R.V.MANIESSH RAM XI 'C' COMPUTER HOLIDAY HOMEWORK.pptx

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1. TITLE: "AGRICULTURE CROPS IN TAMIL NADU AND WEST BENGAL" SUBTITLE: A COMPARATIVE STUDY SUBJECT: COMPUTER SCIENCE N AME: R.V.MANIESSH RAM CLASS AND SEC : XI C DATE: 11/9/2023

2. Introduction Agriculture is a vital sector in India, employing about 58% of the population . India has the world’s largest cattle herd, largest area planted to wheat, rice, and cotton, and is the largest producer of milk, pulses, and spices in the world . Rice, wheat, cotton, oilseeds, jute, tea, sugarcane, milk, and potatoes are the major agricultural commodities produced. Over 60% of the country . India has the second-largest arable land base and largest gross irrigated area in the world . Agriculture plays a crucial role in generating employment .

3. It supplies raw materials to various agro -based industries like sugar, jute, cotton textile and Vanaspati industries. Food processing industries are similarly dependent on agriculture. Therefore, the development of these industries entirely is dependent on agriculture . Indian agriculture has registered impressive growth over the last few decades. The Indian agricultural sector is predicted to increase to US$ 24 billion by 2025 . Indian food and grocery market is the world’s sixth-largest, with retail contributing 70% of the sales . India’s agricultural and processed food products exports stood at US$ 43.37 billion in FY23 (April 2022-January 2023)

4. Agriculture Overview in India Agriculture is a significant sector in India, employing more than 50% of the Indian workforce and contributing 17-18% to the country’s GDP 1 . In 2016, agriculture and allied sectors like animal husbandry, forestry, and fisheries accounted for 17.5% of the GDP with about 41.49% of the workforce in 2020 1 . The Department of Agriculture & Farmers Welfare publishes an annual report called Agricultural Statistics at a Glance , which provides comprehensive data on important parameters such as area, production, and productivity of various crops across states, land-use statistics, price support and procurement, international trade, credit, and insurance .!

5. Geography of Tamil Nadu Tamil Nadu is a state located in the southern part of India. It is the tenth largest state in India and covers an area of 130,058 square kilometers . Tamil Nadu is bordered by Kerala to the west, Karnataka to the northwest, Andhra Pradesh to the north, the Bay of Bengal to the east, and the Indian Ocean to the south . The state has a coastline of about 1,076 kilometers , which is the country’s third-longest coastline after Gujarat and Andhra Pradesh . The terrain of Tamil Nadu is diverse. The western, southern, and northwestern parts are hilly and a mix of vegetation and arid. Tamil Nadu is the only state in India that has both the Western Ghat and the Eastern Ghat mountain ranges which both meet at the Nilgiri Hills

6. The Western Ghats dominate the entire western border with Kerala, effectively blocking much of the rain-bearing clouds of the South West Monsoon from entering the state. The eastern parts are fertile coastal plains. The northern parts are a mix of hills and plains. south-central regions are arid plains Tamil Nadu falls mostly in a region of low seismic hazard with the exception of the western border areas that lie in a low to moderate hazard zone . The climate of Tamil Nadu ranges from wet rainforests to semi-arid. The state has distinct periods of rainfall, which are the advancing monsoon period, South-west monsoon (from June to September) with strong southwest winds, the North-east monsoon (from October to December), with dominant northeast winds, and the Dry season (from January to May) The normal annual rainfall of Tamil Nadu is about 945 mm , of which 48% is through the North East monsoon, and 32% through the South West monsoon

7. Geography of West Bengal West Bengal is a state in eastern India, located between 85 degree 50 minutes and 89 degree 50 minutes east longitude, and 21 degrees 25 minutes and 27 degrees 13 minutes north latitude . The state has a total area of 88,752 square kilometres (34,267 sq mi) . West Bengal is primarily defined by plains and plateaus, with the high peaks of the Himalayas in the north and the Bay of Bengal to the south . The state shares its boundaries with Bangladesh on its eastern border, Assam and Sikkim to its northeast, Odisha to its southwest, Jharkhand and Bihar to its west, and Nepal to its northwest . West Bengal has four major geographical regions: The Chotonagpur plateau region in its northwestern parts The Himalaya mountain region

8. The Himalayan region is situated to the north of the state. This region belongs to the Eastern Himalaya range. Darjeeling Himalayan hill region is a part of this range. It is known for its tea plantations and scenic beauty . The lower Gangetic plain region is situated in the southern part of West Bengal. It is drained by several rivers such as Bhagirathi, Mayurakshi , Damodar, Kangsabati , Teesta, Torsha , Jaldhaka , Mahananda, Subarnarekha and Rupnarayan . The coastal belt is situated in the southern part of West Bengal. It shares its boundaries with the Bay of Bengal. The Sundarbans delta is located in this region. It is one of the largest mangrove forests in the world .

