstances such as: paper rested on the knee; standing; sitting; lying down; and/or while on moving vehicle. Writing Instrument and Paper. 101 RHEM RICK N. CORPUZ, Ph. D Crim

102. Procedures for Examination Determine whether all standards are written by same person. Examine the standard handwritings. Examine the individual handwriting characteristics of standards and questioned exemplar. Weigh the points of similarities and points of dissimilarities. Subject the questioned handwriting to a microscopic examination 102 RHEM RICK N. CORPUZ, Ph. D Crim

103. Post Litem Motan Standard writings witnessed Standards writings admitted Record  Maintained in Regular Course of Business as Standard Writings Government  Document as standard Writings Ancient writings 103 RHEM RICK N. CORPUZ, Ph. D Crim

104. Signature Examination RHEM RICK N. CORPUZ, Ph. D Crim 104

105. SIGNATURE SIGNATURE defined – It is the name of a person written by him/her in a document as a sign of acknowledgement. Or, it is a name or a mark that a person puts at the end of a document to attest that he is its author or that he ratifies its contents. 105 RHEM RICK N. CORPUZ, Ph. D Crim

106. Terminologies in Signature Fraudulent Signature. A forged signature. It involves the writing of a name as a signature by someone other. Cross Mark. Historically, many who could not write signed with a cross mark or crude X. This authenticating mark is still used today by illiterates, and if properly witnessed, it can legally stand for a signature. EVIDENTIAL  SIGNATURE - Is not simply a signature - it is a signature, signed at a particular time  and place, under particular conditions, while the signer was at particular age, in a particular physical and mental condition, using particular implements, and with a particular reason and purpose for recording his name. 106 RHEM RICK N. CORPUZ, Ph. D Crim

107. Terminologies in Signature Freehand Signature. A fraudulent signature that was executed purely by simulation rather than by tracing the outline of a genuine signature. Guided Signature. A signature that is executed while the writer’s hand or arm is steadied in any way. Under the law of most jurisdictions such a signature authenticates a legal document provided it is shown that the writer requested the assistance. Guided signatures are most commonly written during a serious illness or on a deathbed. Imitated Signature. Synonymous with freehand forgery . Model Signature. A genuine signature that has been used to prepare an imitated or traced forgery . 107 RHEM RICK N. CORPUZ, Ph. D Crim

108. Types of Signatures FORMAL (a.k.a. CONVENTIONAL or COPYBOOK FORM) - complete correct signature for an important document such as will. INFORMAL (CURSORY) - usually for routine documents and personal correspondence. 1 . Personalized 2 . Semi-personalized   CARELESS SCRIBBLE - for the mail carrier, delivery boy or the autograph collector. 108 RHEM RICK N. CORPUZ, Ph. D Crim

109. Forgery Forgery is, strictly speaking, a legal term which involves not only a non-genuine document but also and intent to fraud. However, it is also used synonymously with fraudulent signature or spurious document. 109 RHEM RICK N. CORPUZ, Ph. D Crim

110. Classes of Forged Signatures SIMULATED OR FREEHAND IMITATION FORGERY – executed purely by simulation rather than by tracing the outline of a genuine signature can be referred as freehand imitation or simulated forgery. Or it refers to the free-hand drawing in imitation of model signature. TRACED  FORGERY (TRACED SIGNATURE) DIRECT TRACING - tracing is made by transmitted light. INDIRECT TRACING - forger uses a carbon paper and place document on which he will trace the forged signature under the document bearing the model signature with a carbon paper between the two. 110 RHEM RICK N. CORPUZ, Ph. D Crim

111. Classes of Forged Signatures   TYPES OF TRACED SIGNATURE: CARBON PROCESS INDENTATION PROCESS TRANSMITTED LIGHT PROCESS SPURIOUS SIGNATURE (SIMPLE FORGERY) - Forger does not try to copy a model but writes something resembling what we ordinarily call a signature. For this, he uses a false (spurious) name and makes a rapid stroke, disturbing his usual writing by adopting a camouflage called disguise. 111 RHEM RICK N. CORPUZ, Ph. D Crim

