Qurantine Measures

PPT on Qurantine Measures By Ayesha Noor UAF Sub Campus Burewala PBG Department

1. Quarantine Measures By Ayesha Noor 2015-ag-7318

2. Contents INTRODUCTION Importance of Quarantine International Trade & Policy INTERNATIONAL QUARANTINE STANDARDS Different Quarantine Treatments CONCLUSION

3. What is quuarantine ? Quarantine is a strategy of control and prevent the entry & spread of pests and diseases. It covers all regulatory actions taken to exclude animal or plant pests & pathogens entering from a site, area, country or group of countries.

4. What is isolation? Isolation means separation of products which are infected or contaminated from others, so that such infection or contamination do not spread further.

5. History Quarantine“ is derived from the Italian word Quarantum , which means forty days period 1st quarantine work started in 1879 in Fiji & in 1900’s The Agricultural Quarantine started again in Fiji

6. Importance of quarantine in export promotion To prevent the introduction and spread of exotic pests that are destructive to crops by regulating/restricting the import of plants/plant products To facilitate safe global trade in agriculture by assisting the producers and exporters by providing a technically competent and reliable phytosanitary certificate system to meet the requirements of trading partners To inspect goods coming from other country & to check for exotic pests, diseases and weeds

7. Importance of quarantine in export promotion Inspection of imported agricultural commodities for preventing entry of exotic pests and diseases Inspection of agricultural commodities meant for export as per the requirements of importing countries under International Plant Protection Convention (IPPC) Detection of exotic pests and diseases already introduced for controlling/containing them by adopting domestic quarantine regulations Undertaking Post Entry Quarantine Inspection in respect of identified planting materials Conducting the Pest Risk Analysis (PRA) to finalise phytosanitary requirements for import of plant/plant material

8. Standard Export Procedures and Plant Quarantine Preparation for export Preparation of export item Application for export quarantine inspection Export inspection (documents and items) Issuance of the Phytosanitary Certificate Application to customs Customs clearance Loading onto the ship/aircraft Importing country (Plant quarantine, customs clearance)

9. International Standards, Trade & Policy International standards World Trade organisation (WTO) MRL’s Established by CODEX Sanitary and Phytosanitary measures(SPS) Phytosanitary certification(PC) Pest risk analysis(PRA) North American Plant Protection Organization (NAPPO) International Plant Protection Convention (IPPC) National standards Post entry quarantine(PEQ)

10. International Standards, Trade & Policy Located in Geneva, Switzerland Came into existence on 1 st January, 1995 replacing GATT 1948 (General Agreement on Trade & Tariffs) Currently WTO has 153 countries (on 23 July 2008)

11. The WTO reiterates the objectives of GATT To set and enforce rules for international trade To provide a forum for negotiating and monitoring further trade liberalization To increase the transparency of decision-making processes To resolve trade disputes To cooperate with other major international economic institutions involved in global economic management To help developing countries benefit fully from the global trading system

12. Standards for exporting Agricultural products to foreign countries SPS Measures-1995 Sanitary and Phyto -sanitary measures are various regulations imposed by government or applied by industries to ensure Food safety of both raw and processed Protect plant and animal health These measures may include prescribed product standards, labelling and packaging requirements, quarantine treatment, processing and production standards, and testing, inspection, certification and approval procedures

13. Objective Presents future requirements for post entry quarantine (PEQ) and testing for the quarantine pathogens associated To promote a rationalized, modern and harmonized quarantine or SPS system with the dual functions of border protection and trade/export facilitation SPS measures are applied in Indonesia, Malaysia, Japan, China & Australia for import of species.

14. Phytosanitary certificate These are documents issued by an official of an exporting country, or country of re-export, attesting to the freedom from pests and admissibility into the destination country for specific plants or plant products.

15. Phytosanitary certificate performs the following tasks at the port of entry Identify type of plants or plant products Identify area where plants or plant products were grown Determine if the plants or plant products were treated in country of origin and if so, identify the treatment Determine if quarantine requirements are met Confirm that plant products meet specific certification requirements

16. Pest Risk Analysis PRA is a process of investigation, evaluation of information and decision making with respect to a certain pest, that starts once it is known or determined that this pest is a quarantine pest.