9. Climate in Tamil Nadu Tamil Nadu has a tropical climate with fairly hot temperatures throughout the year except during the monsoon seasons. The state is classified into seven agro -climatic zones: north-east, north-west, west, southern, high rainfall, high altitude hilly, and Cauvery Delta (the most fertile agricultural zone) . th e summer in Tamil Nadu runs throughout March, April and May and is characterized by intense heat and scant rainfall across the state. The monsoon season is from June to December with three distinct periods of rainfall: advanced rainfall; rainfall from the tropical cyclones emerging in the neighborhood of the Andaman Islands during the Retreat of Monsoons (October–November); and the North-East monsoon during the months of October–December, with dominant northeast monsoon winds from the western disturbances emerging over the Bay of Bengal .

10. Climate in West Bengal The climate of West Bengal is varied and distinct . The southern portions of the state have a tropical savannah climate, while the north has a humid subtropical climate . There are five main seasons in West Bengal: spring, summer, rainy season, a short autumn, and winter . Spring is considered the most pleasant season over the plains of West Bengal and lies from mid-February to mid-March. Temperatures range between 20 °C – 30 °C and there is no rainfall. Though occasional rain or light showers are witnessed due to Western disturbances in North India .

11. The summer season is observed from March to May in most of Bengal. In Bengal, summers can be extremely hot and have high humidity. The plains of South Bengal have a daily maximum temperature around 35–38 °C. It can also exceed 40 °C. The western highlands experience a dry summer like northern India. During the day, the temperature ranges from 38 to 42 °C, though it can reach or exceed 45 °C. In summer, the plains of North Bengal are generally cooler than the west and south. In this area, the daily maximum temperature varies from 26 to 32 °C. It occasionally crosses 35 °C . The minimum temperature in summer is approximately 18–22 °C. The Darjeeling hill region is the coolest area in summer. Here, the daily highest temperature is 15–25 °C . The monsoon season starts in mid-June and continues until the end of September

12. Tamil Nadu is one of the most agriculturally productive states in India. The state has seven agro -climatic zones and different soil conditions that are suitable for the growth of food crops, species, horticulture, medicinal, and aromatic plants . The major crops grown in Tamil Nadu include: Paddy : It is the most important staple food crop of Tamil Nadu. The major variety of paddy grown in Tamil Nadu is Ponni and Kichadi. Rice cultivation in the state is 3 Million Hectares. Paddy cultivation is concentrated in Thanjavur Major Crops in Tamil Nadu

13. Millets : Major millets are Sorghum/Jowar ( Cholam ), Ragi ( Kezhvaragu ), and Bajra ( Kambu ). Millets are stable food for 1/3 of the population of Tamil Nadu. Millets are grown in drier areas as well as coastal plains. Sorghum is cultivated in the Coimbatore plateau and Kambam Valley. Ragi is grown in cultivated Dharmapuri, Vellore, Coimbatore, and Cuddalore districts. Bajra is grown in Ramanathapuram , Tirunelveli, Karur, Perambalur and Salem Districts .

14. Pulses : Pulses are the main source of protein in India for the Vegetarian Population. Major pulses grown in India are Bengal Gram, Black Gram, Green Gram, Cow Pea, and Horse Gram. Pulses are grown mostly in drier regions with or without irrigation. A mild Cool Climate and low to moderate rainfall are optimal for Pulse cultivation. It also serves as excellent fodder for animals. Pulses are grown in almost all the districts of Chennai, Nilgiris, and Kanyakumari.

15. Oil Seeds : Groundnut, gingelly, castor, coconut, sunflower, and mustard are the major oil seeds grown in Tamil Nadu 2. Sugarcane : Sugarcane is one of the major cash crops grown in Tamil Nadu . Cash Crops : Tea, coffee, cotton are some of the major cash crops grown in Tamil Nadu .

16. Major Crops in West Bengal The primary crops grown in West Bengal are rice , maize , pulses , oil seeds , wheat , barley , potatoes , and vegetables 1 . In addition, West Bengal is a major producer of jute and meets about 66% of India’s jute needs 1 . The state also cultivates a variety of fruits such as mangoes ,

17. Challenges in Agriculture Agriculture is a vital sector in India, contributing to the country’s economy and employment. However, it faces several challenges that hinder its growth and development. According to a report by India CSR , some of the challenges faced by Indian agriculture include: Declining profitability : The profitability of agriculture has been decreasing over the years, making it less attractive to farmers. Low productivity : Indian agriculture has low productivity due to the small size of farms, which limits access to resources such as financial services, credit, and support expertise. Increasing reliance on imports : India is increasingly relying on imports to meet its food requirements, which is a cause for concern. Falling water levels : Falling water levels are a significant challenge for Indian agriculture, as it relies heavily on irrigation.

