Rabies from definition to treatment all information

Rabies information slides

1. Rabies By : Yuvraj dangar Group : 20/19

2. Rabies Rabies is a fatal zoonotic virus. This presentation provides an overview of rabies, including its causes, how it affects the body, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention. Learn how to protect yourself and others from this deadly disease. Prevention through vaccination is crucial in combating rabies.

3. Pathology: How Rabies Attacks the Body Rabies exhibits a unique pathology, primarily targeting the central nervous system and leading to acute, progressive encephalomyelitis. The disease progresses through several distinct stages as the virus spreads throughout the body. 1 Entry The rabies virus is typically introduced into the host through the bite or scratch of an infected animal, allowing the virus to invade peripheral tissues. 2 Incubation Following entry, the virus replicates within muscle tissue at the site of inoculation. This incubation period can vary significantly depending on the location of the bite and the viral load. 3 Nervous System The virus then invades the peripheral nervous system, traveling along nerve axons towards the central nervous system. This retrograde axonal transport allows the virus to bypass immune defenses. 4 Brain Upon reaching the brain, the virus causes severe encephalitis, characterized by neuronal dysfunction and a wide range of neurological symptoms, including agitation, confusion, and paralysis. 5 Salivary Glands Finally, the virus spreads to the salivary glands, facilitating transmission to new hosts through saliva, thereby completing the cycle of infection.

4. Etiology: The Rabies Virus Rabies is caused by a single-stranded RNA virus from the Rhabdoviridae family, genus Lyssavirus. The virus has a distinctive bullet shape. Different variants are associated with different reservoir species, such as dogs, bats, and raccoons. The virus has a high mutation rate, which can impact the effectiveness of vaccines in some regions. Family Rhabdoviridae Genus Lyssavirus Shape Bullet

5. Transmission Route 1 BITE Virus enters through saliva. 2 S CRACH Contaminated wound allows entry. 3 Mucous Membrane Rare, but possible Rabies is typically transmitted through the saliva of infected animals. A bite is the most common method of transmission. The virus can also enter through scratches, open wounds, or mucous membranes. Aerosol transmission has been reported .

6. Pathology: How Rabies Attacks the Body Rabies targets the nervous system. It leads to severe neurological symptoms. Entry Virus enters via a bite or open wound. Replication Replicates in muscle tissue near the entry point. Nerves Travels along peripheral nerves to the central nervous system. Brain Infects the brain, causing encephalitis. Spread Spreads to salivary glands.

7. Clinical Signs: Stages of Rabies Infection 1 Incubation Stage Asymptomatic. The virus replicates at the entry site and travels to nerves. 2 Prodromal Stage Fever, headache, malaise, pain or itching at the bite site. This stage lasts 2-10 days. 3 Acute Neurologic Phase Either furious or paralytic rabies. Furious rabies presents with agitation and hydrophobia. 4 Coma Progressive paralysis, delirium, and coma. This stage is often followed by death.

8. Diagnosis: Identifying Rabies Infection Diagnosing rabies involves several key tests. The direct fluorescent antibody (DFA) test on brain tissue samples is the gold standard. Real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) can be performed on saliva, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), or skin biopsies. Virus isolation involves cell culture inoculation from saliva or CSF. Post-mortem examination can reveal Negri bodies in brain tissue through histopathology. DFA Test Brain tissue sample RT-PCR Saliva, CSF, skin biopsy Virus Isolation Cell culture inoculation

9. Animal Reservoirs: Sources of Rabies Dogs are the primary source of rabies globally, accounting for 99% of human cases. Bats are a significant source in the Americas and Australia. In North America, raccoons, skunks, and foxes are common reservoirs. Other mammals like cats, livestock, and rodents are less frequent sources. Dogs Primary source globally (99% of human cases) Bats Significant source in Americas and Australia Raccoons Common in North America

10. Treatment: Post-Exposure Prophylaxis (PEP) Post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) is crucial after potential rabies exposure. Immediate wound care involves washing with soap and water for 15 minutes. Rabies immunoglobulin (RIG) is injected near the wound site to provide passive immunity. A rabies vaccine series involves four intramuscular injections over 14 days. PEP is nearly 100% effective when administered promptly and correctly. Wound Care Wash with soap and water for 15 minutes RIG Injected near wound site Rabies Vaccine 4 doses over 14 days

11. Rabies Vaccines: Prevention is Key Rabies vaccines are essential for prevention. The human diploid cell vaccine (HDCV) is an inactivated virus vaccine that is safe and effective. The purified chick embryo cell vaccine (PCECV) is another inactivated virus vaccine. Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) is recommended for high-risk groups like veterinarians, animal handlers, and travelers, and involves two doses. Vaccine Type Efficacy HDCV Inactivated virus Safe and effective PCECV Inactivated virus Effective

12. Global Eradication Efforts Global efforts are underway to eradicate rabies. Mass dog vaccination has proven effective in reducing human cases. Public awareness campaigns educate communities about rabies prevention. Surveillance and reporting track rabies cases in animals and humans. Global initiatives involve collaboration between WHO, OIE, and GARC. Mass Dog Vaccination Effective in reducing human cases Public Awareness Educating communities Surveillance Tracking rabies cases

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