radiations, types of radiations, ionizing and non ionizing radiations.pptx

Ionizing radiation refers to radiation that has enough energy to remove tightly bound electrons from atoms, resulting in the formation of charged particles (ions). This type of radiation carries enough energy to break chemical bonds and can cause damage to biological tissues. Examples of ionizing radiation include gamma rays, X-rays, and ultraviolet (UV) radiation.

Ionizing radiation can be classified into two types: electromagnetic radiation (such as gamma rays and X-rays) and particle radiation (such as alpha particles, beta particles, and neutrons). Electromagnetic radiation travels in the form of waves and can penetrate through different materials to varying degrees based on their energy levels. Particle radiation consists of fast-moving particles that can be emitted from radioactive materials and can cause damage by colliding with atoms in tissues.

Non-ionizing radiation, on the other hand, refers to radiation that does not have enough energy to remove electrons from atoms and does not produce ions. This type of radiation includes radio waves, microwaves, infrared radiation, and visible light. Non-ionizing radiation is generally considered less harmful to biological tissues compared to ionizing radiation, as it lacks the energy to cause direct damage to DNA and cells.

While non-ionizing radiation is generally considered safe at typical levels of exposure, prolonged or intense exposure to certain sources of non-ionizing radiation, such as UV radiation from the sun or high-intensity electromagnetic fields, can have potential health effects. These effects range from skin burns and eye damage to an increased risk of certain types of cancer.

It is important to understand the distinctions between ionizing and non-ionizing radiation and to take appropriate precautions to minimize exposure to potentially harmful forms of radiation. Protective measures may include using shielding materials, maintaining safe distances from radiation sources, and following safety guidelines and regulations in different settings where radiation is present.

1. IONIZING AND NON-IONIZING RADIATIONS MEDICAL PHYSICS- Dr. ANEEKA EHSAN (PT)

2. TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION TO RADIATION IONIZING RADIATION NON-IONIZING RADIATION

3. RADIATION Radiation is energy that comes from a source and travels through space at the speed of light. OR The emission of energy as  electromagnetic  waves or as moving  subatomic  particles, especially high-energy particles which cause ionization. This energy has an electric field and a magnetic field associated with it, and has wave-like properties. There are two kinds of radiations: Ionizing radiations Non ionizing radiations

4. IONIZING RADIATIONS Ionizing radiation is a type of energy released by atoms that travels in the form of electromagnetic waves (gamma or X-rays) or particles (neutrons, beta or alpha). The spontaneous disintegration of atoms is called radioactivity, and the excess energy emitted is a form of ionizing radiation. Unstable elements which disintegrate and emit ionizing radiation are called radionuclides . SOURCES; Radioactive materials can be naturally occurring (such as uranium and radium found in the earth) or manmade in an accelerator or reactor. Radiation generating machines , such as medical X-ray machines, produce ionizing radiation electronically and stop producing radiation when turned off.

5. TYPES OF IONIZING RADIATIONS PARTICULATE RADIATIONS: Alpha particles (α) Positively charged particles consisting of two protons and two neutrons emitted from the nucleus of some radioactive atoms. An alpha particle is the nucleus of a helium atom. E.g uranium-238, radium-226 Beta particles ( β-) and Positrons ( β+) Beta particles ( β-) Negatively-charged, fast-moving electrons emitted from the nucleus of various radionuclides. E.g Strontium-90, carbon-14 Positrons ( β+) Positively-charged, fast-moving electrons emitted from the nucleus of certain radionuclides. E.g fluorine-18. Neutron particles Neutral (i.e., having no electric charge) particles that can be emitted from the nuclei of various unstable  radionuclides . Neutrons are high-speed nuclear particles that are the only type of ionizing radiation that can make objects radioactive.

6. TYPES OF IONIZING RADIATIONS ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATIONS: (have no mass and no charge) Gamma rays (γ) High-energy electromagnetic photons emitted from the nucleus of an unstable, excited atom. Gamma rays are pure energy and can travel great distances at high speed. Emitted by, iodine-131, cobalt-60. X-rays High-energy electromagnetic photons emitted from outside the nucleus. Emitted by, iodine-125. The primary difference between X-rays and gamma rays is that X-rays are emitted from processes outside the nucleus, but gamma rays originate inside the nucleus.

7. USES OF IONIZING RADIATIONS Every day, we use Ionizing radiation to help us live healthy lives. Ionizing radiation is found in smoke detectors, used to disinfect medical instruments and blood, and to perform many other tasks in our daily lives. It is also a byproduct of nuclear power generation. Our main exposure to ionizing radiation in manmade sources is through the use of diagnostic medical exams. Medical exams that use ionizing radiation include: X-rays CT or CAT (computed tomography) scans PET (positron emission tomography) scans Fluoroscopy Nuclear medicine procedures

8. NON-IONIZING RADIATIONS Non-ionizing radiation refers to any type of electromagnetic radiation that does not carry enough energy per quantum to ionize atoms or molecules—that is, to completely remove an electron from an atom or molecule. A series of energy waves composed of oscillating electric and magnetic fields traveling at the speed of light . TYPES: U ltraviolet (UV) V isible light I nfrared (IR) M icrowave (MW) R adio frequency (RF) E xtremely low frequency (ELF).

9. TYPES OF NON-IONIZING RADIATIONS Ultraviolet Radiation (UV) Ultraviolet radiation (UV) has a high photon energy range and is particularly hazardous because there are usually no immediate symptoms of excessive exposure. Sources of UV radiation include the sun, black lights, welding arcs, and UV lasers. Visible Light Radiation The different visible frequencies of the electromagnetic (EM) spectrum are "seen" by our eyes as different colors , called visible light. Excessive visible radiation can damage the eyes and skin. Infrared Radiation (IR) The skin and eyes absorb infrared radiation (IR) as heat. Workers normally notice excessive exposure through heat sensation and pain. Sources of IR radiation include furnaces, heat lamps, and IR lasers.

10. TYPES OF NON-IONIZING RADIATIONS Radio frequency and microwaves radiations Microwave radiation (MW) is absorbed near the skin, while Radiofrequency (RF) radiation may be absorbed throughout the body. At high enough intensities both will damage tissue through heating. Sources of RF and MW radiation include radio emitters and cell phones. Extremely low frequency (ELF) Extremely Low Frequency (ELF) radiation at 60 HZ is produced by power lines, electrical wiring, and electrical equipment. Common sources of intense exposure include ELF induction furnaces and high-voltage power lines.

11. HOW IS NON-IONIZING RADIATION DIFFERENT FROM IONIZING RADIATION ? N on-ionizing radiation differs from ionizing radiation in the way it acts on materials like air, water, and living tissue. Unlike x-rays and other forms of ionizing radiation, non-ionizing radiation does not have enough energy to remove electrons from atoms and molecules. Non-ionizing radiation can heat substances. For example, the microwave radiation inside a microwave oven heats water and food rapidly.

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