18. Distorted market : The market for agricultural products in : Farmers in India face high-interest rates on loans, making it difficult for them to invest in their farms. is distorted, with farmers receiving low prices for their produce. Some underlying reasons for underdevelopment of agriculture include poor extension, low availability of institutional credit, low level of investments in agriculture, and low level of technology . Despite these challenges, the Indian government has taken several steps to address them. For instance, the government has launched several schemes such as the Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana (PMFBY) and the Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchai Yojana (PMKSY) to improve crop insurance and irrigation facilities .

19. Government Initiatives Under the National Action Plan for Climatic Change (NAPCC) missions, the Indian government has implemented the National Mission for Sustainable Agriculture (NMSA), which includes several supporting programs such as Paramparagat Krishi Vikas Yojana (PKVY), Rainfed Area Development (RAD), Soil Health Card (SHC), Mission Organic for Value Chain Development for North East (MOVCD), National Bamboo Mission (NBM), and Sub-Mission on Agroforestry (SMAF) . The NMSA aims to enhance agricultural productivity, especially in rainfed areas, by focusing on integrated farming, water use efficiency, soil health management, and synergizing resource conservation . The PKVY scheme promotes organic farming by providing financial assistance to farmers who cultivate crops without using chemical fertilizers and pesticides .

20. The SHC scheme provides farmers with soil health cards that contain information about soil nutrients and recommendations for appropriate fertilizers . The MOVCD scheme aims to develop organic value chains in the northeastern region of India by providing financial assistance to farmers and entrepreneurs . The NBM scheme aims to promote bamboo cultivation and utilization by providing technical assistance and financial support to farmers . The SMAF scheme aims to promote agroforestry by providing technical assistance and financial support to farmers . These initiatives aim to improve the economic conditions of farmers and revitalize the agriculture sector in India.

21. Technological Advancements India has made significant strides in the field of agriculture with the help of modern technology. Some of the technological advancements in agriculture in India include: Introduction of tractors, new tillage and harvesting equipment, irrigation methods, and air seeding technology, all leading to improved quality of the food and fiber . Easier digital reach through farmer collectivization . Development of the “ agristack ” . Digital soil-health cards . Digitally enabled direct benefit transfer in fertilizer sales .

22. Agricultural Accelerator Fund and digital public infrastructure . The use of technology has defined the 21st century. As the world moves toward quantum computing, AI, big data, and other new technologies, India has a tremendous opportunity to reap the advantage of being an IT giant and revolutionize the farming sector . The government has increased its focus on the sector, implementing various policies and initiatives to boost productivity and growth . By 2030, agriculture could contribute around $600 billion to India’s GDP—an increase of 50 percent over its contribution in 2020 To address these issues, agtech is being used to make farmers more profitable and boost the contribution of agriculture to India’s economy. Solutions have begun to be more farmer-centric: each part of the value chain that is digitizing, be it finance, inputs (products needed to grow crops such as seeds, agrochemicals, and fertilizers), or advisory—are directly targeting the farmer .

23. Future of Agriculture The future of agriculture is expected to be more productive, efficient, safe, and environmentally sustainable with the help of cutting-edge equipment, robotic systems, and precision agriculture. the future of agriculture involves much-developed technologies like robotics, temperature and moisture sensors, aerial images, and GPS technology . These advanced devices and precision agriculture and robotic systems will allow farms to be more profitable, efficient . In India, the adoption of digital agriculture is anticipated to nurture under the Public-Private Partnership (PPP) mode. The demand for digitization in Indian agriculture is well understood and acknowledged. Likewise, efforts have also been made towards digitizing the prevailing value chain .

24. The future of food and agriculture is explored in a report by FAO . The report explores three different scenarios for the future of food and agriculture based on alternative trends for key drivers, including income growth and distribution, population growth, technical progress, and climate change . The agriculture industry has radically transformed over the past 50 years. Advances in machinery have expanded the scale, speed, and productivity of farm equipment leading to more efficient cultivation of more land. Seed, irrigation, and fertilizers also have vastly improved helping farmers increase yields .

25. Conclusion Agriculture is an important sector in both Tamil Nadu and West Bengal. Tamil Nadu is the largest producer of bananas, turmeric, and tapioca in India. It is also a major producer of rice, sugarcane, and groundnut . West Bengal is the largest producer of rice in India and is also known for its production of jute, tobacco, tea, and sesame . It is difficult to compare the two states as they have different crops and climatic conditions. However, based on the information available, both states have a strong agricultural sector with a variety of crops.so I concude that both the state are best crop producer in I ndia but T amil N adu is vast producer of more crops in I ndia

26. Thank You