17. Purpose of Pest Risk Analysis To estimate the likelihood of entry, establishment, spread of pest and its impact To protect the country’s agriculture from damages that could be caused by harmful (quarantine) pests which can be brought in along with imported commodities To justify Phytosanitary measures on traded plant products

18. North American Plant Protection Organization NAPPO is the phytosanitary standard setting organization recognized by NAFTA & created under the authority of the IPPC of the FAO of the United Nations NAPPO countries formalized this relationship in a cooperative agreement between Canada, United States and Mexico in  1976

19. North American Plant Protection Organization Steps for Certifying a Commodity Determine certification eligibility Determine country’s import requirements Inspect the commodity Completion of export certificate Collect user fee

20. International Plant Protection Convention(IPPC) It is the phytosanitary standard setting organization named in WTO-SPS Agreements & Implemented by the FAO in 1952 Purpose To prevent the introduction and spread of pests(article-1 of IPPC) To provide an appropriate measures to control the introduced pests

21. Standards ISPM1 :Principles of Plant Quarantine as related to International Trade ISPM2 :Guidelines for PRA ISPM7 :Export Certification System ISPM11 :PRA For Quarantine Pests ISPM12 :Guidelines for Phytosanitary certificates

22. Key Obligations To setup & administer a National Plant Protection Organization (NAPPO) Official IPPC contact points Conduct treatments & certify exports Regulate import Cooperate internationally Share information on pests & regulation Develop & take into account Phytosanitary standards

23. Post Entry Quarantine "Post-entry Quarantine" means growing of plants in isolation for any specified period in a glass-house and a facility, area of nursery, approved by the Plant Protection Adviser. Purpose To facilitate adoption of standard operating procedures by all the inspection authorities notified by the Ministry of Agriculture To prevent the introduction and spread of destructive pests that affects plants and other plant material Examine the container and the seeds for pesticide residue

24. Different Quarantine Treatments Chemical Treatment Physical Treatment

25. Chemical Treatments Fumigation Methyl Bromide Fumigation + Refrigeration of Fruits Cold Treatment + Fumigation of Fruits Controlled Atmosphere High-Temperature Treatments (CATTS)

26. Physical Treatments Water Treatment High Temperature Forced Air Vapour Heat Cold Treatment Irradiation Radio frequency heating Quick Freeze Re-export

27. Fumigation Fumigation is the act of releasing/application of toxic chemicals in a gaseous state in a gas tight enclosure to kill insect and other pests Used to prevent transfer of exotic pest & insects during processing of goods to be imported or exported Chemicals are applied as aerosols, smoke, mist, and fog

28. Fumigation Examples Methyl bromide -most widely used fumigants although its use was restricted by the Montreal Protocol due to its role in ozone depletion< br /> Phosphine Formaldehyde Hydrogen cyanide 1,3-dichloropropene Methyl isocyanate

29. MB is most effective in treating some of pests & insects like mites & ticks, nematodes, snails & slugs, fungi Over 95% of consumption of methyl bromide for treatment of commodities like Export logs and sawn timber Wooden packaging materials, dunnage Export of fruit and vegetables Some export grains, pulses and oilseeds, and derived products Dried food stuffs

30. Commodities suitable for Methyl Bromide Fumigation Grapes Leafy vegetables Okra Citrus Almond Stone fruit Walnut Corn Root crops Ornamentals beans/lentils Produce will be treated with methyl bromide to control pests before 21 days prior to export to meet the official requirements of the import and export of different countries

31. Physical Treatment Water Treatments-Non-heated Soapy Water and Wax Cherimoya, Limes and Passion fruit from Chile Spider mite in grapes Warm Soapy Water and brushing Durian and other large fruits such as breadfruit for external feeders To kill aphids eggs & larvae

32. Physical Treatment Heat Treatments Maintaining the product at a specific temperature for a specified time; designed to kill plant pests without destroying or devaluing the infested commodity Goal Heat the product for a short time without damaging quality, yet controlling target pest Considerations Type of product Heating Method Treatment Time & Temperature

33. Physical Treatment Hot Water Treatment Temperature varies between 40°c to 60°c Time varies between 30sec to <10min Purpose is to reduce damage caused by fungi, mealy bugs

