Radio pharmaceuticals.pptx

Radiopharmaceuticals Application in healthcare: Definition, Isotopes, Radioactive decay particles, Half life, precaution, Application, Preparation, Clinical use,

1. radio pharmaceuticals Definition, Isotopes, Radioactive decay particles, Half life, precaution, Application, Preparation, Clinical use,

2. Definition Radiopharmacy –branch of pharmacy that deals with radiopharmaceuticals. Radiopharmaceutical- a radioactive pharmaceutical agent that is used for diagnostic or therapeutic procedures A radiopharmaceutical consists of a drug/ chemical component( carrier) and a radioactive component (radionuclide) Some carriers such as peptides and monoclonal antibodies are more specific and are used to target tumor sites- a desired localization property useful in radio-immunotherapy Reference

3. Background Currently over 100 radiopharmaceuticals available worldwide radio-nuclides mostly produced from nuclear reactors and cyclotrons Radiopharmaceutical production involves handling of large quantities of radioactive substances and chemical processing Radiopharmaceutical production relatively small scale requires well qualified personnel uses controlled materials and procedures procedures are technically demanding to ensure both radiological and pharmaceutical safety.

4. Background The radioactivity in radiopharmaceutical allows non-invasive external monitoring or targeted therapeutic irradiation with very little effect on the biologic processes in the body Imaging techniques e.g gamma camera are then used to monitor activity Generally , radiopharmaceuticals have an excellent safety record and their incidences of adverse effects is extremely low.

5. Isotopes

6. Isotopes Isotopes  are variants of a particular chemical element which differ in neutron number, and consequently in nucleon number. All  isotopes  of a given element have the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons in each atom.

7. Radioactive decay particles Radioactive decay  occurs when an unstable atomic nucleus loses energy by emitting energy in the form of emitted  particles  or electromagnetic waves, called radiation. In natural radioactive decay, three common emissions occur.  alpha particles ( αα), beta particles, ( β)(β),  and  gamma rays ( γ)(γ) 

8. Radioactive decay particles

9. Units of radioactivity SI unit: becquerel  ( Bq )  One Bq is defined as one transformation (or decay or disintegration) per second. Other units:   curie , Ci, which was originally defined as "the quantity or mass of  radium emanation  in  equilibrium  with one gram of  radium  (element) 1  curie  (Ci) = 3.7×10 10   Bq

10. Radioactive decay rates Half Life Decay constant Mean life time The  half-life — t 1/2 , is the time taken for the activity of a given amount of a radioactive substance to decay to half of its initial value;

11. Radioactive decay rates Half Life Decay constant Mean life time The  half-life — t 1/2 , is the time taken for the activity of a given amount of a radioactive substance to decay to half of its initial value;

12. Handling of Radio pharmaceuticals  Great care needs to be taken in handling and storage of radioactive materials for protecting people and personnel who handle it, from the harmful radiation they emit. Certain precautions have to be taken while working with detectors, tracer equipment, radio assay manufacturing or handling of radioactive materials. In order to have protection from hazards of radiation, radioactive materials must be stored in an area not frequently visited by people. Shielding may be required. Thick glass or Perspex containers provide sufficient shielding. To protect from gamma rays (high penetration power), lead shielding has to be used. The storage area must be regularly checked for radioactivity. RADIOACTIVE LIQUIDS. Working area should not get contaminated with radioactive material. If radioactive liquid is to be handled, it must be carried in trays with absorbent tissue paper, so that any spillage will get absorbed by the paper.

13. Storage of Radio pharmaceuticals Radiopharmaceuticals should be kept in well-closed containers and stored in an area assigned for the purpose. The storage conditions should be such that the maximum radiation dose rate to which persons may be exposed is reduced to an acceptable level. Care should be taken to comply with national regulations for protection against ionizing radiation. Radiopharmaceutical preparations that are intended for parenteral use should be kept in a glass vial, ampoule or syringe that is sufficiently transparent to permit the visual inspection of the contents. Glass containers may darken under the effect of radiation.

14. R adiopharmaceutical A  Radiopharmaceutical  is a drug that can be used either for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes. It is composed of a radioisotope bond to an organic molecule. The organic molecule conveys the radioisotope to specific organs, tissues or cells.  Radioactive element - 133 Xe Labeled compounds - 131 I iodinated proteins 99m Tc labeled compounds [ 18 F]FDG

15. Idea Properties of Radiopharmaceutical Easy availability Shor t effective Half-Life Particle Emission Decay by Electron Capture or Isomeric Transition High Target-to Nontarget Activity Ratio

16. Type of r adio pharmaceutical for  diagnostic and t h erap y Parenter al pharmaceuticals ( solutions or c ol l oid suspenses ), peror a l pharmaceuticals inhala tion pharmaceuticals topic al pharmaceuticals

17. USE Radioisotopes in Therapy (Emitted radiations used to destroy cells in condition like cancer) Radioisotopes in Diagnosis (Radioactive tracers) Research (Biological and medicinal studies by use of radioactive isotopes as tracers) Sterilization (For sterilization of pharmaceuticals and surgical instruments)

18. Clinical Application Therapeutic radiopharmaceuticals are designed to deliver therapeutic doses of ionising radiation to specific diseased sites for curative or palliative purposes by destruction of diseased tissues May be used internally as tissue implants in sealed capsules ( mainly used in radiation oncology) or externally as unsealed administered orally, intravenously (IV) or placed directly into a body cavity (such as a knee joint) or peritoneum.

19. Radionuclide ( halflife ) Application Radioimmunotherapies : I-131 Tositumomab ; Y-90 Ibritumomab ; Y-90 epratuzunab Non- Hodgkins Lymphoma Americum 241, Californium 252, Cobalt 60, Gold -194 Cancers and tumours Holmium 66( 26 hr) Liver cancers Iodine 131 ( 8.1 days) Antineoplastic , Grave’ disease ( hyperthyroidism and differentiated thyroid cancer . Rhenium 186( 3.8 day), Samarium 153(47 hr) Strontium 89 Pain relief in bone cancer; Pain relief in bone cancer, prostate and breast cancer Reduces Pain in Prostate & bone cancer Ytrium 90( 64 hr) Cancer brachytherapy Samarium-153, Sr-89, Phosphorus -32 Palliative treatment of bone metastasis Erbium-169( 9.4 day); Ytrrium-90(64 hr) Relief of arthritis pain

20. Uses of Cobalt ‑57 & 60 Co 57- Diagnosis of pernicious anemia – cynocobalamine Cynocobalamine solution: Co 60- Absorption and deposition of Vit B12

21. Uses of Gold – 198 Estimation of recticulo endothelial activity

22. Uses of Iodine- 125 & 131 Used as a diagnostic aid for studying the functioning of the thyroid gland. Used in scanning the thyroid for determining the size, position and possible tumour location. Used in the treatment of severe cardiac disease (Sodium iodide I-131), which reduces work load on heart. Radioactive iodine in thyroid carcinoma (cancer): The isotope is used most frequently after the surgical removal of cancer to treat any residual tumour tissues.