radionucliod therapy NXCVBIJDOBNMORNNIJK

RADIOLOGY

1. RADIONUCLIDE THERAPY BY- SOKHI MAHI F-310

2. INTRODUCTION Radionuclide therapy (RNT, also known as unsealed source radiotherapy or molecular radiotherapy) uses radioactive substances called radiopharmaceuticals to treat medical conditions, particularly cancer. These are introduced into the body by various means (injection or ingestion are the two most commonplace) and localize to specific locations, organs or tissues depending on their properties and administration routes. This includes anything from a simple compound such as sodium iodide that locates to the thyroid via trapping the iodide ion, to complex biopharmaceuticals such as recombinant antibodies which are attached to radionuclides and seek out specific antigens on cell surfaces.   

3. This is a type of targeted therapy which uses the physical, chemical and biological properties of the radiopharmaceutical to target areas of the body for radiation treatment. The related diagnostic modality of nuclear medicine employs the same principles but uses different types or quantities of radiopharmaceuticals in order to image or analyze functional systems within the patient.

4. 01 02 03 04 THYROID THERAPIES  Iodine-131  is the most common RNT worldwide PALLIATION OF BONE PAIN Radiun223 used to treat secondary cancer of bones HEPATIC CANCER Treat primary and metastic liver cancers PAEDIATRIC MALIGNANCIES  Neuroblastoma CLINICAL USE

5. 01 THYROID THERAPIES Thyroid cancer

6. Thyroid cancer Radioactive iodine treatment is an option for some people with papillary, follicular, and Hurthle cell thyroid cancer. Radioactive iodine is used to treat people with a differentiated thyroid cancer that have spread to lymph nodes or to distant sites. A small test dose may be given before full treatment to be sure that the tumor cells will absorb the I-131. People with medullary thyroid cancer (MTC) or anaplastic thyroid cancer should not be treated with I-131.

7. I-131 therapy is given in either liquid or pill form. People who receive I-131 to destroy cancer cells may be hospitalized for 2 to 3 days, depending on several factors, including the dose given. Patients are encouraged to drink fluids to help the I-131 pass quickly through the body. Within a few days, most of the radiation is gone. Talk with your doctor about ways to limit radiation exposure to other people, including children, who may be around you during this treatment and the days following it. Thyroid cancer

8. 02   PALLIATION OF BONE PAIN Bone metastasis

9. Bone metastasis develops in multiple malignancies with a wide range of incidence. The presence of multiple bone metastases, leading to a multitude of complications and poorer prognosis. The corresponding refractory bone pain is still a challenging issue managed through multidisciplinary approaches to enhance the quality of life. Radiopharmaceuticals are mainly used in the latest courses of the disease. Bone-pain palliation with easy-to-administer radionuclides offers advantages, including simultaneous treatment of multiple metastatic foci, the repeatability and also the combination with other therapies. Several β¯- and α-emitters as well as pharmaceuticals, from the very first [ 89 Sr]strontium-dichloride to recently introduced [ 223 Ra]radium-dichloride, are investigated to identify an optimum agent Bone metastasis

10. In addition, the combination of bone-seeking radiopharmaceuticals with chemotherapy or radiotherapy has been employed to enhance the outcome. Radiopharmaceuticals demonstrate an acceptable response rate in pain relief. Nevertheless, survival benefits have been documented in only a limited number of studies. In this review, we provide an overview of bone-seeking radiopharmaceuticals used for bone-pain palliation, their effectiveness and toxicity, as well as the results of the combination with other therapies. Bone-pain palliation with radiopharmaceuticals has been employed for eight decades. However, there are still new aspects yet to be established. Bone metastasis

11. 03 HEPATIC CANCER Primary and secondary liver cancer

12. Hepatic cancer Primary and secondary liver cancer have longtime been characterized by an overall poor prognosis since the majority of patients are not candidates for surgical resection with curative intent, systemic chemotherapy alone has rarely resulted in long-term survival, and the role of conventional external beam radiation therapy has traditionally been limited due to the relative sensitivity of the liver parenchyma to radiation. Therefore, a host of new treatment options have been developed and clinically introduced, including radioembolization techniques, which are the main topic of this paper. In these locoregional treatments liver malignancies are passively targeted because, unlike the normal liver, the blood supply of intrahepatic tumor is almost uniquely derived from the hepatic artery.

13. Hepatic cancer These internal radiation techniques consist of injecting either yttrium-90 ((90)Y) microspheres, or iodine-131 ((131)I) or rhenium-188 ((188)Re) labeled lipiodol into the hepatic artery. Radioactive lipiodol is used exclusively for treatment of primary liver cancer, whereas (90)Y microsphere therapy is applied for treatment of both primary and metastatic liver cancers. Favorable clinical results have been achieved, particularly when (90)Y microspheres were used in conjunction with systemic chemotherapy. The main advantages of radiolabeled lipiodol treatment are that it is relatively inexpensive (especially (188)Re-HDD-lipiodol) and that the administration procedure is somewhat less complex than that of the microspheres. Holmium-166 ((166)Ho) loaded poly(L-lactic acid) microspheres have also been developed and are about to be clinically introduced. Since (166)Ho is a combined beta-gamma emitter and highly paramagnetic as well, it allows for both (quantitative) scintigraphic and magnetic resonance imaging.

14. 04                    PAEDIATRIC MALIGNANCIES  Neuroblastoma

15. The following review aims to provide contemporary information on therapeutic nuclear medicine procedures in paediatric malignancies. Neuroblastoma is the most common paediatric extra cranial solid cancer characterized by meta- iodobenzylguanidine ( mIBG ) avidity in >/=90% of patients. There exists approximately a 30-year experience with I-131-mIBG treatment. Ongoing efforts include a more standardized approach including dosimetric data for patient selection and treatment guidance of I-131-mIBG therapy. Neuroendocrine tumours (NETs) are very rare neoplasms in the paediatric population accounting for <1% of all paediatric malignancies. These neoplasms are characterized by the presence of neuroamine uptake mechanisms and/or peptide receptors at the cell membrane. These features constitute the basis of the clinical use of peptide receptor radionuclide therapy (PRRNT) using radiolabeled somatostatin analogues. Osteosarcoma is the most common primary bone tumour in children usually treated with chemotherapy and surgery. PAEDIATRIC MALIGNANCIES

16. In palliative situations bone seeking radionuclide therapies (strontium-89 [Sr-89], rhenium-186 hydroxyethylene diphosphonate [Rh-186 HEDP] and Samarium-153-ethylene diamine tetramethylene phosphonic acid [Sm-153-EDTMP]) may be offered to patients with painful metastatic osteosarcoma or in case of recurrent bone sites inaccessible to local therapies (surgery, external irradiation). Thyroid cancer is a rare childhood malignancy with an approximate incidence of 0.54 per 100000 per year but is the most frequent tumour of endocrine glands in children and adolescents. Management includes radioiodine therapy but there are some distinct differences in comparison to adult thyroid cancer management. PAEDIATRIC MALIGNANCIES

17. References..... IAEA https://humanhealth.iaea.org/HHW/MedicalPhysics/e-learning/Nuclear_Medicine_Handbook_slides/Chapter_19._Radionuclide_Therapy.pdf CANCER RESERCH UK https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/liver-cancer/treatment/radiotherapy-liver-cancer CANCER.NET https://www.cancer.net/cancer-types/prostate-cancer/questions-ask-health-care-team NIH https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20823809/ SPRINGER LINK https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11912-017-0567-8 SCIENCEDIRECT https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0001299885800210

18. THANKS YOU HAVE A NICE DAY!!!!