34. Physical Treatment Vapour Heat Treatment The temperature-ramp up time -heating time relations varies with the commodity and the pest involved Treatment temp varies from 35°c to 50 °c Temperature of the innermost fruit pulp must not exceed >47.5 °c during a ramp up time of 4hrs Time varies from 20min to 30min Treatment is mainly aimed against fruit flies in most of the fruits

35. Physical Treatment Forced Hot Air Treatment Air temperature varies from 43° to 49°c RH varies from 30-80% A venturi exhaust fan is used which forces the air at rate of 20.67 m 3 /min Commodity like papaya, mango, starfruit , lychee , eggplant, pepper, cucumber etc This method is used for disinfesting fruits from flies like mediterranean fruit fly, melon fly, oriental fruit fly in papaya and mango seed weevil in mango

36. Physical Treatment Cold Treatment Temperature varies from 0°c to 21°c & RH varies from 75% to 95% Starting with low temp of 0°c for beetroot, carrot and little high temp of 13°c to 21°c for tomato Other products like Cabbage, Orange, Cauliflower, Cucumber, Pears, Pumpkin, Spinach Used against fruit fly like Caribbean fruit fly by exposing fruits at 0°c to 2.22°c To control other pests and plant pathogens quick freezing at -17°c or below can also be done

37. Controlled Atmosphere Temperature Treatment Systems (CATTS) CATTS combines forced moist or vapour hot air with controlled atmosphere (i.e. low oxygen, high carbon dioxide) Air speed equivalent to 1.3-2.0 m/s Gases composition equivalent to 1% O₂ and 15% CO₂ & RH of up to 90% Treatment temp is 47°c for 4hr, with core temp ≤46.5°c for 25 min &ramp up temp of 12°c/hr Treatment is done in a chamber similar to a vapour heat or forced hot air chamber with facility of introducing N₂ & Co₂ Developed to control western cherry fruit fly & codling moth in sweet cherries and Mexican & West Indian fruit fly in mangoes

38. Physical Treatment Irradiation Food is exposed to ionizing radiations like gamma-ray, X-ray, and electron beams in order to sterilize or kill insects and microbial pests by damaging their DNA Irradiation doses that will result in a 1-log reduction in bacterial pathogens are in the range of 0.2–0.8 kGy Radiation kills microorganisms by raising food temperature quickly U.S Food & Drug Administration has approved all types of irradiated fresh F&V, can be treated up to a maximum dose of 1 kGy Note: Gy =Gray or 100 rad /kg kGy =1000 Gray

39. Approaches for the Future Chemically-Based Alternatives New Fumigants & New Techniques Mating Disruption Emissions Control Non-Chemical/Physical Alternatives Irradiation Heat/Cold Physical Control Combination of Compression/Vacuum technique RF Energy

40. Fumigant Alternatives Newly Developed Fumigants COS – Carbonyl Sulfide O₃ – Ozone< br />CH₃I – Methyl Iodide C₂N₂ – Cyanogen Modified Existing Fumigants SO₂F₂ – Profume C ₂ H₅COOH – Ethyl Formate C₃ H₆O – Propylene Oxide PH₃ – ECO₂ Fume

41. Pathways for the Entry of Pests and Pathogens Natural Pathways Artificial Pathways

42. Natural Pathways Winds, storms, jet streams Air and convection currents Ocean currents Surface drainage Natural seed dispersal Fliers (insects and mites) Migratory species (locusts) Self-locomotion (zoospores) Vectors (insects, nematodes) Other carriers (birds and other higher animals)

43. Artificial Pathways Cargo (agricultural and nonagricultural) Mail Beggage Common carriers (ships, vehicles, airplanes) Dunnage , crates, packing materials Smuggling Farm practices (irrigation, used farm equipment)

44. Conclusion Quarantine is an important protocol for international food trading To prevent dumping of low quality goods in the country Increasing competence of the manufacturers to compete in the international market Protecting the nation from introduction & spread of exotic pests and disease.

45. Conclusion Overall safety and welfare of nation’s economy and mankind If Quarantine regulations were made mandatory in past, today India would have been free from important diseases like leaf rust of coffee( Srilanka ), late blight of potato(UK), Bunchy top of banana( Srilanka ), onion smut of onion(Europe)