112. Steps in Signature Examination STEP 1 - Place the questioned and the standard signatures in the juxta -position or slide-by-side for simultaneous viewing of the various elements and characteristics. STEP 2 - The first element to be considered is the handwriting movement or the manner of execution (slow, deliberate, rapid, etc). The fundamental difference existing between a genuine signature and an almost perfect forgery is in the manner of execution. STEP 3 - Second elements to examine is the quality of the line, the presence or tremors, smooth, fluent or hesitation. Defect in line quality is only appreciated when simultane­ous viewing is made. STEP 4 - Examine the beginning and ending lines, they are very significant, determine whether the appearance blunt, club-shaped, tapered or/vanishing. 112 RHEM RICK N. CORPUZ, Ph. D Crim

113. Steps in Signature Examination STEP 5 - Design and structure of the letters - Determine as to roundness, smoothness, angularity and direction. Each indi­vidual has a different concept of letter design. STEP 6 - Look for the presence of retouching or patching. STEP 7 - Connecting strokes, slant, ratio, size, lateral spacing. STEP 8 - Do not rely so much in the similarity or difference of the capital letters, for theses are the often changed according to the whim of the writer. 113 RHEM RICK N. CORPUZ, Ph. D Crim

114. Proof of Genuineness Carelessness Spontaneity Alternation of thick and thin strokes Speed Simplification Upright letters are interspersed with slanting letters The upward strokes to a threadlike tracing Rhythm Good line quality Variation 114 RHEM RICK N. CORPUZ, Ph. D Crim

115. Indicia of Forgery Tremulous and broken connecting strokes between letters, indicating points at which the writer has temporarily struck. no rhythm carefulness or unusual care and deliberation no contrast between upward and downward strokes slow writing- angular writing blunt beginning and endings placement of diacritical marks just over the stem of letters absence of spontaneity - lack of smoothness of letters restrained writing - there is lack of freedom or "inhibited" movements THAT gives the impression that every stroke is made with great difficulty. This writing is small. no variation 115 RHEM RICK N. CORPUZ, Ph. D Crim

116. COUNTERFEITING COUNTERFEITING - It is the crime of making, circulating or uttering false coins and banknotes. Literally, it means to make a copy of; or imitate; to make a spurious semblance of, as money or stamps, with the intent to deceive or defraud. Counterfeiting is something made to imitate the real thing used for gain. FALSIFICATION – The act/process of making the content/s of a document not the intended content. FORGERY – The act of falsely making or materially altering, with intent to defraud, any writing which if genuine, might be of legal efficacy or the foundation of a legal liability. 116 RHEM RICK N. CORPUZ, Ph. D Crim

117. Making of Paper Money ENGRAVING – It is the process by which the line to be printed are cut into pieces of metal by hand or with a machine. Ink is rubbed over the plate to fill the cuts in the metal and the extra ink wiped-off the top. The pressure of the paper on the plate causes the ink in the holes to be lifted on the surface of the paper. The ink lines will be felt to be raised above the surface. The engraving process is used for the production of all genuine bank notes. LETTERPRESS PRINTING – is the most common form of printing books, magazine, letterheads and the usual printing in common uses. In the process, the letters are made on raised pieces of metal which covered with ink and then impressed upon the paper in the same form as a rubber stamp or cliché. The serial numbers of a bank note are usually added by this letterpress process after the note has been produced by an engraving . 117 RHEM RICK N. CORPUZ, Ph. D Crim

118. Making of Paper Money OFFSET PRINTING – is the method a photograph is taken of the desire material and a print is made on a specially prepared aluminum plate. The plate is kept wet with water. When ink is applied, it sticks only these parts of the plate where printing is desired. The aluminum plate is then put in contact with rubber roller which transfers the ink to the papers. The offset process is quite used in small printing plants. Because it was photographic process, it is the most common modern used by counterfeiter to make false paper money. 118 RHEM RICK N. CORPUZ, Ph. D Crim

