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1. Types of Nuclear Reactors Raman Kumar Jha & Rahul Kumar M. Sc. Sem 3 Deoghar College, SKMU Apsara, India’s 1st Nuclear Reactor

2. INTRODUCTION TO NUCLEAR FISSION Nuclear fission is the splitting of an atom’s nucleus to release energy Used in nuclear reactors to generate electricity

3. Overview of Nuclear Reactor Reactors are used to initiate and control a nuclear fission chain reaction Types of reactors vary based on their design and purpose

4. Basic Components of a Nuclear Reactor

5. Pressurized water Reactor (PWR) Most common type of Reactor (70%) Uses water under pressure to prevent boiling Two loops: one for heat transfer, and the other for steam generation Pressurized water reactor vessel heads

6. Advantages of PWR: Efficient heat transfer Relatively simple design Proven technology

7. Boiling water Reactor (BWR) Water boils inside the reactor vessel Steam generated directly drives turbines Second most used Nuclear Reactor

8. Advantages of BWR: Direct steam generation Simple design compared to PWR Lower operating pressure

9. Pressurized heavy water reactor (PHWR) Heavy water is used as both as moderator and cooling PHWRS can operate on natural uranium without the need for enrichment PHWRS are commonly used in India, Canada and other countries.

10. Advantages of PHWR: Use of natural uranium High efficiency Proven technology Multiple safety features

11. CANDU Reactor Uses heavy water deuterium oxide (D 2 O) as a moderator and coolant Can use natural Uranium as fuel Known for safety and efficiency Qinshan Phase III units 1 and 2, located in Zhejiang, China.

12. Advantages of CANDU: Use of natural uranium High safety feature Flexibility in fuel use Two CANDU fuel bundles: each is about 50 cm in length and 10 cm in diameter, and can generate about 1 GWh (3.6 TJ) of electricity during its time in a CANDU reactor

13. FAST BREEDER REACTOR Design to generate more fuel than they consume Breeds plutonium from uranium Uses liquid metal (like sodium) as a coolant

14. ADVANTAGES OF FBR: Can produce more fuel than it consumes Helps extend fuel resources High energy output Graphite Molten-Salt Reactor Experiment core

15. LIQUID METAL COOLED REACTORS Uses liquid metals like sodium or lead as a coolant High thermal conductivity and low boiling point Often used in the fast breeder reactors

16. ADVANTAGES OF LMCR: Excellent heat transfer property High operating temperature Efficient and safer than water cooled reactors

17. THORIUM REACTORS Use thorium as fuel which is safer and more abundant than uranium Potential for cleaner energy production Still in the experimental phase

18. ADVANTAGES OF THORIUM REACTORS: Safer and more efficient than uranium reactors Produces less nuclear waste More sustainable fuel source A sample of thorium

19. SAFETY AND ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT Radiation safety Waste management Environmental impact of reactor cooling and energy production

20. conclusion Different types of reactors have their own advantages and challenges The future of nuclear energy depends on innovation and safety Waste disposal issues High cost of development and maintenance Safety concerns NASA’s Mars Curosity Rover selfie — running on nuclear power since August 2012. The RTG is the finned object sticking out the tail of the rover.