119. Characteristics of Genuine Bills 119 RHEM RICK N. CORPUZ, Ph. D Crim Distinctive feel & embossed effect Generally smooth The fingers will readily feel the the main print on the front & back on fairly new notes. This is due to the measurable thickness of the ink deposited on the paper which gives the prints an embossed effect. The fingers will hardly feel the main prints of the front & back even on new notes. This is brought about by offset print the most common process employed by counterfeiters The prints are mere stains on the coating of the sensitized paper which is glossy.

120. Feature of the Paper Bills 120 RHEM RICK N. CORPUZ, Ph. D Crim

121. Features of the Paper Bills 121 RHEM RICK N. CORPUZ, Ph. D Crim

122. Paper Fibers The first one is the visible security fibers. These are easily seen in current Philippine banknotes as the blue and red fibers that are randomly spread throughout the front and back of the paper bill. 122 RHEM RICK N. CORPUZ, Ph. D Crim

123. Paper Fibers The other kind is the invisible security fiber. These glow a fluorescent yellow under ultraviolet light. 123 RHEM RICK N. CORPUZ, Ph. D Crim

124. Writing Materials and Papers ANACHRONISM – It refers to something wrong in time and in place. This means that the forger has trouble matching the paper, ink, or writing materials to the exact date it was supposed to have been written. PAPER – These are sheets of interlaced fibers - usually cellulose fibers from plants, but sometimes from cloth rags or other fibrous materials, that is formed by pulping the fibers and causing to felt, or mat, to form a solid surface. WATERMARK  - Certain papers are marked with a translucent design, a watermarks impressed in them during the course of their manufacture. WRITING MATERIALS – Any material used primarily for writing or recording such as papers, cardboard, board papers, Morocco paper, etc. 124 RHEM RICK N. CORPUZ, Ph. D Crim

125. Historical Development PAPYRUS - This came into use about 3,500 B.C. - people of Egypt.  Palestine, Syria, and Southern Europe used the pith (soft spongy tissue of the stem) of the sedge (grass-like herb) CYPERUS PAPYRUS to make a writing material known as PAPYRUS. PARCHMENT - writing material made from skin of animals primarily of sheep, calves or goats - was probably developed in the Middle East more or less contemporaneously with papyrus. It came into wide use only in the 2nd century B.C. in the city of PERGAMUM in ANATOLIA. VELLUM -  writing materials from fine skins from young calves or kids and the term (name) was often used for all kind of parchment manuscripts, it became the most important writing material for bookmaking, while parchment continued for special manuscripts. 125 RHEM RICK N. CORPUZ, Ph. D Crim

126. Anachronism An anachronism (from the Greek " ana ", "against, anti-", and " chronos ", "time") is anything that is temporally incongruous in the time period it has been placed in—that is, it appears in a temporal context in which it seems sufficiently out of place as to be peculiar, incomprehensible or impossible. 126 RHEM RICK N. CORPUZ, Ph. D Crim

127. Quill Pe n A writing implement made from a flight feather of a large bird. The shaft of the feather acts as an ink reservoir and ink flows to the tip via capillary action. The strongest quills come from the primary feathers taken from living birds in the spring. 127 RHEM RICK N. CORPUZ, Ph. D Crim

128. Steel point pen Although pens of bronze may have been known to Romans, the earliest mention of "BRAZEN PENS" was in 1465. The 16th century Spanish calligrapher JUAN DE YCIAR mentions brass pens for very large writing in his 1548 writing manual, but the use of metal pens did not become widespread until the early part of the 19th century. The first patented steel pen point was made by the English engineer BRYAN DONKIN in 1803. The leading 19th century English pen manufacturers were WILLIAM JOSEPH GILLOT, WILLIAM MITCHELL, AND JAMES STEPHEN PERRY. 128 RHEM RICK N. CORPUZ, Ph. D Crim

129. Fountain Pen A pen that contains a reservoir of water-based liquid ink. The ink is drawn through a feed to the nib and then to the paper via a combination of gravity and capillary action. 129 RHEM RICK N. CORPUZ, Ph. D Crim

130. Reed Pen It came from especially selected water grasses found in Egypt, Armenia and along the shores of the Persian Gulf, were prepared by leaving them under dung heaps for several months. It was the first writing tool that had the writing end slightly frayed like a brush. About 2,000 years B.C., this reed pen was first used in NEAR EAST on papyrus and later on parchment. 130 RHEM RICK N. CORPUZ, Ph. D Crim

131. Ball point pen BALL POINT PEN: JOHN LOUD , in 1888, patented the first ball point writing tool.  A ball point pen has in its point a small rotating metal ball that continually inks itself as it turns. The ball is set into a tiny socket. In the center of the socket is a hole that feeds ink to the socket from a long tube (reservoir) inside the pen. 131 RHEM RICK N. CORPUZ, Ph. D Crim

132. Fiber Tip Pen The  first practical fiber tip pen was invented by  YUKIO HORIE  of Japan in 1962. It was ideally suited to the strokes of Japanese writing, which is traditionally done with a pointed ink brush. Dye is fed to the point by elaborate capillary mechanism. 132 RHEM RICK N. CORPUZ, Ph. D Crim

133. Invisible Ink Inks developed by heat Cola drink (diluted) Milk Honey (diluted) Onion Juice Semen Urine Soap water Vinegar or Wine Sugar solution Apple, Orange, Lemon 133 RHEM RICK N. CORPUZ, Ph. D Crim

134. TYPEWRITER EXAMINATION RHEM RICK N. CORPUZ, Ph. D Crim 134

135. Typewriter defined. TYPEWRITER - A writing machine with a keyboard for reproducing letters, figures, symbols and other resembling printed ones; a machine that can reproduce printed characters on papers or that can produce printed letters and figures on paper; a machine designed to print or impress type characters on paper, as a speedier and more legible substitute for handwriting. 135 RHEM RICK N. CORPUZ, Ph. D Crim

136. Basic Terminologies CARBON  IMPRESSION -  Any typewriting which is placed  on  the paper  by  the  action of the type  faces  striking  thought carbon  paper is classed as a carbon impression.  Generally, carbon impressions are "carbon copies", but sometime original typewriting is made directly through a carbon ribbon. CHARACTER  - In connection with typewriting identification, the term "Character" is used to include letters, symbols, numerals, or points of punctuation. CLOGGED  (DIRTY) TYPEFACES - With use the type  faces  becomes filled  with lint, dirty and ink, particularly  in  enclosed letters  such  as  the o,e,p , and g. DEFECTS - The term defect describes any abnormality or malad­justment in a typewriter which is reflected in its works and which leads to its individualization or identification. OFF  ITS FEET - The condition of a typeface printing heavier on one side or corner than over the remainder of its out­line. 136 RHEM RICK N. CORPUZ, Ph. D Crim

137. Basic Terminologies PERMANENT DEFECT - Any identifying characteristics of a type-writer which cannot be corrected by simply cleaning the type face or replacing the ribbon is classified as a permanent defect. PLATEN - The cylinder which serve as the backing of the paper and which absorbs the blow on the type face is known as a platen. REBOUND - A defect in which a character prints a double impression with the lighter one slightly offset to the right or left. RIBBON IMPRESSIONS  - Typewriting which is made directly through a cloth ribbon is called ribbon impression. RIBBON CONDITION - Typewriter ribbons gradually deteriorate with use and the degree of determination is a measure of the ribbon condition. 137 RHEM RICK N. CORPUZ, Ph. D Crim

138. Basic Terminologies TWISTED  LETTER  - Each letter and character is  designed  to print  a certain fixed angle to the base line, due to  wear, and damage to the type bars and the type block, some letters become  twisted  so that they lean to the right or  left  of their correct slant. TYPE  FACE - The printing surface of the type block is  known as the type face, with most modern typewriter this block  is attached  at  the  end of a movable arm or  type bar  which propels  the type face against the ribbon and paper to  make the typewriter impression. TYPE FACE DEFECTS - Any peculiarity of typewriting caused by actual damage to the type face metal is known as type face defect. These defect may be actual breaks in the outline of the  letter where the metal has been chipped away  sometimes referred  to as broken type, or they may be distorted  out­lines  of  the letter where the type face metal  has  become bent or smashed, they can only be corrected by replacing the type block. 138 RHEM RICK N. CORPUZ, Ph. D Crim

139. Types of Typewriter CONVENTIONAL TYPEWRITERS USING TYPE BARS Pica Type - 10 letter/inch Elite Type - 12 Letters/inch TYPEWRITER  USING  SINGLE  ELEMENT  OR  BALL  -  A machine,  capable of typing 10 or 12 characters per inch.  Change of horizontal spacing is done easily by the flip of a switch. TYPEWRITER USING A PRINT WHEEL (ELECTRONIC TYPEWRITER) – This has a disc type device called a print wheel, The printwheel contains all of characters represented on the typewriter keyboard. This machine has the capability of typing 10, 12 and 15 letters per inch . 139 RHEM RICK N. CORPUZ, Ph. D Crim

140. Some Early Forms of Typewriter 140 RHEM RICK N. CORPUZ, Ph. D Crim

141. Some Early Forms of Typewriter 141 RHEM RICK N. CORPUZ, Ph. D Crim

142. TEST OF MEMORY RHEM RICK N. CORPUZ, Ph. D OLIVER G. SALTA, MSCJE QDE SPECIALIST

143. The thickness of paper expressed in thousands of inch. Measurement Caliper Buffer Calibre 8/16/2013

144. Chemical used to whiten paper pulp. Bleach Alum Sufite Pulp 8/16/2013

145. A form of printing to produce a raised impression or pattern on the surface of a sheet of paper. Lithograph printing Embossing Edge chains Reprographing 8/16/2013

146. The original inventor of Fourdrinier paper machine. Fourdrinier Brothers Bryan Donkin Nicholas-Louis Robert Milton Reynolds 8/16/2013

147. Quality of a paper related to the amount of light that can be transmitted through its surface. Thickness Opacity Translucent Texture 8/16/2013

148. Fundamentally, the grand mission and objective of document examiner is to determine and conclude with scientific basis and technique who Beneficiaries Writer or signatory Master mind Conspirator 8/16/2013

149. In questioned document, it is where all characteristics are grouped. Class characteristics Individual characteristics Both A and B Neither 8/16/2013

150. The term used in questioned document when the writer removes the pen from the paper. Hiatus Pen pressure Pen lift Pen stop 8/16/2013

151. A writing was written by one person when there is a sufficient number of identical writing habits and the absence of divergent characteristics. This is in consonance with Identification Non-identification Either Niether 8/16/2013

152. Embellishment is an example of Individual Characteristics Class Characteristics Both Niether 8/16/2013

153. Alignment is the relation of the parts of the whole line of writing or line of individual letters in words or signature to the _________. Writer Paper Pen Baseline 8/16/2013

154. Hiatus is a gap between strokes due to Speed in writing Defective writing instrument Unevenness of writing materials All 8/16/2013

155. Among the following, which is not an element of movement? Line Quality Rhythm Speed Freedom emphasis 8/16/2013

156. Writing, done rapidly, will exhibit no pen lift, except those at the Middle of the words/strokes End of the stroke Beginning of strokes B and C 8/16/2013

157. The orientation of the writing instrument is referred to as Pen position Pen hold Pen emphasis Pen orientation 8/16/2013

158. The relation between the tall and short letters is referred to as Ratio Proportion Line quality All 8/16/2013

159. What will be produced when the writer concentrate his attention on what he is writing rather than on how the pen point is being moved? Poor line quality Good line quality Shading Tremor 8/16/2013

160. In questioned document examination, it is referred to as the flourishing succession of motion which are recorded in a written record. Line quality Rhythm Speed in writing Movement 8/16/2013

161. Slant is the angle or inclination of the axis of the letters relative to the Baseline Slope Alignment Staff 8/16/2013

162. Uncommon and well fixed characteristic that serve as a fundamental point of identification. Slant Habit Movement All 8/16/2013

163. Baseline is the ruled or imaginary line upon which the writing ______ Holds Rests Stays Slants 8/16/2013

164. Among the following, which is a common defect of forgery? Patching Retracing A and B None 8/16/2013

165. Letters that extend a distance vertically above the linear letters. Infra-linear Supra-linear Linear None 8/16/2013

166. The only question to tackle in this kind of signature forgery is the determination of the probable writer of the forgery. Simple forgery Simulated forgery Traced forgery A and B 8/16/2013

167. A kind of signature forgery where the resemblance of the questioned signature and genuine is apparent. Fraudulent Simulated Simple Traced 8/16/2013

168. To identify whether simple forgery was committed, which of the following should be retrieved? Standard signature from the forger Standard of the genuine signature Standard of the person who made the forgery Identity of the forger 8/16/2013

169. One of the following statements best describe what a collected standard is. It has the advantage of easily finding it. Attempt to disguise is removed. The accused is aware that the specimen will be used against him. None 8/16/2013

170. Authenticity of private documents is not necessary when It is 30 years old More than 30 years old Less than 30 years old More or less 30 years old 8/16/2013

171. Counterfeit paper bill glows under ultra violet light. True Partly true False Partly false 8/16/2013

172. During paper manufacture, the following are included except Security fiber Watermarks Iridescent band Serial number 8/16/2013

173. Which of the following is not a crime called forgery? Forging the seal of the government Counterfeiting of coins Mutilation of coins Using forged signature or counterfeit seal or stamp 8/16/2013

174. The imitation of a legal or genuine coin. Counterfeit Mutilation Utter Import 8/16/2013

175. When a spurious coin is made, there is Counterfeiting Uttering Mutilation Importing 8/16/2013

176. Mutilation of coins without the intent to defraud is Not punishable under the revised penal code Not punishable by any law Punishable under the revised penal code Punishable under Art. 164 of the RPC. 8/16/2013

177. To make false instrument intended to be passed for the genuine one is a form of Falsification Forgery Tracing Fraud 8/16/2013

178. An instrument payable to _______ where it is drawn payable to the order of a specified person. Order Bearer Obligations Contract 8/16/2013

179. Which of the following method should be used in order for the naked eye to see a charred document? X-ray Spectrograph Ultra violet Infra red 8/16/2013

180. In questioned document examination, what are the irregularities on strokes, shaking or wavering of strokes? Shakening Tremor Strokes Variation 8/16/2013

181. When bank notes or other documents payable to bearer are forged, it is called Forgery Falsification Counterfeiting All 8/16/2013

182. Which of the following security features of a paper bill does not react to ultra-violet light? Serial Number Watermark Fluorescent printing Invisible security fibers 8/16/2013

183. Paper is for china while papyrus is for Sumer China Sumeria Egypt 8/16/2013

184. Thank you and GODBLESS! IF THE LAW HAS MADE YOU...A WITNESS, YOU WILL... REMAIN A MAN OF SCIENCE. YOU HAVE NO VICTIM TO AVENGE, NO GUILTY OR INNOCENT TO RUIN OR SAVE. YOU WILL BEAR WITNESS WITHIN THE LIMITS OF SCIENCE RHEM RICK N. CORPUZ, Ph. D Crim 184